Ottoman (& safavid) empire 1450 1750

1. Ottoman & Safavid Empires 1450 – 1750 Janet Pareja, Signature School, Evansville, IN

2. Islamic Empires to 1600 Ottoman 1289-1923 Safavid Mughal 1526 - 1857 1501-1722

3. 1453 - Conquest of Constantinople “ Istanbul” Islam in Abundance Commercial Center Capital “ Better the Sultan’s Turban than the Cardinal’s Hat...” means

4. 1. Ottoman Empire Osman Bey “GHAZI” I deal of the religious warrior 1289-1923 Several Ghazi States replaced the Seljuk Turks Seljuk Turks took Constantinople, then fell to the Mongols. Ottomans replaced the Mongols in Turkey.

5. Who were the Ottomans? Ghazi States replaced Seljuq Sultanate. Osman was chief of one… which spread through conquest closer & closer to the Byzantine capital… c. 1300 Seljuq Turks Fell to Mongols  Rise of the OTTOMAN EMPIRE 1453 Conquest Of Constantinople Completed by Mehmed II, “The Conqueror ,” Age 21

6. - Athens - Belgrade, Hungary, - Egypt - Battled Portugal - Baghdad in Indian Ocean - Persian Gulf - Siege of Vienna 1453 Mehmet II Constantinople becomes “Istanbul” Period Of Growth: 130 Years 1583 1520-1566 Suleiman The Magnificent Ottoman Conquest: Sea & Land

7. Unrelenting Conquest

8. Genoese Greeks Portuguese Venetians The Ottoman Navy Ruled the Mediterranean& the Indian Ocean

9. “Golden Age ” Suleiman the Magnificent 1520-1566 “ Slave of God, powerful with the power of God, deputy of God on earth, obeying the commands of the Qur'an and enforcing them throughout the world, master of all lands, the shadow of God over all nations, Sultan of Sultans in all the lands of Persians and Arabs, the propagator of Sultanic laws, the tenth Sultan of the Ottoman Khans, Sultan, son of Sultan, Suleiman Khan.” “Slave of God, master of the world, I am Suleiman and my name is read in all the prayers in all the cities of Islam. I am the Shah of Baghdad and Iraq, Caesar of all the lands of Rome, and the Sultan of Egypt. I seized the Hungarian crown and gave it to the least of my slaves.” Absolute Ruler Ghazi

10. Ruler of the Two Seas Ruler of the Two Lands “ Sultan of Rome” “ Sultan- i -Rum ”

11. Suleiman’s Vision: European Expansion threatened Islam: Faith, Trade, Territory! “Caliph of Islam” (unofficial) Took over lands of Muslim rulers whom he considered weak rulers or religiously unorthodox. ie : Arabia Destabilized Europe / Holy Roman Empire: Financial support to Protestant Countries Helped other Muslim states - against Europeans in Africa, along borders of Russia. Ghazi Suleiman

12. Lawgiver Codified Ottoman Law : Sharia + Other circumstances outside of Sharia In Turkic & Mongol culture He who provided the law was THE Supreme Ruler.

13. Suleiman the Builder Beautified Istanbul: Centerpiece of Islamic Civilization! Suleiman Mosque

14. Patron of the ARTS Istanbul - artistic center of Ottoman Empire Music Writing Suleiman wrote poetry! Love, Religious ( Ghazals ), Visual art: PERSIAN MINIATURES My Name is Red, by Orhan Pamuk

15. Persian “Miniatures” Small personal posessions – books, lockets Not depict individuals Symbols, not reality Stylized but individual artist unrecognizable

16. Ottoman Culture Multi-Ethnic , Multi-Lingual , Multi-Cultural … How to Build Cultural Unity? Minimized European cultural influence Printing Press allowed c. 1750 – only for Christians Allowed western doctors, however – fad – no more effective Did accept western military technology, however… Arabs, N . Africans, Moors, Egyptians, Persians, Turkic speakers including Mongols Turkic languages, Arabic, Swahili, Uzbek … City dwellers, Long distance merchants, Nomads, Educated & Not, Great wealth & poverty

17. Ottoman Culture: The Coffee House

18. Turkish Coffee Earliest known public coffee house – 1475- “ Kiva Han ” in Constantinople (now Istanbul). Coffee very important part of society : Was legal in Turkey for a woman to divorce her husband if he could not supply her with enough coffee. Turkish coffee was served strong, black and unfiltered , usually brewed in an ibrik .

