Our universe (stars & solar system) class 8

UNIVERSE (ब्रम्हांड), CELESTIAL OBJECTS
SOLAR SYSTEM (सौर मंडल)
GALAXY (आकाशगंगा)
LIGHT YEARS (प्रकाश वर्ष)
sun, star, planet,
moon & phase of moon
CONSTELLATION
METEOR
meteoroid
comets
asteroids
satellite

1. CREATED BY – RAVI PRAKASH SINGH
FOR CLASS – VIII
SUBJECT – PHYSICS (SCIENCE)
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2. STARS & SOLAR SYSTEM
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3. UNIVERSE (ब्रम्हांड)
The vast space (अंतरिक्ष) which includes
everything that exists on the earth & around
it is called UNIVERSE.
The branch of science that deals with the
study of heavenly bodies is called
ASTRONMY (खगोऱ विज्ञहन).
People who study about the universe are
called ASTRONOMERS (खगोऱविदों).
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4. UNIVERSE (ब्रम्हांड)
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5. CELESTIAL OBJECTS (खगोऱीय / आकहशीय िस्तु )
THE OBJECTS WHICH EXIST IN THE SKY ARE
CALLED CELESTIAL OBJECTS .
Example - Satellites (Moon), Planets, Asteroids,
comets, meteoroids, stars.


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6. SOLAR SYSTEM (सौर मांडऱ)
The solar system consists of the sun, eight planets
& their satellites (moon) and the thousands of
other smaller bodies like asteroids, comets,
meteors, meteoroids.
The gravitational pull (attraction) between the sun
& these celestial bodies keeps all of them revolving
around the sun.
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7. SOLAR SYSTEM (सौर मांडऱ)
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8. GALAXY (आकहशगांगह)
The group of millions or billions of stars, together with gas and dust, held
together by gravitational attraction is called galaxy.
Galaxies are huge collections of stars, dust and gas.
Galaxies are divided into three basic types, spirals, elliptical &
irregulars.
Galaxies come in many different sizes, shapes and brightness and like
stars are found alone, in pairs or in larger groups called clusters.
Our Galaxy Milky Way contains about 200 billion stars & countless other
objects.
Our galaxy is called Spiral Galaxy because the stars of this galaxy spread
out from its centre like a spiral
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9. GALAXY (आकहशगांगह)
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11. The Milky Way is the galaxy that
contains the Earth. This name
derives from its appearance as a
dim "milky" glowing band
arching across the night sky, in
which the naked eye cannot
distinguish individual stars.
The Milky Way appears like a
band because it is a disk-shaped
structure being viewed from
inside.
The fact that this faint band of
light is made up of stars
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12. LIGHT YEARS (प्रकहश िर्ष)
Light Year is the distance covered by light in
one year.
Light year is the unit of astronomical distance.
ONE LIGHT YEAR = 9.46*10
12
KM
The huge distances between the earth and other
celestial bodies are measured in light years.
After the sun the nearest star is “proxima centauri or
Alpha centuari”.
The distance between proxima centauri & Earth is
4.3 light years.

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13. ASTRONOMICAL UNIT (A.U.)
Astronomical unit (A.U.) is a unit for
measuring distance and sizes of
celestial objects.
One A.U. is equal to the mean
distance between the earth & the sun
i.e. 1 A.U. = 1.5 × 10
11
m
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14. SUN (सूरज)
THE SUN IS A STAR CONSISTS MOSTLY OF HYDROGEN
GAS WHICH IS EXTREMELY HOT.
The sun is a major source of heat and light energy for all the
planets & their satellites in the solar system.
The temperature of sun is 6000° k.
Sunlight takes about 8 minutes to reach the earth.
It has a diameter of about 1,392,684 km
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Named for: Messenger of the Roman gods
Diameter: 1.39 million kilometers
Volume: 1.41×10
18
km
3[8)

15. STARS(तहरह)
STARS are the celestial objects that are extremely
hot & have light of their own.
The stars appear to be small because they are
very, very far away from us.
SUN is the star which is nearest to the earth.
Sun looks much bigger & brighter because it is
much nearer to us than any other star.
The revolution of earth around the sun & its rotation
about its axis is the causes for four minutes earlier
rising of the same star after each day.

