Pandemic module and its important by nitin.pptx

describe about importance of pandemic module for ug students by NMC

1. Pandemic Module By- Dr. Nitin Kumar Singh Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics King George’s Medical University, Lucknow, U.P. India [email protected]

2. Contents: Introduction Why Study Pandemic Modules? Structure of a Pandemic Module Key Components of Pandemic Modules Causes of Pandemics Mechanism of Disease Transmission Case Study - COVID-19 Pandemic

3. Clinical Features and Diagnosis Role of Pharmacology in Pandemic Role of Healthcare Professionals References

4. INTRODUCTION What is a Pandemic? A pandemic is an outbreak of a disease that occurs over a wide geographic area and affects an exceptionally high proportion of the population Key pandemics in history: The Spanish Flu (1918), HIV/AIDS (1980s), COVID-19 (2020-present)

5. Why we have to study about pandemic modules? The National Medical Commission (NMC) has made the Pandemic Management Module a mandatory part of the Competency-Based Medical Education (CBME) curriculum This initiative aims to prepare future doctors to effectively respond to public health emergencies, ensuring they are well-versed in both clinical management and the broader implications of pandemics

6. In response to the challenges posed by emerging diseases like COVID-19, the Medical Council of India (MCI) has introduced a Pandemic Management Module into the MBBS curriculum This module aims to equip medical students with the necessary skills to effectively manage pandemics, covering not only medical aspects but also social, legal, and other related issues

7. Structure of a pandemic module 1. Surveillance and Early Detection Monitoring of disease patterns and trends Importance of rapid detection and early warning systems (e.g., WHO’s Global Outbreak Alert and Response Network) Example: The COVID-19 detection using PCR testing

8. 2 . Risk Assessment and Response Planning Identifying vulnerable populations Planning for resource allocation (e.g., hospital beds, vaccines, medications)

9. 3. Intervention Strategies Public health measures: Quarantine, isolation, social distancing, mass vaccination campaigns Clinical management and treatment protocols

10. Key Components of Pandemic Modules Infectious Disease Control Preventing and controlling transmission (hand hygiene, mask-wearing, etc.) Role of healthcare workers in preventing spread in hospitals

11. Epidemiological Data and Modelling Gathering and analyzing data on infection rates, demographics, etc. Social and Behavioral Factors Public response, fear, and misinformation Government interventions to mitigate the impact on society

12. Causes of Pandemics Pathogen-related causes Viruses (e.g., Influenza, Coronavirus, Ebola) Bacteria (e.g., Plague, Cholera, Tuberculosis) Zoonotic diseases and spillover events

13. Environmental and Social Factors Globalization and increased travel Urbanization and population density Climate change and ecological disruptions

14. Mechanism of Disease Transmission Modes of transmission Airborne (e.g., Influenza, COVID-19) Droplet (e.g., Tuberculosis, Meningitis) Direct contact (e.g., Ebola, Monkeypox ) Vector-borne (e.g., Malaria, Dengue) Role of asymptomatic carriers

15. Clinical Features and Diagnosis Common symptoms across pandemics (e.g., fever, respiratory distress, fatigue, neurological symptoms) Complications and severity factors Diagnosis methods Laboratory tests (RT-PCR, Antigen tests, Blood culture) Imaging techniques (Chest X-ray, CT scan for respiratory infections)

16. 1. Role of pharmacology Preventing and treating infectious diseases during pandemics Knowledge of drug mechanisms, rational prescribing, vaccine development, adverse drug reactions, development of drug resistance and pharmacovigilance

17. 2. Drugs for Pandemic Control and Management Antivirals: Oseltamivir for influenza, Remdesivir for COVID-19 Antibiotics: Use in secondary bacterial infections (e.g., Azithromycin in COVID-19-associated pneumonia) Immunomodulators: Corticosteroids (e.g., Dexamethasone) and monoclonal antibodies Supportive therapy: Role of anticoagulants (e.g., Heparin in COVID-19) and anti-inflammatory drugs

18. 3. Pharmacovigilance in Pandemics Monitoring adverse drug reactions (ADRs) in emergency drug approvals Importance of reporting systems such as the PvPI (Pharmacovigilance Programme of India) Risk-benefit analysis in emergency drug use E xample : Aspirin prevent heart attack but can cause peptic ulcer

