overview of materials and processes for CCS technologies 2

CCS technologies

1. 1
Overview of CCS Technologies

2. 2
2
Presentation Outline
•Introduction
•CO2 Capture Processes & Separation Technologies
•CO2 Transportation & Storage
•Quality Specification of CO2
•Monitoring & Mathematical expressions
•CCS Status in World & in India
•Alternative Approaches to Capture CO2

3. 3
Questions on sustainable energy
•Out look of CO2 emission, energy consumption and
generation
•How can we make a sustainable energy plan
•We need to get off fossil fuel
–Numbers not adjectives
–Not easy, but possible
•All renewable energy is diffuse
–To make a difference, renewable energy facility has to be country-sized.

4. 4
Atmospheric CO
2concentration still
increases
Today’s CO
2level: 413.79 ppm

5. 5
CO
2emission strongly related
to industrialization

6. 6
550ppm
450ppm
Today: 419.21 ppm

7. 7
How much is a gigaton (Gt)?
•One billion metric
tons (10
12
kg)
•It is about 2750
Empire state
buildings.
•Global CO
2
emissions related to
energy are about
36.3 Gt as of 2012.

8. 8

9. 9

10. 10
10
We Still Rely on Fossil Fuels
•Fossil fuels
(coal, gas and oil)
represent 80%
of the global energy
supply
•Renewables supply
only account for 13%
of our total energy supply

11. 11
11
… and will Continue to do so
for Decades to Come
By2030 Renewables
could make upto 30%
of the global energy supply
•But fossil fuels will remain
our main source of energy
for decades to come

12. 12
12
CO
2emissions by industry &
power plant

13. 13
13
Fossil Fuels Power the
Largest Emitters of CO 2….
Fossil fuels power plants,
heavy industry and refineries
account for 52%of the world’s
current CO2 emissions
(15 billion tonnes CO2 emissions/year)

14. 14
14
How do we Meet this Challenge?
•We need to cut CO
2emissions fast…
…as energy consumption continues to rise
…Our climate depends on it

15. 15
15
CCSalone will provide
up to 20% of the CO
2emission
reductions we need
to make by 2050.
Here’s how it works...

16. 16
16
What Is Carbon Capture and
Sequestration (Storage)
Three stage process:
i. CapturingCO2 at
Large & stationary
point sources
ii. Transportingthe CO2 from source to
sink,
iii. Injectingthe CO2 in suited geological reservoir or
sinks

17. 17
17
Inside CCS

18. 18
18
Carbon Capture Options
•Capture Processes:
1.Post-combustion :separation CO
2-N
2
2.Pre-combustion :separation CO
2-H
2
3.Oxy-fuel combustion :separation O
2-N
2
•Separation technologies:
1.Adsorption
2.Absorption
3.Membrane Separation
4.Cryogenic distillation

19. 19
19
Separation principles
1.Adsorption:attachment
of fluid to a solid surface
–Solid sorbents :Lime,
zeolite, activated carbon
2.Absorption:fluid
dissolves or permeates
into a liquid
–Solvents :Aqueous
amines and saltsChemical Adsorption Physical Adsorption
Chemical Absorption Physical Absorption

20. 20
20
Separation principles
3.Membrane Separation: separation which makes use of
difference in physical/chemical interaction with membrane
•Membrane provides grater contacting area

21. 21
CO
2emission sources

22. 22

23. 23
Separation technologies:

24. 24

25. 25
Olav Bolland,
MEA scrubbing
Energy consumption (3.8 MJ/kgCO
2),
energy penalty: 10-14%
Large uncertainty on health issues
relating to emission of amines
Uncertainty of handing waste amines
relating to degradation

26. 26

27. 27

28. 28
Carbonate looping
Energy penalty of CO
2capture is about 5% << other techniques
CO
2capture: 87-90%
Environmental friendly
Berstad,D.,et.al.,IntJGreenhGC2014,24:43

29. 29

30. 30

31. 31

32. 32

33. 33
Pre-combustion
•Technology of large scale hydrogen
production is commercially available
•Turbine needed to be modified for
combustion of hydrogen
•Complex processes

34. 34

35. 35

36. 36

37. 37

38. 38

39. 39
Pre-combustion
•Current
–IRCC (Integrated Reforming Combined Cycle)
–IGCC (Integrated gasification Combined Cycle)
•Next?
–Carbonate looping for CO
2capture
–H2/O2/CO2 membranes

40. 40

41. 41

42. 42

43. 43

44. 44

45. 45

46. 46

47. 47

48. 48

49. 49
Sorption Enhanced SMR or WGS
•Reforming: CH
4+ H
2O CO + 3H
2
•WGS: CO + H
2O CO
2+ H
2
•Overall: CH
4+ 2H
2O CO
2+ 4H
2
•Capture: MO + CO
2MCO
3
•CO
2acceptor installed together with the catalyst
•Shift in the equilibrium
H
O
C
Ca
Cat
CaO CaCO
3

50. 50
Steam
Turbine
Stack
HRSG
Generator
Air
Compressor
Gas Turbine
Coal
Biomass
Heavy oil
...
Gasifier
Slag
Air
Fuel
Cell
Fuels &
ChemicalsAir seperator
Air
Oxygen
O
2
SteamWater
Steam to
turbine
Carbonate
looping
CO
2
Reactor
regenerator
H
2

51. 51
SEMRCond.
Cooler
Fresh
acceptor
PSA
Waste Gas
OXYGEN
Natural Gas
HYDROGEN
Supplementary NG
Burner
Cond.
CO2
Comp.Cooler
REGENERATOR
REFORMER
WATER
Cooler SE WGS
Cond
HYDROGEN
Water
Regenerator
ATRPRE
Oxygen
Natural Gas
Cond.
CO2
Steam Export
Steam
SEWGS