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16. STARS (तहरह)
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17. STARS(तहरह)
The star appear to move from east to west due to rotation
of earth on its axis from west to east ,
Hence, star which is appears to rise in the east in the
evening appear to set in the west in the early morning.
Surface temperature of star determines colour of star.
Stars with LOW temperature (coldest stars) appear RED.
Stars with High temperature appear WHITE.
Stars with very High temperature (hottest stars) appear
BLUE.
SIRIUS is the brightest star in the night sky after sun.
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18. POLE STAR (ध्रुि तहरह)
THE STAR WHICH APPEARS
STATIONARY FROM THE
EARTH IS CALLED POLE STAR.
It is special star present in the
Northern hemisphere.
The pole star appears to be
stationary & does not change its
position with time because it lies
on the axis of rotation of the earth
It helps travellers to find direction
at night.
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19. PLANETS (ग्र्)
Planets are large celestial objects which revolve
around the sun in closed elliptical paths.
Planets revolve around the sun in definite elliptical
paths called orbits.
The 8 planets of solar system are:-
1)Mercury
2)Venus
3)Earth
4)Mars
5)Jupiter
6)Saturn
7)Uranus
8)Neptune
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20. PLANETS (ग्र्)
A planet is made up of rock & metal or gas.
Planets do not have their own light. so they
don't twinkle like the stars. Planets reflect
sunlight that is incident on them.
All the planets revolve around the sun & also
rotate on its axis.
A Day for a planet equals to time taken by it to
complete one rotation around its own axis.
A Year for a planet equals to time taken by it to
complete one revolution around the sun in its orbit.

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21. PLANETS (ग्र्)
There are two main categories of planets
according to composition and size are
1)Small Rocky Planets or the Terrestrial
planets – they have solid & rocky surface
(Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars)
2)Gas Giants or The Jovian planets – they
are very large in size & are made up largely of
gases (Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune)

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22. TERRESTRIAL PLANETS
Mercury, Venus, Earth
and Mars
Close to Sun
Small masses, radii
Rocky, solid surfaces
High densities
Slow rotation
Weak magnetic field
No rings
Few moons
JOVIAN PLANETS
Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus,
and Neptune
Far from Sun
Large masses and radii
Gaseous surface
Low densities
Fast rotation
Strong magnetic field
Many rings
Many moons
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23. INNER & OUTER PLANET
INNER PLANETS (आांतररक ग्र्)
A planet whose orbit lies within the asteroid belt is
called Inner planet.
Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars are inner planets.
OUTER PLANETS (बह्री ग्र्)
A planet whose orbit lies outside the asteroid belt is
called Outer Planets.
Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus & Neptune are outer planets.

The outer planets have several moons and a system
of rings.

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24. PLANETS (ग्र्)
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25. THE RELATIVE SIZE OF THE PLANETS IN THE SOLAR SYSTEM
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Smallest to Largest planets:
Mercury, Mars Venus, Earth, Neptune, Uranus,
Saturn, Jupiter

26. REVOLUTION (ऩररक्रमण) & ROTATION
PERIOD OF REVOLUTION
The time taken by a planet to complete one full
revolution around the sun is called its period of
revolution.
PERIOD OF ROTATION
The time taken by a planet to rotate a full 360
degrees on its axis is called its period of rotation.
AXIS OF ROTATION
The Axis Of Rotation is an imaginary line going
from the north pole to the south pole.

