Overview_of_the_Chemical Weapon Convention

Overview_of_the_Chemical Weapon Convention

1. CWC AND
ARTICLE X

2. CONTENT
ABriefHistoryofChemicalWeapons
AnOverviewoftheChemicalWeapons
Convention(CWC)
2

3. BRIEF HISTORY OF CHEMICAL WEAPONS:
PRE WORLD WAR I
1000B.C.China–arsenicalsmokes
•429-424B.C.PeloponnesianWar–sulphur,toxic
fumes
•MiddleAges-poisonedarrows,contaminatedwells
Modernchemicalwarfarehasitsgenesisonthe
battlefieldsofWorldWarI
3

4. BRIEF HISTORY OF CHEMICAL
WEAPONS:WORLD WAR I
1914Smallscaleattackswithtear
gas
FirstlargescaleCWattackwith
chlorineon22April1915atYpres
(Ieper)–5000dead,15000casualties
Chokingagentschlorineand
phosgenegasesinitiallyreleasedfrom
cylindersonthebattlefieldand
dispersedbythewind–manyfriendly
firecasualties
Laterinthewarchemicalshellsand
mortarsintroduced.
4Cont…

5. 5Cont…

6. cont…BRIEF HISTORY OF CHEMICAL WEAPONS:WORLD WAR I
July1917blisteragent
Mustardgasfirstused
Byendofwar~90000
fatalitiesand1.3million
casualtiesduetoCW
Over100000tonsof
CWused
World War I soldiers in France,
blinded from exposure to mustard gas:
10 April 1918
6

7. 7
•Russia(1919)
•Morocco(1923)
•Abyssinia(1935-1936)
•China(1937-45)
•1936Germandiscoveryofthefirstnervegas
Tabun
•neverusedduringWWII
•AfterWWIIseveralallegationsoftheuseof
CW
•Vietnam(1968-75)
BRIEF HISTORY OF CHEMICAL WEAPONS:
POST WORLD WAR I

8. BRIEF HISTORY OF CHEMICAL WEAPONS:
THE COLD WAR ERA
TheUnitedStatesandtheSoviet
Unionbothmaintainedenormous
stockpilesofchemicalweapons,
primarilynerveagents,amounting
totensofthousandsoftonnes
Theamountofchemical
weaponsheldbythesetwo
countrieswasenoughtodestroy
muchofthehumanandanimallife
onEarth.
8

9. BRIEF HISTORY OF CHEMICAL WEAPONS:
IRAN-IRAQ WAR (1980-88)
Iraqusedchemical
weaponsinIranduringthe
warinthe1980s
Around100,000Iranian
soldiersandcivilianswere
affectedbyIraqichemical
weaponsduringthe1980-88
warwithIraq
9

10. BRIEF HISTORY OF CHEMICAL WEAPONS:
HALABJA, IRAQ: 1988
Iraqusedmustardgasand
nerveagentsagainstKurdish
residentsofHalabja,inNorthern
Iraq,in1988resultingin~5000
deaths
10

11. 11
•Two recent examples of the use
of chemical weapons in a
terrorist attack, were in Japan in
the mid 1990s
•Nerve agent sarin (GB) used by
the AumShinrikyudoomsday
cult
•Matsumoto : 27 June 1994 &
•Tokyo : 20 March 1995
BRIEF HISTORY OF CHEMICAL WEAPONS:
CHEMICAL TERRORISM IN JAPAN

12. 12
BRIEF HISTORY OF CHEMICAL WEAPONS:
STEPS TOWARDS CHEMICAL DISARMAMENT
The Peace Palace
The Hague
•1874:BrusselsConventiononthe
lawsandcustomsofwar
•Banonpoisonandpoisoned
weapons
•1899:FirstInternationalPeace
Conference-TheHague
•banonuseofpoisonedweapons,
asphyxiatinganddeleteriousgases
•1928:GenevaProtocol(signedin
1925EIFin1928)
•BanonCWuse,butnoprohibitionon
development,etc.SomeSPsinterpret
as“nofirstuse”

13. 13
•1960s:focusonchemicaland
biologicalweapons
•1970s:biologicalandCWs
separated:focusonamultilateral
treatyonchemicalweapons
•1971:adoptionoftheBiological
WeaponsConvention
•3September1992:CWCdraft
acceptedbytheConferenceon
DisarmamentinGenevaon,
concludingtwodecadesof
negotiations
The United Nations
Brief History of Chemical Weapons:
Steps towards chemical disarmament -II

14. 14
•ChemicalWeaponsConvention(CWC)openedforsignatureon
13January1993inParis
•PreparatoryCommissionsetupinTheHaguetopreparefor
Entry-into-Force(i.e.180daysafterthe65thStateratifiedthe
CWC)
•Entry-intoForceon29April1997
Brief History of Chemical Weapons:
Steps towards chemical disarmament -III

