Panthothenic Acid

Panthothenic acid,also called B5, is a water soluble vitamin.
its names derived from Greek word pantot. Pantos, means "from everywhere"

1. PANTHOTHENIC ACID (B5]

2. Pantothenic acid , also called  vitamin B 5  , is a water soluble vitamin . Pantothenic acid is an essential nutrient. Animals require pantothenic acid in order to synthesize coenzyme-A ( CoA ), as well as to synthesize and metabolize proteins, carbohydrates, and fats. The anion is called  pantothenate . Pantothenic acid is the amide between  pantoic acid and β- alanine . Its name derives from the Greek pantot . Pantos , meaning "from everywhere", and small quantities of pantothenic acid are found in nearly every food, with high amounts in fortified whole-grain cereals, egg yolks, liver and dried mushrooms. Discovers Roger j. Williams in 1919. INTRODUCTION

3. Discovered in 1919 by R.J. Williams. Isolated from yeast in 1933. Derived from pantothen which is Greek for “everywhere” because it is widely found in most foods. Also referred to as provitamin B5 and pantethenol . Synthesized in 1940 . HISTORY OF PANTHOTHENIC ACID

4. STRUCTURE

5. When found in foods, most pantothenic acid is in the form of CoA or bound to  acyl carrier protein (ACP). For the intestinal cells to absorb this vitamin, it must be converted into free pantothenic acid. Within the lumen of the intestine, CoA and ACP are hydrolyzed into 4'-phosphopantetheine. The 4'-phosphopantetheine is then dephosphorylated into pantetheine .  Pantetheinase , an intestinal enzyme, then hydrolyzes pantetheine into free pantothenic acid. Free pantothenic acid is absorbed into intestinal cells via a saturable , sodium-dependent active transport system. ABSORPTION

6. Absorption: It is present in food either free form or coenzyme form Coenzyme form is hydrolyzed to free form by intestinal pyrophosphatase Free pantothenic acid is absorbed from upper part of small intestine by sodium dependent transport system Transport it enters portal circulation & transported to various tissues Coenzyme A & Form Coenzyme A & 4-phosphopantetheine METABOLISM

7. Coenzyme A & Form Coenzyme A & 4-phosphopantetheine Pantothenic acid is first phosphorylated to form 4phospho pantothenic acid 4-phosphopantothenic acid is converted into 4phosphopantothenylcysteine by the transfer of cysteine molecule to 4-phosphopantothenic acid 4-phosphopantothenylcysteine is decarboxylated to form 4-phosphopantetheine

8. Dietary Content of pantothenic acid varies among manufactured and natural foods, especially fortified ready-to-eat cereals, infant formulas, energy bars and dried foods. Major food sources of pantothenic acid are dried mushrooms, liver, dried egg yolks and sunflower seeds. Whole grains are another source of the vitamin, but milling removes much of the pantothenic acid, as it is found in the outer layers of whole grains. In animal feeds, the most important sources are alfalfa, cereal, fish meal, peanut meal, molasses, mushrooms, rice, wheat bran, and yeasts. DIETARY SOURCE

9. The derivative of pantothenic acid, pantothenol ( panthenol ), is a more stable form of the vitamin and is often used as a source of the vitamin in multivitamin supplements. Another common supplemental form of the vitamin is calcium pantothenate . Calcium pantothenate is often used in dietary supplements because, as a salt, it is more stable than pantothenic acid. SUPPLEMENTATION

10. According to RDA (2010) DIETARY   RECOMMENDATIONS Age group Age Adequate intake Infants 0–6 months 1.7  mg Infants 7–12 months 1.8  mg Children 1–3 years 2  mg Children 4–8 years 3  mg Children 9–13 years 4  mg Adult men and women 14 + years 5  mg Pregnant women ( vs. 5) 6  mg Breastfeeding women ( vs. 5) 7  mg

11. Pantothenic acid deficiency is exceptionally rare and has not been thoroughly studied. In the few cases where deficiency has been seen (victims of starvation and limited volunteer trials), nearly all symptoms can be reversed with the return of pantothenic acid. Symptoms of deficiency are similar to other vitamin B deficiencies. There is impaired energy production, due to low CoA levels, which could cause symptoms of irritability, fatigue, and apathy.  Acetylcholine synthesis is also impaired; therefore, neurological symptoms can also appear in deficiency;  they include numbness,  paresthesia , and muscle cramps. Deficiency in pantothenic acid can also cause hypoglycemia, or an increased sensitivity to insulin. Insulin receptors are acylated with palmitic acid when they do not want to bind with insulin. Therefore, more insulin will bind to receptors when acylation decreases, causing hypoglycemia. Additional symptoms could include restlessness, malaise, sleep disturbances, nausea, vomiting, and abdominal cramps. DEFICIENCY

12. Toxicity of pantothenic acid is unlikely. In fact, no Tolerable Upper Level Intake (UL) has been established. Large doses of the vitamin, when ingested, have no reported side effects and massive doses (e.g., 10 g/day) may only yield mild diarrhea. There are also no adverse reactions known following parenteral (injected) or topical (skin) applications of the vitamin. Pantothenic acid, in an animal study, was shown to induce adrenal hyper-responsiveness to stress stimulation. TOXICITY

13. Pantothenic acid is also known as B5. Its widely found in both in plants and animals includes meat, vegetable, cereals grains and legumes, eggs and milk. Vitamin B complex generally includes B1,B2,B3,B5,B12, and folic acid. However some products do not contain all these ingredients and some may others, such as Biotin, para aminobenzoic acid, choline , bitartrate and inosital . INTERACTS WITH OTHER NUTRIENTS

14. Whether high-dose oral contraceptive agents affected pantothenic acid metabolism /was investigated/ in 13 women between the ages of 19 and 24 years enrolled in a 12-day confined study. At the end of the study, blood levels and urinary pantothenic acid excretion were similar in the subjects and controls. The investigators concluded that high-dose oral contraceptive agents do not cause significant changes in the biochemical parameters of pantothenic acid. [NAS, Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine; Dietary Reference Intakes for Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Vitamin B6, Folate , Vitamin B12, Pantothenic Acid, Biotin, and Choline . National Academy Press, Washington, D.C., pg. 362, 1998. Available from, as of March 2, 2010: HUMAN HEALTH EFFECT

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