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28. MERCURY (बुध)
Mercury is the First planet from the sun.
Mercury is the smallest planet in the solar system as well as the
closest to the sun.
It takes about 88 earth days to complete one revolution around
the sun.
Mercury is Terrestrial Planet
Lots of craters like the moon
Hot during day and cold at night
Mercury has no moon.
It is yellowish orange in colour.
It is called morning or evening star because it is occasionally
visible just before sunrise or just after sunset .
Temperature : -173 to 427 degree Celsius.
mercury shows phases like moon.

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29. Named for: Messenger of the Roman gods
Diameter: 3,031 miles (4,878 km)
Orbit: 88 Earth days
Day: 58.6 Earth days
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30. VENUS (शुक्र)
 Venus is the Second planet from the sun
 It completes one revolution around the sun in 225 days.
 It has no moons.
 Venus rotates from east to west (opposite direction).
 Terrestrial planet.
 Venus is the closest planet to the earth (Earth’s sister planet).
 It is the Brightest Objects seen in the night sky.
 It is also called as shining planet.
 It is also called morning or evening star because it is usually visible only during
these times.
 It is silver blue in colour and is hot planet.
 1 year – 225 Earth days.
 Temperature – 462 degree Celsius.
 It appears as morning star in eastern horizon and as a evening star in western sky
(horizon).
 Venus is hotter than Mercury because it has high carbon dioxide in its atmosphere.
Venus also shows phases like moon.
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31. Named for: Roman goddess of love and beauty
Diameter: 7,521 miles (12,104 km)
Orbit: 225 Earth days
Day: 241 Earth days
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33. EARTH (ऩृथ्िी)
Earth is the Third planet from the sun
It is the only planet that supports life in our Solar System.
It takes 365 days & 6hrs for the earth to complete one
revolution around the sun.
The earth takes 24 hrs. to complete one rotation
Earth has one moon
The portion of the earth facing the sun at any time has DAY.
The portion of the earth facing away the sun at any time has
NIGHT
71% of the Earth’s crust is covered with water
Terrestrial planet.
Consists of oceans, continents, atmosphere.
Temperature : -87 to 57 degree Celsius.
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34. Diameter: 7,926 miles (12,760 km)
Orbit: 365.24 days
Day: 23 hours, 56 minutes
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35. HOW LIFE IS POSSIBLE ON EARTH
1)The Earth has an atmosphere (which contains many
gases including oxygen & carbon dioxide).
2)The Earth has large quantities of water on its surface.
3)The Earth has a suitable temperature range.
4)The Earth has a protective layer of ozone.
Earth’s axis is not perpendicular to the plane of its orbit
but titled at an angle of 23.5 degree.
When the earth’s northern hemisphere is tilted towards
the sun, it is summer in the northern hemisphere, while it
is winter in the southern hemisphere
The reversed happens when the northern hemisphere is
tilted away from the sun.
Autumn & spring occur when the earth is between these
two extreme positions in its orbit
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36. ROTATION & REVOLUTION OF EARTH
The earth rotates (or spins) on an imaginary axis
which passes through its north & south poles.
The axis of rotation of earth is slightly tilted with
respect to the plane of its orbit around the sun.
An important consequence of the rotation of the
earth on its axis is that it causes day & night on
the earth.
An important consequence of the motion of tilted
earth around the sun is that it causes different
seasons on the earth(such as SUMMER,
WINTER, SPRING, AUTUMN etc.)
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37. MARS (मांगऱ)
Mars is the Fourth planet from the sun
Mars completes one revolution around the sun in about 687 days.
Mars is Called the Red planet because its surface appears to be
red.
Mars has 2 moons named PHOBOS & DEIMOS.
It is a small sized planet, half as diameter of Earth
Mars is well visible to the naked eye
Terrestrial planet.
Mars is rocky, dusty and dry.
Mars has polar ice-caps like Earth.
1 year – 687 Earth days.
1 day – 24 Earth hours, 37 mins.
Temperature : -214 to -5 degree Celsius.


