packaging and basic packaging material.pptx

introduction to basic packaging and packagung material

1. Introduction to packaging material & basic packaging (paper, wood, plastic, glass, metal) Sangeetha A 23PFN023 ⅡPG FSN

2. CONTENT Packaging Basic packaging material Paper Wood Plastic Glass metal

3. Packaging Packaging is defined as the art, science and technology of preparing and encapsulating goods for market or Packaging is the coordinated system of preparing goods for transport, distribution,storage,retailing and end use or Packaging ensures safe delivery of the product to the consumer in good condition at minimal overall cost

4. Requirements of effective food packaging Packaging material should be non toxic and should not react with the food. Packaging material should protect against contamination from micro organism. Packaging material should act as a barrier to moisture loss or gain of oxygen is also considered. Packaging material should protect against ingress of odour or environmental toxicants. The packaging material should filter out harmful uv lights.

5. Packaging material should resistance to physical damage. The packaging material used should be transparent and it should be temper evident. The material used in the packaging should be easy to open and should also posses resealing features. The packaging material should be disposed off easily and efficient for recycle. The packaging should meet size, shape and weight requirements. The material should posses good appearance and printable features. The packaging material should be low in cost. The packaging material should be selected according to the nature of the food to be packed.

6. Types of food packaging Food packaging is divided into Primary packaging Secondary packaging Tertiary packaging In primary packaging the packaging material is that one that comes in direct contact with the food. e xample : can or jar that contains sauce or pickle.

7. A secondary packaging material is an outer box, case or wrapper that holds or unitizes several cans, jars or pouches together but does not contact the food directly Example : a bubble wrapper wrapping a jam bottle. Tertiary packaging groups several secondary cartons together into pallet loads or shipping units. The objective is to aid in the automated handling or larger amount of products. Typically a forklift truck or similar equipment is used to more and transport these tertiary loads Example : a wooden or cardboard box packed with number of jars.

8. Basic packaging material

9. Basic packaging Paper Wood Plastic Glass Metal

10. PAPER Paper is the widely used material for food packaging due to its sustainability, biodegradability and recyclability. Paper is truly a renewable resource used for packaging. Paper and paper board comprises about 30% of total use of packaging material to India. There are two types of paper used for packaging Coares paper - kraft, vegetable parchment, sulphite and tissue paper Fine paper - grease proof paper , glassine paper

11. Papers and their characteristics Papers Thickness Characteristics Applications Kraft paper 0.1-0.8 Strong paper in brown colour which can be bleached white and printed. This is also laminated to polythene or wax treated paper to give greater moisture content. 25 - 50 kg sacks containing flour, sugar, dried fruits and vegetables Vegetable parchment paper 0.05 - 0.1 It is further treated with acid during its preparation to make the surface smoother. Neglible barrier properties to air moisture and not heat sealable Fats such as butter or fresh\ dried fish Sulphite paper 0.04 - 0.06 A lighter and weaker paper than the above made with a glazed surface to improve the appearance and to increase wet strength and oil resistance. It is also used to laminate paper Used as small bags or wrapper for biscuits

12. Tissue paper 0.035 Thin weak sulphite paper, it is often machine glazed on one side. A special type of tissue paper with small regular perforation is used to make tea bags Wrapping fresh fruits to prevent bruising, making dip tea bags. Greaseproof 0.05 - 0.08 Made by beating fibres more thoroughly during the manufacture of sulphite pulp. The smaller fibre makes denser surface which is more resistant to oil Fresh fish or meat liners for shipping boxes; butter cheese and fats Glassine 0.03 - 0.05 A transluent sulphite paper gives a high gloss surface. The gloss makes it more resistance to water when it is dry, but if the paper becomes wet it losses resistance Liner for biscuits, cooking fats and fast foods

13. Treated paper Papers are treated with wax or laminated with poly materials to improve barrier properties. The two types of treated papers are 1. Wax treated, 2. Laminated paper. Wax treated paper: Papers can be treated with wax to improve their barrier properties and make them heat sealable. These papers are used to pack cereal products, bread and spices

14. Wax treated paper The method of applying wax to paper are the follows: Coating Dry waxing Wax sizing

15. Laminated paper Paper can be laminated to low density polythene to make it neat sealable and to improve its barrier properties. Lamination to aluminium foils on to other type of plastic can also be made. However in each case the cost in increased. Laminated paper are used to pack herbs, coffee powder, dried soup, spices and other dried foods which requires a barrier protection to moisture air and to give long shelf life

16. Paper packaging materials Advantages Lowest unit cost Lowest tare weight ratio Securely closed on all sides bags/ pouches tailored to fit around the product Lowest storage space Sizes to suit every product Disadvantages Poor mechanical properties Non supporting character of paper body , poor durability Wrinkles and folds makes the package unattractive Susceptible to fail under mechanical & climate hazard Breakage factor 1.5 - 2% to be considered in design problem

17. WOOD Wooden containers are one of the earliest packaging material widely used as transport material. They are used in different forms like boxes, crates, baskets, pallets and skits. They are made from wooden planks or plywoods. The planks are cut to size and fastened to make standard containers. The wood does not have uniform physical characteristics and has to be treated for packaging application. The wood must be free from knot, wrap and crack. Timber is mostly used for making wooden containers . Timber is grouped on the basis of wood strength as follow

18. Group Wood strength Group 1 95 and above Group 2 80 - 95 Group 3 70 - 80 Group 4 Below 70

19. Advantages and disadvantages of wooden packaging Good weight to strength ratio Less use of sophisticated machine Good rigidity and stacking strength Easy to store and handle Provides adequate protection from shipping It is heavy and unconfortable to carry Highly affected by moisture and weather Manufacturing wooden crates can impacts natural forest source Untreated wood can become contaminated with fungi and bacteria Prone to insect

20. Design features of wooden packaging materials Selection of the diagonals or braze members to give enough strength. Diagonals to be positioned to take compressive and tensile stress. Polished surface of the product should be 30mm away from crate. Detachable part should be packed separately. Moving machinery / equipment part to be blocked. Provides blocks on sides / top as nearer to centre of gravity as possible.

