Ozone : a different perspective in todays world

ozone description

1. 25 June, 2001 1
The Ozone Story -

A Presentation
Ozone SecretariatOzone Secretariat
UNEPUNEP

2. 225 June, 2001
STRATOSPHERESTRATOSPHERE
TROPOSPHERETROPOSPHERE
80
60
20
40
km
0 50100150
Ozone Partial
Pressure (b)
MESOSPHEREMESOSPHERE
Ozone Distribution in the
Atmosphere

3. 325 June, 2001
Scientific Background
1839:Ozone discovered by C. F. Schönbein when observing
electrical discharges.
1850s:Ozone shown to be a natural atmospheric constituent.
1880:Experiments show that Ozone strongly absorbs Solar
Ultraviolet (UV) radiation.
1913:Proof that most of the atmosphere's ozone is located in
the stratosphere.
1920:G. M. B. Dobson (an Oxford Scientist) perfected an
instrument to monitor quantitatively total atmospheric
ozone.

4. 425 June, 2001
Why Protect the Ozone Layer?

Ozone Depletion leads to excessive UV-B
radiation.

Excessive UV-B radiation leads to:
More skin cancers and eye cataracts.
Less productivity of plants.
Loss of immunity to diseases.
Adverse effects on plastics.

5. 525 June, 2001
CFCs: Ozone Depleting Substances
1928: CFCs invented;

1950-70s:Consumption and use of CFCs rises
rapidly during the 50s-70s period.
Used in Aerosols, Refrigeration, Air
Conditioning and Manufacturing of
Foams.

6. 625 June, 2001
Scientific Activity on Ozone
1971:CFCs measured in the atmosphere.
1974:Rowland and Molina link CFCs with Ozone Depletion.
1977:Plan of Action on Ozone Layer established by UNEP in
collaboration with WMO. UNEP sets up Co-ordinating
Committee on Ozone Layer (CCOL).
1985:Findings on "The Ozone Hole" over the Antarctic (during
spring) published by the British Antarctic Survey.
1987:Observations prove that the more the Chlorine in the
Atmosphere, the less the amount of Ozone.
1995:Nobel prize received by 3 scientists for pioneering
research on Ozone Depletion.

7. 725 June, 2001
Measurements of Ozone and Reactive
Chlorine from a Flight Into the Antarctic
Ozone Hole, 1987
(Smoking gun..)
Antarctic Polar
Air
Ozone
(Scale at Left)
Reactive Chlorine
(Scale at Right)
Latitude (Degrees South)
63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72
0
3000
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
1.5
0.5
1.0
0
R
e
a
c
t
iv
e

C
h
lo
r
in
e
A
b
u
n
d
a
n
c
e


(
P
a
r
t
s

p
e
r

B
illio
n
)
O
z
o
n
e
A
b
u
n
d
a
n
c
e

(
P
a
r
t
s

p
e
r

B
illio
n
)

8. 825 June, 2001
International Commitments
1985:Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone
Layer calls for voluntary measures to reduce
emissions of ozone-depleting substances (ODS).
1987:Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete
the.Ozone Layer establishes a schedule to reduce the
production and consumption of CFCs and Halons.
1990,92,97,99: At meetings in London, Copenhagen,
Montreal and Beijing Parties approve amendments to
the Montreal Protocol to stipulate/accelerate the
phase-out schedules and add additional ozone-
depleting substances to the list.

9. 925 June, 2001
Ozone Protocol and Amendments Ratification Status
(Information sent to the Ozone Secretariat by the Depositary, UN Office of Legal Affairs, Nov ember 22, 2000)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
1
9
8
6
1
9
8
7
1
9
8
8
1
9
8
9
1
9
9
0
1
9
9
1
1
9
9
2
1
9
9
3
1
9
9
4
1
9
9
5
1
9
9
6
1
9
9
7
1
9
9
8
1
9
9
9
2
0
0
0
2
0
0
1
Year
N
u
m
b
e
r
o
f