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38. Named for: Roman god of war
Diameter: 4,217 miles (6,787 km)
Orbit: 687 Earth days
Day: Just more than one Earth day (24 hours, 37 minutes)
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39. Has surface
covered with
craters and
mountains.
Temperatures
ranging from -
120 degree C
to 25 degree C.
Has a very
thin atmosphere .
Is seen as a
reddish object in
the sky .
Is seen as a
reddish object in
the sky
Mars has approximately half
the diameter of Earth.
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40. JUPITER (बृ्स्ऩतत)
Jupiter is the Fifth planet from the sun
Jupiter is the largest planet in the solar system.
Jupiter is made mainly of hydrogen & helium
Jupiter has about 63 known moons!!!
Jupiter's four larger moons are called Io, Europa, Callisto and
Ganymede.
Gas planet (Windy clouds of Ammonia and Water)
It Has a red spot (it is actually a giant storm that has been raging for
years..
1 year – 4331 Earth days (12 Earth years)
1 day – 9 Earth hours, 56 mins.
Temperature is -148 degree Celsius.
It rotates the fastest among all planets.
Jupiter is the vacuum cleaner of the solar system for it sucks in
comets, asteroids and meteoroids which could be of hazard for Earth.
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41. Named for: Ruler of the Roman gods
Diameter: 86,881 miles (139,822 km)
Orbit: 11.9 Earth years
Day: 9.8 Earth hours
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GREAT RED
SPOT

42. SATURN (शतन)
Saturn is the Sixth planet from the sun
Saturn is the second biggest planet in solar system.
Saturn is also is made mainly of hydrogen & helium
The most distinguishing feature of Saturn is well-developed
system of colourful rings around it
There are 31 moons orbiting Saturn
The largest moons of Saturn is TITAN.
The rings around Saturn are made up of frozen gases, water ice
and rock.
 So the rings are not solid bands around the planet.
7 flat rings made of Ice, Rocks and Dust.
1 year – 10759 Earth days (29 Earth years)
1 day – 10 Earth hours, 39 mins.
Temperature : -178 degree Celsius.
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43. Named for: Roman god of agriculture
Diameter: 74,900 miles (120,500 km)
Orbit: 29.5 Earth years
Day: About 10.5 Earth hours
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44. RING OF SATURN
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45. URANUS (अ�ण)
Uranus is the Seventh planet from the sun
Uranus is the second coldest planet.
Like Saturn, Uranus has a system of rings
Saturn has at least 27 moons – largest are
Oberon and Titania
It is medium sized planet of the Solar System
Uranus is made up of hydrogen & helium
Gas planet and windy.
1 year – 30687 Earth days (84 Earth years)
1 day – 17 Earth hours, 15 mins
Temperature : - 216 degrees Celsius
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46. Friday, December 29, 2017 RAVI PRAKASH SINGH 46
Named for: Personification of heaven in ancient myth
Diameter: 31,763 miles (51,120 km)
Orbit: 84 Earth years
Day: 18 Earth hours

47. 27
Is 7
th
planet of
our solar system.
Is 2,870,972,200
km away from
sun
Has 27 moons
Has 13 rings
around it
Is made of - water, rocks,
methane, and ammonia
ices.
Takes 10.14 hrs to
rotate once on its
own axis
Takes 84 years for
one revolution
around the sun.
God of heavens
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48. NEPTUNE (ि�ण)
Neptune is the Eight planet from the sun
It is quite far away but still can be spotted with small
telescopes
Neptune has four rings.
Gas planet – icy.
Windiest planet in the Solar System.
It has at least 13 moons & largest is Triton
Neptune is coldest planet.
1 year – 60190 Earth days (165 Earth years)
Gas planet – icy.
1 day – 16 Earth hours, 7 mins.
Temperature - -214 degrees Celsius