15. The Pillars of the CWC
Destructionofchemicalweaponsstockpilesand
theirassociatedproductionfacilities(Art.I,III,IV
andV)
Non-proliferation–i.e.onlypermittedactivities
(Art.VI)
AssistanceandProtection(Art.X)
Internationalco-operation(Art.XI)
15

16. 16
The Chemical Weapons Convention
(CWC): Features
EliminatesanentirecategoryofWMD
Itisanon-discriminatoryandmultilateraltreaty
ProvidesforthedestructionofCWsstockpilesand
CWsproductioncapacity(disarmament)
Ithasaninspection/Verificationregime(non-
proliferation)
Providesforassistance&protectionagainstCWs
Providesforinternationalcooperationthrough
peacefulusesofchemistry
16

17. The Preamble
DetailsStatesPartiespurposeinenteringthe
Convention
Disarmamentandeliminationofalltypesof
weaponsofmassdestruction
Excludescompletelythepossibilityofanyuseof
chemicalweapons
Achievementsinchemistryshouldbeusedfor
thebenefitofmankind.
17

18. ARTICLE I : GENERAL OBLIGATIONS
RequiresStatesParties,inter-aliato:
Destroychemicalweapons,chemicalweapons
productionfacilitiesandabandonedchemical
weapons
Notacquireorreacquirechemicalweapons
Nottousechemicalweapons
Nottopreparemilitarilytousechemicalweapons
18

19. ARTICLE II : DEFINITIONS & CRITERIA
DefinitionsandcriteriausedintheArticlesand
Annexes
DefinitionofCWs,Toxicchemical,Precursor,old
andabandonedCWs,RiotControlAgent,CWPF,
PurposesnotprohibitedandProductionCapacity
19

20. ARTICLE III : DECLARATIONS
OutlinesthereportingrequirementsforState
Parties
SPstomakedeclarationsintermsof;
ChemicalWeapons
OldandabandonedCWs
CWproductionfacilities
Facilitiesdesigned,constructed,orusedfor
developmentofChemicalWeapons
RiotControlAgents
20

21. ARTICLE IV : CHEMICAL WEAPONS
ProvidesthebasisfordestructionofCWsandtheir
verification
SPstogivehighestprioritytoensuringsafetyof
peopleandtoprotectenvironmentduringprocessof
destruction
SPstocooperatewithothersondestruction
CWsburiedordumpedatseamaybeexempt
ProceduresforimplementationsetoutinVA
21

22. ARTICLE V : CHEMICAL WEAPONS PRODUCTION
FACILITIES (CWPF)
SetsoutgeneralobligationsofStatesPartieswithregardto
destructionofchemicalweaponsproductionfacilities
SPstoceaseallactivitiesatCWPFsatEIF,exceptactivity
requiredforclosure
Alsoprovidesforaccessforverification;immediatecessationof
chemicalweaponsproduction;prohibitiononnewormodified
CWPF’s;closureanddestructionofCWPF’s;reportingof
destructionactivities;destructionofCWPF’s;safetyand
environmentalstandardsfordestruction;conversionofCWPFto
destructionfacilitiesorforpurposesnotprohibitedunderthe
Convention;bilateralandmultilateralverificationarrangements
betweenoramongSP’sandcostsforverificationanddestruction
ProceduresforimplementationsetoutinVA
22

23. ARTICLE VI : ACTIVITIES NOT PROHIBITED
Outlinesdeclarationandon-siteverification
measurespertainingtoscheduledchemicals
Formsbasisforindustryverificationmeasures
Setsoutactivitiesthatarenotprohibitedbythe
Conventionandgeneralobligationpertainingto
verificationoftheproduction,processingand
consumptionofSchedule1,2,and3chemicalsandof
otherchemicalproductionfacilities
23

24. ARTICLE VII : NATIONAL IMPLEMENTATION
MEASURES
Specifieslegalandorganizationalundertakingsrequired
ofStatesPartiesintheirimplementationoftheConvention
SPsto;
adoptthenecessarymeasurestoimplementtheir
obligations,includingenactmentandenforcementofpenal
legislation
cooperatewiththeTechnicalSecretariat(TS)andotherSPs
protectenvironmentandpersonnelsafety
establishaNationalAuthority
informTSofnecessarymeasures
treatasconfidentialandaffordspecialhandlingto
informationanddatareceivedinconfidencefromthe
Organization
24

25. ARTICLE VIII : THE ORGANIZATION
Establishment,functionsandstructureofthe
OPCW
Composition,powersandfunctionsofthe;
•ConferenceofStatesParties
•ExecutiveCouncil
•TechnicalSecretariat
PrivilegesandimmunitiesoftheOrganisation
25