C
o
u
n
t
r
i
e
s
Vienna Convention (177)
Montreal Protocol (176)
London Amendment (147)
Copenhagen Amendment (124)
Montreal Amendment (58)
Beijing Amendment (8)

10. 1025 June, 2001
Countries that have Ratified the Montreal Protocol
(June 2001)(June 2001)
Countries that have NOT Ratified the Montreal
Protocol (18 Countries)
Afghanistan
Bhutan
Cambodia
Cook Islands
Iraq
Nauru
Niue
Andorra
Holy Sea
San Marino
Cape Verde
Equatorial Guinea
Eritrea
Guinea-Bissau
Rwanda
Sao Tome & Principe
Sierra Leone
Somalia

11. 1125 June, 2001
Financial Mechanisms
1991:The Multilateral Fund established, with UNDP,
UNEP, UNIDO and World Bank as the
implementing agencies to provide financial
and technical assistance to developing
countries (Article 5) to enable them comply
with the control measures.
1994:Eastern Europe: The Global Environment
Facility (GEF) is assisting the Russian
Federation and other countries of the region.

12. 1225 June, 2001
The Multilateral Fund

The Multilateral Fund of the Protocol has been very
successful. It has in 1991 - 2000 disbursed over $ 813
million to more than 100 developing countries to phase
out more than half of their CFC consumption. It will
continue assistance till the phase out is completed.

13. 1325 June, 2001

14. 1425 June, 2001
AgencyAgency US$ millionUS$ million
1.UNEP 37.6
(Information clearing house, preparation of country programmes,
institutional strengthening, networking and training)
2.UNDP (Technical assistance and Investment projects)232
3.UNIDO (Investment projects) 191.2
4.World Bank (Investment projects) 352.3
Total 813.1
Funds Given to the Implementing
Agencies by the Multilateral Ozone
Fund (1991 - 2000)

15. 1525 June, 2001
Countries with Economies in
Transition (CEIT Countries)

The Global Environment Facility (GEF) is assisting the Russian
Federation and other Eastern and Central Europe countries to
implement the Montreal Protocol.

It has so far sanctioned over US$ 160 million to 17 countries.

The countries that have been assisted: Azerbaijan, Belarus, Bulgaria,
Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, kazakhstan, Latvia, Lithuania,
Poland, Russian Federation, Slovakia, Slovenia, Tajikistan,
Turkmenistan, Ukraine and Uzbekistan.

Consumption of CFCs in these countries has decreased from 136,000
tonnes in 1986 to about 16,000 tonnes in 1999. It is planed that with the
support from GEF, these countries will complete their phase-out of
Annex A and B substances by the year 2000.

16. 1625 June, 2001
Achievements

Production and Consumption of CFCs and
Halons fell by about 87% between 1986 and
1999.

Atmospheric Concentation of Chlorine peaked in
1994 and is now declining.

Millions of cases of Eye Cataracts and Skin
Cancer Averted

Recovery of the Ozone Layer expected by the
year 2050, if the protocol is fully implemented by
all Parties.

17. 1725 June, 2001

18. 1825 June, 2001

19. 1925 June, 2001
ODS Phase Out in the Russian
Federation

Ten donor countries (Austria, Denmark, Finland,
Germany, Italy, Japan, Norway, Sweden, UK and
USA) have committed $19 million to assist in the
closure of the Russian Federation’s production
facilities for CFCs and Halons by the year 2000.

Russian Federation produced in 1998 about 9% of
the world’s CFC production.

Russian Federation consumed in 1998 about 6.5%
of the world’s CFC consumption.

20. 2025 June, 2001
ODS Phase Out in the Russian
Federation (continued)

Russian Federation was to have phased out its CFC
production and consumption by 1996.

The GEF has sanctioned $60 million to assist Annex
A and B phase out by changing the technologies of
the consumer industry to ozone-friendly
substitutes.

Russian Federation indeed closed its production
sector at the end of 2000.