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49. Named for: Roman god of water
Diameter: 30,775 miles (49,530 km)
Orbit: 165 Earth years
Day: 19 Earth hours
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50. Is 8th planet of our solar
system.
Has 13 moons
dark spot
The god of the sea
Takes 14 hours for
one rotation on its
own axis.
Takes 165 years
for one
revolution
around sun.
Is at the distance of
4,498,252,900 km from
the sun
Has atmosphere
made of-
hydrogen, helium,
and methane.
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51. MOON (चहांद, चांद्रमह, शशश)
The moon is a natural satellite of the earth, and it
reflects the sunlight incident on it.
The surface of the moon is dusty and full of crater
If the moon is observed closely, we find craters,
depressions on the surface of the moon, which
might have been formed by the collision of some
heavenly body like a meteorite with the moon.
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52. MOON (चहांद)
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53. PHASE OF MOON
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The different shapes of the disc of the moon observed
during a month are called the phases of the moon.

54. MOON
IT TAKES 29.5 DAYS FOR MOON TO ROTATE THE EARTH.
THE SURFACE OF THE MOON IS COVERED WITH HARD &
LOOSE DIRT,CRATERS & MOUNTAINS.
SINCE THERE IS NO AIR & WATER, LIFE IS IMPOSSIBLE ON
MOON’S SURFACE .
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55. FORMATION OF THE PHASES
Due to its revolution around the earth, when it is at
different positions in its path, the apparent disc of the
moon changes, which gives rise to its phases.
When the moon is between the sun and the earth, the
illuminated portion of the moon is away from the
earth, and we are not able to see the moon. We call
this day as the 'new moon day'.
With time, the position of the moon changes and the
illuminated portion of the moon exposed to the earth
gradually increases. Thus, the size of the apparent
disc of the moon increases gradually from a crescent
to a full round when the earth lies between the moon
and the sun. We call this day the 'full moon day'.

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56. PHASES OF MOON & MOON’S LIGHT
We are able to see the moon because the sunlight falling on
the moon reflected towards the earth.
The day on which the moon is not visible is called the “NEW
MOON DAY”.
The day on which the whole bright disc of moon is visible to
us is called the “FULL MOON DAY”.
We have one new moon & one full moon day during a
month.
As moon revolves around the earth once every month &
moves around the sun along with earth, different amounts of
its sun-lit surface are turned towards the earth leading to
change in the appearance of moon & formation of phases of
the moon.
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57. As seen from the Earth, a solar
eclipse occurs when the Moon
passes between the Sun and
Earth, and the Moon fully or
partially blocks the Sun.
This can happen only at new
moon, when the Sun and the
Moon are in conjunction as seen
from Earth.
In a total eclipse, the disk of the
Sun is fully obscured by the
Moon.
In partial and annular
eclipses only part of the Sun is
obscured.
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58. A lunar eclipse occurs when the Moon
passes directly behind the Earth into its
umbra.
This can occur only when the Sun, Earth, and
Moon are aligned exactly, or very closely so,
with the Earth in the middle.
Hence, a lunar eclipse can only occur the night
of a full moon. The type and length of an
eclipse depend upon the Moon's location
relative to its orbital nodes.
Unlike a solar eclipse, which can only be
viewed from a certain relatively small area of
the world, a lunar eclipse may be viewed from
anywhere on the night side of the Earth.
A lunar eclipse lasts for a few hours, whereas a
total solar eclipse lasts for only a few minutes
at any given place, due to the smaller size of
the moon's shadow. Also unlike solar eclipses,
lunar eclipses are safe to view without any eye
protection or special precautions, as they are
no brighter than the full moon itself.
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59. CONSTELLATION
A group of stars that has a recognisable shape is
called constellation.
Earth rotates on its axis, this makes most constellations
appear to rise in the east and set in the west during the
night.
Major constellations are the Ursa Major, Ursa Minor
and Cassiopeia.

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60. Friday, December 29, 2017 RAVI PRAKASH SINGH 61

61. URSA MAJOR (सप्तवर्षमांडऱ)
The Ursa major constellation consists of
seven bright stars arranged in a
pattern resembling like big bear. So it
is known as the BIG BEAR.
The Ursa major constellation is visible
during the summer season.
The Ursa Major is shaped like a ladle
(चमचा) and is called as the BIG
DIPPER (कल्छुऱ).
It consists of seven stars placed in the
form of a dipper.
In India, it is popularly called the
SAPTARSHI.