26. ARTICLE IX : CONSULTATIONS,
COOPERATION AND FACT-FINDING
Proceduresforclarifyingandresolvingcompliance
concerns,includingproceduresforchallenge
inspections
26

27. ARTICLEX : ASSISTANCE & PROTECTION
Providesforassistanceandcooperation
amongStatesPartiesinCWprotection
Proceduresfor;
requestingassistance
exchanginginformationandequipment
reportingannuallyonnationalprogrammesfor
protectivepurposes
informingtheTSonwhatassistanceSPscanprovide
toothers
investigationofallegeduse
27

28. cont…ARTICLE X : ASSISTANCE & PROTECTION
1.ForthepurposesofthisArticle,“Assistance”
meansthecoordinationanddeliverytoStatesParties
ofprotectionagainstchemicalweapons,including,
interalia,thefollowing:detectionequipmentand
alarm systems; protectiveequipment;
decontaminationequipmentanddecontaminants;
medicalantidotesandtreatments;andadviceonany
oftheseprotectivemeasures.
28Cont…

29. 2.NothinginthisConventionshallbeinterpretedas
impedingtherightofanyStatePartytoconduct
researchinto,develop,produce,acquire,transferor
usemeansofprotectionagainstchemicalweapons,
forpurposesnotprohibitedunderthisConvention
3.EachStatePartyundertakestofacilitate,andshall
havetherighttoparticipatein,thefullestpossible
exchangeofequipment,materialandscientificand
technologicalinformationconcerningmeansof
protectionagainstchemicalweapons.
29
cont…ARTICLE X : ASSISTANCE & PROTECTION
Cont…

30. 4.Forthepurposesofincreasingthetransparency
ofnationalprogrammesrelatedtoprotective
purposes,eachStatePartyshallprovideannuallyto
theTechnicalSecretariatinformationonitsprogram,
inaccordancewithprocedurestobeconsideredand
approvedbytheConferencepursuanttoArticleVIII,
paragraph21(i)
30
cont…ARTICLE X : ASSISTANCE & PROTECTION

31. 5.TheTechnicalSecretariatshallestablish,notlaterthan
180daysafterentryintoforceofthisConventionand
maintain,fortheuseofanyrequestingStateParty,a
databankcontainingfreelyavailableinformation
concerningvariousmeansofprotectionagainst
chemicalweaponsaswellassuchinformationasmay
beprovidedbyStatesParties
TheTechnicalSecretariatshallalso,withintheresources
availabletoit,andattherequestofaStateParty,
provideexpertadviceandassisttheStatePartyin
identifyinghowitsprogrammesforthedevelopment
andimprovementofaprotectivecapacityagainst
chemicalweaponscouldbeimplemented
31Cont…

32. NothinginthisConventionshallbeinterpretedas
impedingtherightofStatesPartiestorequestand
provideassistancebilaterallyandtoconclude
individualagreementswithotherStatesParties
concerningtheemergencyprocurementof
assistance.
32
cont…ARTICLE X : ASSISTANCE & PROTECTION
Cont…

33. 7.EachStatePartyundertakestoprovideassistance
throughtheOrganizationandtothisendtoelect
totake
a.Tocontributetothevoluntaryfundforassistanceto
beestablishedbytheConferenceatitsfirstsession;
b.Toconclude,ifpossiblenotlaterthan180daysafter
thisConventionentersintoforceforit,agreements
withtheOrganizationconcerningtheprocurement,
upondemand,ofassistance;oneormoreofthe
followingmeasures:
33
cont…ARTICLE X : ASSISTANCE & PROTECTION
Cont…

34. c.Todeclare,notlaterthan180daysafterthis
Conventionentersintoforceforit,thekindof
assistanceitmightprovideinresponsetoanappealby
theOrganization.If,however,aStateParty
subsequentlyisunabletoprovidetheassistance
envisagedinitsdeclaration,itisstillunderthe
obligationtoprovideassistanceinaccordancewith
thisparagraph
34Cont…

35. 8.EachStatePartyhastherighttorequestand,
subjecttotheproceduressetforthinparagraphs
9,10and11,toreceiveassistanceandprotection
againsttheuseorthreatofuseofchemical
weaponsifitconsidersthat:
a.Chemicalweaponshavebeenusedagainstit;
b.Riotcontrolagentshavebeenusedagainstitasa
methodofwarfare;or
c.ItisthreatenedbyactionsoractivitiesofanyState
thatareprohibitedforStatesPartiesbyArticleI
35
cont…ARTICLE X : ASSISTANCE & PROTECTION
Cont…