21. Plastic The plastic form a comprehensive family with a wide range of properties which can meet almost every requirement of the packaging industry. Plastic can be tailor made to meet a specific requirement of packaging or achieve a combination of properties. Plastics can be divided into two main group Thermoplastics Thermosets

22. Advantages of plastics Plastics are light and less expensive than other packaging. They have better barrier properties moisture, odour, oxygen and other gases so that they can maintain the desired self life for various products. They are resistant to most chemicals, non toxic in nature and absolutely safe to use even in direct contact with food product, medicine and cosmetic products. Plastics can be promote into desired shapes or forms like films, sheets, bottles, tubes, pouches and crates Plastic material saves cost in storage and transportation because of less weight and less secondary packaging.

23. Disadvantages of plastic Some chemicals attacks particularly plastic so it may also reacts with the food. Plastics are not total barriers to gases and water vapours although some new barrier pastics are improved oxygen and odour impremeability. Less abrasive resistance and puncture resistance.

24. Glass Glass cointainers are the oldest packaging form glass bottles were used earlier to contain and transport milk, oil and other goods. Glass can be manufactured in amy package from depending on the use. With proper design and fabrication techniques. It can be used with minimum breakage. Glass cointainers are used in food, cosmetics and pharmaceutical industries with distinct forms and shapes for hogh speed filling operation.

25. Advantages and limitations of glass packaging Advantage : Chemical inertness Oxygen moisture barrier resistance Better visibility of content Better strength in compression Easy cleaning, sterilizing, reusability and recycling

26. Disadvantage High tare weight Fragile and breakdown due to shock and impact Thermal effects creating cracks Scuffing and surface abrasion Labels needed to be designed and applied It is not load supporting

27. Composition of glass container Glass is a hard, amorphous, inorganic, transparent and brittle material made by fusing silica material. Ingredients General containers Food containers Function Silica 72.10 72.70 Glass forming oxide Aluminium oxide 1.81 2.00 Stabilizing oxide Sodium oxide 13.94 13.60 Fluxing oxide Calcium oxide 9.55 10.40 Stabilizing oxide Potassium oxide 0.59 0.40 Fluxing oxide Ferric oxide 0.12 0.06 impurity

28. Glass may be pigmented or tinted to obtain different range of colour. The colouring agents are added during glass manufacture to get specific colour. The colouring agents are added to obtain different colours is shown below Colour Ingredient for colouring Black Cobalt copper iron nickle Grey Titanium nickel oxide combined Blue Cobalt Yellow Cerium oxide with titanium oxide Yellow green Chromium oxide Amber Iron sulphite Blue green Iron chromite

29. Requirements of glass containers Chemical inertness Clarity Rigidity Vertical load strength Impact strength Thermal shock resistance Resistance to internal pressure Shapes Resistance to abrasion

30. Closure for glass containers Glass containers require closure to provide sealing and closing. The closure maybe made of aluminium or plastic which provide hermetical seal for bottles. The main factors to be considered in selecting of closure or seal are Seal effectiveness Easy opening and closing R eclosure Dispensing Effect on decoration Packaging line problems Cost

31. Metals Metals are widely used in food and beverage market segment because of cost effectiveness durability and protection of the content. The quest for better container led to the development of the tin can by Nicholas appert during 1809. His invention was recognized by Napolean metals. Such as steel and aluminium are used to produce can and trays to contain processed foods. A variety of forms can be made to contain food and industrial products. A metal can forms a hermetic seal to give adequate protection against vapour and gases. Metal containers are used to contain food, cosmetics and industrial products.

32. Packaging forms of metal container Three piece can Bottle closure Two piece can Food trays Metal drums Metal foils

33. Advantages of metal packaging Metal packaging provides adequate protection for food and cosmetic product, some advantages are Good mechanical strength Better barrier properties Ability to withstand high food processing and filling temperature Provide ideal surface for decoration

34. Mechanical properties of metal containers Metal containers need to have sufficient strength and robustness to permit easy handling, filling and processing, storage and distribution without damage The desirable requirements are Axial strength Panelling strength Peaking resistance

35. Methods of manufacturing Metals can be classified as THREE PIECE and TWO PIECE cans manufactured by sheet rolling and welding. Two piece can is produced by sheet metal drawing process THREE PIECE CAN comprises a cylindrical sheet and 2 end plates. The sheet have been enamelled on one sides and printed on the others

36. ADVANTAGES Easy to manufacture Expensive features and no tooling is required Cost effective Lesser setup times Economical for low volume production DISADVANTAGES Possibility of soldering lead migration May leaks through sides or bottom

37. Two piece can It is a great alternate to three piece can. It is widely used for food packaging. It has seamless body and end plate or piece

38. Metal foils Foils are generally used in flexible packaging. Metal foils are packaging applications are made from thin sheets of aluminium. It is versatility extends its adaptability to converting process employed to produce flexible to semi rigid packaging forms. Aluminium foils is also used to combination with other material ADVANTAGES : Superior barrier properties More flexible with better strength Good heat resistance qualities and permits hot filling or reheat in oven.

39. Conclusion Indian economy is a complex system with many facts. The importance of packaging with in the system is becoming increasingly significant. Basic packaging materials such as paper, plastic, wood, metal and glass plays a major role in the packaging industry. The skill of the package developer in making intelligent decision depends on this breath of knowledge and depth of experience in packaging industry.