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62. URSA MAJOR
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63. URSA MINOR
Ursa Minor also known as the
LITTLE BEAR, is a constellation in
the Northern Sky.
Like the Great Bear, the tail of the
Little Bear look like the handle of a
ladle.
The brightest stars form a shape that
is also known as the LITTLE
DIPPER.
It contains the north celestial pole
and the polar star Polaris
It was one of the 48 constellations.
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64. ORION
Another popular
constellation is the Orion,
which is shaped in the form
of a hunter.
Three middle stars in the
Orion lead to a brighter star
in the sky, called Sirius.
The Orion constellation is
visible to us in the sky during
Winter Season.

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65. CASSIOPEIA
The Cassiopeia constellation is
thought represent Queen seated
on chair.
Cassiopeia is another prominent
constellation in the Northern sky.
It is visible during Winter in the
early part of night.
It looks like a distorted letter W or
M.
Cassiopeia constellation consists
of 5 main stars.
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66. Other Members of Solar System
Apart from the sun and the planets,
the solar system also consists of
celestial bodies such as meteors,
comets and artificial satellites.
Meteoroids are much smaller than
Asteroids & comets
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67. METEOR (उल्कह)
A meteor is made up of debris (मलबा, कचिा,
टूटे हुए टुकडे).
A meteor enters the Earth's atmosphere at
a very high speed. The friction with the
atmosphere makes the meteor hot and it
burns till it disintegrates.
As meteor falls to the ground, it glows
brightly. This is why it is called a shooting
star.

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68. METEOR
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METEOROID

69. METEORITES (उल्कहवऩांड/ टूटह ्ुआ तहरह)
A meteor which does not burn up completely on
entering the earth’s atmosphere & lands on earth
is known as a meteorite.
Some meteors reach the ground before they
burn completely and evaporate. These are
called Meteorites.
More than 90 percent of meteorites are of
rock, while the remainder consist wholly or
partly of iron and nickel

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70. ASTEROIDS (क्षुद्र ग्र्)
Asteroids are the small celestial
objects which revolve around the
sun in the gap between the orbits
of mars & Jupiter.
This gap is called the asteroid
belt.
Asteroids are also called minor
planets.
Asteroids are made of Rubble
(मलवा, िोड़ी, पत्थि के टुकडे).
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71. ASTEROIDS (क्षुद्र ग्र्)
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ASTEROIDS BELTS

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74. COMETS (धूमकेतु)
Comets is a celestial object consisting of
a nucleus of ice and dust and, when near
the sun, a “tail” of gas and dust particles
pointing away from the sun.
Comets contain dust, ice, carbon
dioxide, ammonia, methane and more.
scientists to call them snowy dirtballs.
Icy nucleus, which evaporates and gets
blown into space by solar wind pressure
The best known periodic comet is the
Halley's comet. It appear after every
76 years. (seen in 1986- expected to
seen in 2062).

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75. Comets
Dirty snowballs - dust and rock in methane, ammonia and ice
All light is reflected from the Sun - the comet makes no light of its own
The nucleus is a few km in diameter
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Halley’s Comet in 1986

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77. NATURAL SATELLITES
Satellite is a celestial bodies like moon that
revolves around that revolves around a
planet.
Moon is the natural satellite of the earth.
The satellites revolve around the planets due to
the gravitational pull of the planets.
The satellites have no light of their own, they
reflect sunlight.
Mercury & Venus does not have satellites.