19. 4. Vaccine Pharmacology Types of vaccines: Live-attenuated, inactivated, mRNA, vector-based, subunit vaccines Mechanism of immune response generation Vaccine trials and regulatory approvals (Phase I-IV trials) Booster doses and herd immunity concepts ( community immunity or population immunity , occurs when a large portion of a population becomes immune to a disease, making its spread unlikely )

20. 5. Drug Development and Emergency Use Authorization (EUA) Fast-track drug approvals and their implications Fast-track drug approvals are crucial for quickly bringing treatments to patients , but they require careful post-marketing surveillance to ensure safety and effectiveness Regulatory agencies must balance speed with safety to prevent public health risks

21. Clinical trial phases and ethical considerations in pandemic drug development Preclinical – Lab & animal studies to test safety and mechanism Phase 1 – Small group (20–100); tests safety & dosage Phase 2 – Larger group (100–500); checks efficacy & side effects Phase 3 – Thousands of patients; confirms effectiveness & compares with existing treatments Phase 4 – Post-marketing surveillance for long-term safety

22. Challenges in repurposing existing drugs (e.g., Hydroxychloroquine during COVID-19) Repurposing existing drugs is a faster and cost-effective approach in pandemics, but it comes with significant challenges Example: Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) showed antiviral activity in labs but failed in large trials

23. 6. Rational Drug Use and Essential Medicines in Pandemics WHO Model List of Essential Medicines for pandemic preparedness Rational prescribing to prevent antimicrobial resistance (AMR) WHO defines rational drug use as patients receiving the right drug, at the right dose, for the right duration, at the lowest cost, with minimal risk Role of steroids, antivirals, antibiotics, anticoagulants in pandemic treatment protocols

24. 7. Pharmacoeconomics and Drug Distribution in Pandemics Cost-effectiveness of pandemic treatments Strategies for mass drug production and equitable distribution Role of governments and public-private partnerships in ensuring accessibility

25. 8. Self-medication and Public Awareness Dangers of misuse of drugs during pandemics (e.g., overuse of Ivermectin, Hydroxychloroquine) Educating the public on rational drug use and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) Combating misinformation regarding treatments and vaccines

26. Future Strategies for Pandemic Prevention Strengthening global surveillance systems Investment in research and vaccine development Addressing misinformation and public health communication Improving healthcare infrastructure and accessibility

27. Pandemic Preparedness and Response Preparedness Frameworks WHO’s International Health Regulations (IHR) National frameworks like the National Action Plan for Health Security (NAPHS) Response Protocols Immediate action: Isolation, case identification, and contact tracing. Long-term actions: Public education, vaccine distribution, and research funding

28. Role of Healthcare Professionals Clinical Management Diagnosis, treatment, and management of cases Monitoring patients and preventing complications Preventive Medicine Vaccination campaigns, health education, and promoting hygiene Screening and identification of at-risk individuals

29. References : World Health Organization (WHO) – Global Health Observatory Provides guidelines and real-time data on pandemic preparedness and response. Link: https://www.who.int/ Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) – Pandemic Guidelines Guidelines on pandemic response, public health, and infection control. Link: https://www.cdc.gov/ Bourne , M. A., & Edwards, P. J. (2021) – Understanding Pandemic Models and Responses . Link: https://www.thelancet.com/ The Lancet (2020) – COVID-19: Global Implications and Management Strategies .

30. 1.Which of the following is NOT a key pandemic in history? a) The Spanish Flu (1918) b) HIV/AIDS (1980s) c) Smallpox (2000s) d) COVID-19 (2020-present) Answer: c) Smallpox (2000s)

31. 2. What is the primary goal of the Pandemic Management Module in the MBBS curriculum? a) To increase public awareness of pandemics b) To train future doctors in managing pandemics effectively c) To study past pandemics in detail d) To focus solely on pharmacological treatments Answer: b) To train future doctors in managing pandemics effectively

32. 3. Which of the following is NOT a mode of disease transmission? a) Airborne b) Droplet c) Genetic inheritance d) Vector-borne Answer: c) Genetic inheritance

33. 4.Which of the following drugs was used for COVID-19 treatment? a) Oseltamivir b) Remdesivir c) Hydroxychloroquine d) All of the above Answer: d) All of the above

34. 5 .What is the role of pharmacovigilance in pandemics? a) Monitoring adverse drug reactions (ADRs) b) Speeding up drug approvals without safety checks c) Promoting self-medication d) Avoiding the use of new drugs Answer: a) Monitoring adverse drug reactions (ADRs)

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