36. 9.Therequest,substantiatedbyrelevantinformation,
shallbesubmittedtotheDirector-General,whoshall
transmititimmediatelytotheExecutiveCouncilandto
allStatesParties.TheDirector-Generalshall
immediatelyforwardtherequesttoStatesParties
whichhavevolunteered,inaccordancewithparagraphs
7(b)and(c),todispatchemergencyassistanceincase
ofuseofchemicalweaponsoruseofriotcontrol
agentsasamethodofwarfare,orhumanitarian
assistanceincaseofseriousthreatofuseofchemical
weaponsorseriousthreatofuseofriotcontrolagents
asamethodofwarfaretotheStatePartyconcerned
notlaterthan12hoursafterreceiptoftherequest.
36
cont…ARTICLE X : ASSISTANCE & PROTECTION

37. TheDirector-Generalshallinitiate,notlaterthan24
hoursafterreceiptoftherequest,aninvestigationinorder
toprovidefoundationforfurtheraction.Heshallcomplete
theinvestigationwithin72hoursandforwardareportto
theExecutiveCouncil.Ifadditionaltimeisrequiredfor
completionoftheinvestigation,aninterimreportshallbe
submittedwithinthesametime-frame.Theadditionaltime
requiredforinvestigationshallnotexceed72hours.Itmay,
however,befurtherextendedbysimilarperiods.Reportsat
theendofeachadditionalperiodshallbesubmittedtothe
ExecutiveCouncil.Theinvestigationshall,asappropriate
andinconformitywiththerequestandtheinformation
accompanyingtherequest,establishrelevantfactsrelated
totherequestaswellasthetypeandscopeof
supplementaryassistanceandprotectionneeded.
37
cont…ARTICLE X : ASSISTANCE & PROTECTION
Cont…

38. 10.TheExecutiveCouncilshallmeetnotlaterthan24hours
afterreceivinganinvestigationreporttoconsiderthe
situationandshalltakeadecisionbysimplemajority
withinthefollowing24hoursonwhethertoinstructthe
TechnicalSecretariattoprovidesupplementary
assistance.TheTechnicalSecretariatshallimmediately
transmittoallStatesPartiesandrelevantinternational
organizationstheinvestigationreportandthedecision
takenbytheExecutiveCouncil.Whensodecidedbythe
ExecutiveCouncil,theDirector-Generalshallprovide
assistanceimmediately.Forthispurpose,theDirector-
GeneralmaycooperatewiththerequestingStateParty,
otherStatesPartiesandrelevantinternational
organizations.TheStatesPartiesshallmakethefullest
possibleeffortstoprovideassistance
38
cont…ARTICLE X : ASSISTANCE & PROTECTION

39. Iftheinformationavailablefromtheongoing
investigationorotherreliablesourceswouldgive
sufficientproofthattherearevictimsofuseof
chemicalweaponsandimmediateactionis
indispensable,theDirectorGeneralshallnotifyall
StatesPartiesandshalltakeemergencymeasuresof
assistance,usingtheresourcestheConferencehas
placedathisdisposalforsuchcontingencies.The
Director-GeneralshallkeeptheExecutiveCouncil
informedofactionsundertakenpursuanttothis
paragraph.
39
cont…ARTICLE X : ASSISTANCE & PROTECTION
Cont…

40. ARTICLE XI : ECONOMIC AND
TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT
Promotionofeconomicandtechnological
developmentandtheprohibitionofimpedimentsto
tradeanddevelopmentintheuseofchemistryfor
peacefulpurposes
Encouragesfreetradeinchemicals
SPstoavoidhamperingeconomicand
technologicaldevelopment
Doesnotoverrideothertreatyobligationsor
rightsunderinternationallawsuchastherightto
haveexportcontrols
40

41. Article XII : Measures to Redress a Situation
to Ensure Compliance, including Sanctions
Providesfortheapplicationofcollectivemeasures
inresponsetothreatstotheobjectandpurposeof
theConvention
MeasurestoRedressaSituation;
•Dealingwithcasesofnon-compliance
•SuspendingaSP’srightsandprivileges
•Collectivemeasures(onlyrecommendatory)
•UnitedNationstobenotifiedofseriousbreaches
oftheConvention
41

42. ARTICLES XIII -XIX
ArticleXIII:RelationtootherInternational
Agreements
ArticleXIV:SettlementofDisputes
ArticleXV:Amendments
ArticleXVI:DurationandWithdrawal
ArticleXVII:StatusoftheAnnexes
ArticleXVIII:Signature
ArticleXIX:Ratification
42

43. ARTICLES XX -XXIV
ArticleXX:Accession
ArticleXXI:EntryinForce
ArticleXXII:Reservations
ArticleXXIII:Depositary
ArticleXXIV:AuthenticTexts
43Cont…