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78. ARTIFICIAL SATELLITES
Man made objects which revolves around planet is
called Artificial satellites.
They are much closer than moon
It transmit radio, telephone, television signal.
It helps us in sending back information for weather
forecasting (giving advance warning of floods,
cyclones etc.),
It helps us in military surveillance (निगिाि़ी)
They are used for surveying the natural resources of
the earth.
They are used to collect in formation about other
planets ,stars & galaxies, etc.
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79. Aryabhatta
Bhaskara - 1
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80. Bhaskara - 2
Ariane Passenger
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81. INDIAN SATELLITES & OTHERS
Indian space research organisms
(ISRO) is incharge of Indian
satellites.
The first satellite made in India,
Arybhatta was launched in 1975 by
a soviet rocket.
The world's first artificial satellite,
the Sputnik 1, was launched by the
Soviet Union in 1957.

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82. GEOSTATIONARY SATELLITE
A geostationary satellite is an earth-orbiting
satellite, placed at an altitude of approximately
35,800 kilometers (22,300 miles) directly over
the equator, that revolves in the same direction
the earth rotates (west to east).
The time period of revolution of geostationary
satellite around earth is equal to the time period
of rotation of earth on its axis i.e. 24 hours.
These satellite stay in same relative position
to the earth surface. So, broadcasting station
does not lose contact with receiver
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83. GEOSYNCHRONOUS SATELLITE
A geosynchronous satellite is
a satellite in
geosynchronous orbit, with an
orbital period the same as the
Earth's rotation period.
Such a satellite returns to the
same position in the sky after
each sidereal day, and over the
course of a day traces out a path
in the sky that is typically some
form of analemma
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84. A black hole is a place in
space where gravity pulls so
much that even light can
not get out.
The gravity is so strong
because matter has been
squeezed into a tiny space.
This can happen when a
star is dying. Because no
light can get out, people
can't see black holes. They
are invisible.
Black hole
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85. Nebula
a cloud of gas and
dust in outer space,
visible in the night
sky either as an
indistinct bright
patch or as a dark
silhouette against
other luminous
matter.
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86. When a star like the Sun dies,
it casts its outer layers into
space, leaving its hot, dense
core to cool over the eons. But
some other types of stars
expire with titanic explosions,
called supernovae.
A supernova can shine as
brightly as an entire galaxy of
billions of "normal" stars. Some
of these explosions completely
destroy the star, while others
leave behind either a super-
dense neutron star or a black
hole
The death of the star
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87. Kuiper belt, is a region of the Solar System
beyond the planets, extending from the orbit of
Neptune (at 30 AU) to approximately 50AU from
the Sun.
It is similar to the asteroid belt, although it is far
larger—20 times as wide and 20 to 200 times as
massive.
Like the asteroid belt, it consists mainly of small
bodies, or remnants from the Solar System's
formation.
While most asteroids are composed primarily of
rock and metal, Kuiper belt objects are composed
largely of frozen volatiles (termed "ices"), such as
methane, ammonia and water.
The classical belt is home to at least three dwarf
planets: Pluto, Haumea, and Makemake.
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88. Asteroids are a class of small Solar System bodies
in orbit around the Sun.
They have also been called planetoids, especially
the larger ones.
These terms have historically been applied to any
astronomical object orbiting the Sun that did not
show the disk of a planet and was not observed to
have the characteristics of an active comet, but as
small objects in the outer Solar System were
discovered, their volatile-based surfaces were
found to more closely resemble comets, and so
were often distinguished from traditional
asteroids.
Thus the term asteroid has come increasingly to
refer specifically to the small bodies of the inner
Solar System out to the orbit of Jupiter, which are
usually rocky or metallic.
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A star is a massive, luminous sphere of plasma
held together by gravity.
The nearest star to Earth is the Sun, which is the
source of most of the energy on the planet.
Other stars are visible from Earth during the
night when they are not obscured by
atmospheric phenomena, appearing as a
multitude of fixed luminous points because of
their immense distance.
Historically, the most prominent stars on the
celestial
sphere were grouped together into
constellations and asterisms, and the brightest
stars gained proper names.
Extensive catalogues of stars have been
assembled by astronomers, which provide
standardized star designations.

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