21. 2125 June, 2001
Larger Ozone Losses Avoided
Ozone-Damaging Stratospheric Chlorine/Bromine
0
3,000
6,000
9,000
12,000
15,000
195019752000 2025205020752100
Year
A
b
u
n
d
a
n
c
e

(
p
a
r
t
s

p
e
r

t
r
i
l
l
i
o
n
)
No Protocol
Montreal
Protocol
Copenhagen
Amendments
Annual Deaths from Melanoma and Non-Melanoma Skin Cancer
Averted Due to Montreal Protocols (Mean Estimate)
(Source: Global Benefits and Costs of the Montreal Protocol)
0
2,000
4,000
6,000
8,000
10,000
12,000
14,000
16,000
18,000
20,000
199020002010202020302040205020602070
Year
D
e
a
t
h
s
A
v
e
r
t
e
d
Total
Melanoma Deaths
Non-Melanoma Deaths

22. 2225 June, 2001
If there were no Protocol, .....

The ozone depletion by the year 2050 would have been at least
50% in the mid latitudes in the northern half of the earth, 70% in
the mid latitudes of the south, about 10 times larger than today.
The UV-B radiation would have doubled in the north and
quadrupled in the south in the same places. The ozone
depleting chemicals in the atmosphere would have been 5 times
larger.

The implications of this increase would have been horrendous -
19 million more cases of non- melanoma cancer, 1.5 million
cases of melanoma cancer, 130 million more cases of eye
cataracts.

23. 2325 June, 2001
Challenges

Many parties are yet to ratify the Amendments to
the Protocol.

Illegal flow of CFCs to the industrialised countries
is of concern.

Other countries with economies in transition yet to
implement their obligations.

Potential for spread of Methyl Bromide to more
countries and more applications is of concern.
Now it is used only in some countries for a small
number of crops.

24. 2425 June, 2001
Challenges (continued)

The developing countries, some of whom have increased
their consumption so far, as allowed by the Protocol, have
began their phase out with a freeze from 1 July 1999.

Developing countries are concerned about increasing flow
of CFC products, for example, refrigerators, to their
countries from countries who have adopted Ozone safe
products. This will increase their demand for CFCs for
maintenance of these products.

Global warming could increase ozone depletion. Also,
HFCs, used as alternatives for CFCs in some applications,
have global warming potential and are controlled by the
Kyoto Protocol. The interconnections need to be studied.

25. 2525 June, 2001
Developing Countries

Fifteen years ago, the share of the developing
countries in the total production of CFCs was 5.3%. In
1996, it is 66.1%. For Halons it was 5.7% fifteen years
ago and 98% now.

26. 2625 June, 2001

27. 2725 June, 2001
Halons in the Atmosphere
Measured Atmospheric Concentrations of Halon-1211
at Cape Grim, Tasmania
(Source: Stratopheric Ozone 1996)
0.0
0.4
0.8
1.2
1.6
2.0
2.4
2.8
3.2
3.6
197
8
198
0
198
2
198
4
198
6
198
8
199
0
199
2
199
4
199
6
199
8
Year
H
-
1
2
1
1
M
ix
in
g
R
a
t
io
(
p
p
t
v
)
Measured Atmospheric Concentrations of Halon-1301
at Cape Grim, Tasmania
(Source: Stratopheric Ozone 1996)
0
0.4
0.8
1.2
1.6
2
2.4
197
8
198
0
198
2
198
4
198
6
198
8
199
0
199
2
199
4
199
6
199
8
Year
H
-
1
3
0
1
M
ix
in
g
R
a
t
io
(
p
p
t
v
)

28. 2825 June, 2001
Global Warming Potential of some Ozone
Depleting Substances and Alternatives

29. 2925 June, 2001
Lessons of the Montreal
Protocol

Precautionary principle, signals to industries,
integration of science with policy, recognition of the
special situation of the developing countries, common
but differentiated responsibility, flexibility to take into
account scientific and technological developments over
time.

30. 3025 June, 2001
Ozone Depletion

The ozone depletion in Antarctic, Arctic and mid
latitudes is continuing, due to past emissions of CFCs.
It will peak in the next few years.

Given full Implementation of the Montreal Protocol by
all countries, the Ozone Layer will recover by the
middle of the 21st century.