19. “Arabica” Bean From Istanbul  Vienna , after the siege of the city when invaders left coffee behind…  England where “penny universities” were gathering places for enlightenment minds. TIPS = To Ensure Prompt Service Italy, Paris, Germany, Americas …China!

20. Religion in Ottoman Empire Islam Christianity Judaism Zoroastrianism ( Parsis ) Others People of the Book Jizya JIZYA was a per capita tax levied on a section of an Islamic state’s non-Muslim  citizens. The tax is and was to be levied on able-bodied adult males of military age and buying power. From the point of view of the Muslim rulers, jizya was a material proof of the non-Muslims' acceptance of subjection to the state and its laws , "just as for the inhabitants it was a concrete continuation of the taxes paid to earlier regimes.“ In return, non-Muslim citizens were permitted to practice their faith, to enjoy a measure of communal autonomy, to be entitled to the Muslim state's protection from outside aggression, and to be exempted from military service  and the zakat taxes obligatory for Muslim citizens. Ottoman Jizya abolished – 1855.

21. Devshirme (Turkish for “gathering”) Human Taxation Christian Boys Mostly from Balkans & “Slavic” lands

22. Institution of Devshirme Janissaries Gunpowder weapons Military Expansion

23. What is “Cultural Relativism?” “Slave” of Sultan was an honor … Most prestigious positions in society… could become Grand Vizier! Closely knit brotherhood Fastest way out of poverty for boys in countryside. Many Muslim parents tried to bribe Christians to allow their child to be taken. Brutal punishment / execution without trial …if disobedient. Lost contact with family forever . Principle that an individual’s beliefs & activities should be understood in terms of his or her own culture.

24. Devshirme  Special training: Learn to speak Turkish Convert to Islam Bureaucrats OR Janissaries No marriage, no other career – “Slaves” of the Sultan 15 th to 17 th century: 200-300,000 JANISSARIES Best & strongest, lived life of luxury in the spotlight, respected & honored. E sprit de corps . Total loyalty to sultan. Immediate & brutal punishment for disobedience. Newest military technology, like gunpowder weapons. Could rise in ranks to officer, and even to grand Vizier!

25. WHY Janissaries ? Fast-growing empire - need LOTS of loyal soldiers & civil servants FAST: Draft . Designed to avoid creation of a hereditary aristocracy that could threaten the position of the Sultan & heirs. TOTAL devotion to Janissaries and service to Sultan. Strike fear into hearts of opponents. (Like the Persian Empire’s Immortals.) Mustafa Kemal, “Ataturk,” In traditional Janissary Uniform.

26. Military emphasis shifted from well-trained mounted men with swords  gunpowder technology Cannons to attack or defend city walls: Movable, stationary, ship-mounted. Handguns “Gunpowder Empire”

27. Land Trade/ Silk Road losing Profitability: Dangerous nomadic tribes after end of Pax Mongolica Sea trade – Profitable, but not Luxuries anymore: regional spices, wheat & lumber 1. Agriculture became central to Economy. 2. Long Distance Land Trade greatly decreased, but some regional sea trade remained. 3. NO MANUFACTURING developed. WHY ??? Tradition! Ottoman Economy

28. Women in Ottoman Empire What is a harem?

29. Symphony 63, C Maj , Roxelane - By Franz Joseph Haydn. Began with Roxelane - Wife of Suleiman Power of women in the Ottoman Empire. “Sultanate of Women”

30. Harem “Private Domain” Trained & educated in reading, the Koran, sewing, music, conversational arts. Influential in Ottoman politics & society Wives & female relatives of Sultan. Concubines – often slave origin, non-Muslim Status from giving birth to sons.

31. Harem Rooms at Topkapi Palace, Istanbul

32. “ The Sultanate of Women ” All three Islamic empires: Political & Military advisors Brought support of their families to the Sultan Mothers of Future Rulers Example of Chenghis Khan: M other & first wife with privileges & authority

33. Persia’s SAFAVID EMPIRE

34. Shah Ismail (r. 1501-1524) Conquered Iranian Plateau Unified Persia 1502-1509 Shia Islam

35. “Imposed on” / “Brought to” Sunni population 12 infallible imams , after Mohammed, beginning with Ali. The twelfth, or “hidden imam,” would someday return to take power and spread the true religion. Quizilbash – “red heads” hats – believed invincible when in battle with Ismail . Twelver Shiism

36. Ottomans were Sunnis…who are they today? Safavids were Shi’a. Who are they today? … What do YOU think? How did the Ottomans and Safavids get along?

37. 2007