Paper battery document and report

Documentation and Report based on the experiments done on Paper Battery

1. 1

ABSTRACT
A paper battery is flexible, ultra-thin energy storage and production device made of
cellulose (paper) and carbon nano tubes. It can act as a super capacitor and also a
high-energy battery. It provides long-term, steady power production and bursts of
energy. It produces electrons due to the interaction of electrolytes LTO & LCO.
Non-toxic, flexible paper batteries have the potential to power the next generation of
electronics, medical devices and hybrid vehicles, allowing for radical new designs
and medical technologies. Paper batteries may be folded, cut or otherwise shaped for
different applications without any loss of integrity or efficiency. Stacking them
multiplies power output.
A postage stamp sized paper battery can illuminate a small bulb, but in future
several reams of paper are wished to produce large electricity. Paper battery was a
glimpse into the future of power storage. They can be employed in electronics,
medical sciences, automobiles and aircrafts. It has many advantages when compared
with normal batteries such as Biodegradable and non-toxic, recyclable, durable,
rechargeable, no leakage and overheating, very light weight and flexible,
customizable output voltage. By following and employing the above mentioned
principles many of the future problems can be solved amicably.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER NO. TITLE PAGE NO.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT i
ABSTRACT ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS iii
LIST OF FIGURES iv
LIST OF TABLES v
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION TO PAPER BATTERY
1.1.Introduction to Ordinary Battery
1.2.Introduction to Paper Battery
CHAPTER 2 MANUFACTURING OF CARBON NANOTUBES
2.1.Manufacturing of Carbon Nanotubes
2.2.Development
CHAPTER 3 STRUCTURE OF PAPER BATTERY
3.1.Structure
CHAPTER 4 CONSTRUCTION OF PAPER BATTERY
4.1.Construction
CHAPTER 5 WORKING OF PAPER BATTERY
5.1.Working
CHAPTER 6 ADVANTAGES OF PAPER BATTERY
6.1.Advantages
6.2.Durability
CHAPTER 7 APPLICATIONS OF PAPER BATTERY
7.1.Electronics
7.2.Medical Sciences
7.3.Automobiles and Aircrafts
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES

3. 3

LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE NO. NAME OF THE FIGURE PAGE NO.
Figure 1.1.1 Ordinary Battery
Figure 1.1.2 Conventional Battery
Figure 1.2.1 Carbon Nanotubes
Figure 1.2.2 Paper Battery
Figure 1.2.3 Paper Battery
Figure 2.1.1 CNT in Paper Battery
Figure 2.2.1 Development of Paper Battery
Figure 3.1.1 Paper Battery Structure
Figure 4.1.1 Spreading CNT ink
Figure 4.1.2 Drying of CNT by Microwave Oven
Figure 4.1.3 LED glown using Paper Battery
Figure 6.1.1 Eco-Friendly Battery

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CHAPTER – 1
INTRODUCTION TO PAPER BATTERY
1.1. Introduction to Ordinary Battery
Ordinary paper could one day be used as a lightweight battery to power the devices
that are now enabling the printed word to be eclipsed by e-mail, e-books an online
news. Scientists at Stanford University in California reported on Monday they have
successfully turned paper coated with ink made of silver and carbon nano materials
into a "paper battery" that holds promise for new types of lightweight, high-
performance energy storage.
The same feature that helps ink adhere to paper allows it to hold onto the single-
walled carbon nanotubes and silver nano wire films. Earlier research found that
silicon nano wires could be used to make batteries 10 times as powerful as lithium-
ion batteries now used to power devices such as laptop computers.














Figure 1.1.1 Ordinary Battery

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"Taking advantage of the mature paper technology, low cost, light and high-
performance energy-storage are realized by using conductive paper as current
collectors and electrodes," the scientists said in research published in the
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.
This type of battery could be useful in powering electric or hybrid vehicles, would
make electronics lighter weight and longer lasting, and might even lead someday to
paper electronics, the scientists said. Battery weight and life have been an obstacle to
commercial viability of electric-powered cars and trucks."Society really needs a
low-cost, high-performance energy storage device, such as batteries and simple
super capacitors," Stanford assistant professor of materials science and engineering
and paper co-author Yi Cui said.
Cui said in an e-mail that in addition to being useful for portable electronics and
wearable electronics, "Our paper super capacitors can be used for all kinds of
applications that require instant high power.”















Figure 1.1.2 Conventional Battery

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1.2. Introduction to Paper Battery
A paper battery is a flexible, ultra-thin energy storage and production device formed
by combining carbon nanotube with a conventional sheet of cellulose-based paper. A
paper battery acts as both a high-energy battery and super capacitor, combining two
components that are separate in traditional electronics. This combination allows the
battery to provide both long-term, steady power production and bursts of energy.
Non-toxic, flexible paper batteries have the potential to power the next generation of
electronics, medical devices and hybrid vehicles, allowing for radical new designs
and medical technologies.


















Figure 1.2.1 Carbon Nanotubes

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Paper batteries may be folded, cut or otherwise shaped for different applications
without any loss of integrity or efficiency. Cutting one in half halves its energy
production. Stacking them multiplies power output. Early prototypes of the device
are able to produce 2.5 volts of electricity from a sample the size of a postage stamp.
















Figure 1.2.2 paper Battery



The devices are formed by combining cellulose with an infusion of aligned carbon
nanotubes that are each approximately one millionth of a centimeter thick. The
carbon is what gives the batteries their black color. These tiny filaments act like the
electrodes found in a traditional battery, conducting electricity when the paper
comes into contact with an ionic liquid solution. Ionic liquids contain no water,
which means that there is nothing to freeze or evaporate in extreme environmental
conditions. As a result, paper batteries can function between -75 and 150 degrees
Celsius.

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One method of manufacture, developed by scientists at Rensselaer
Polytechnic Institute and MIT, begins with growing the nanotubes on a silicon
substrate and then impregnating the gaps in the matrix with cellulose. Once the
matrix has dried, the material can be peeled off of the substrate, exposing one end of
the carbon nanotubes to act as an electrode.
















Figure 1.2.3 Paper Battery

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When two sheets are combined, with the cellulose sides facing inwards, a super
capacitor is formed that can be activated by the addition of the ionic liquid. This
liquid acts as an electrolyte and may include salt-laden solutions like human blood,
sweat or urine. The high cellulose content (over 90%) and lack of toxic chemicals in
paper batteries makes the device both biocompatible and environmentally friendly,
especially when compared to the traditional lithium ion battery used in many
present-day electronic devices and laptops.
Widespread commercial deployment of paper batteries will rely on the
development of more inexpensive manufacturing techniques for carbon nanotubes.
As a result of the potentially transformative applications in electronics, aerospace,
hybrid vehicles and medical science, however, numerous companies and
organizations are pursuing the development of paper batteries. In addition to the
developments announced in 2007 at RPI and MIT, researchers in Singapore
announced that they had developed a paper battery powered by ionic solutions in
2005. NEC has also invested in R&D into paper batteries for potential applications
in its electronic devices. Specialized paper batteries could act as power sources for
any number of devices implanted in humans and animals, including RFID tags,
cosmetics, drug-delivery systems and pacemakers.
A capacitor introduced into an organism could be implanted fully dry
and then be gradually exposed to bodily fluids over time to generate voltage. Paper
batteries are also biodegradable, a need only partially addressed by current e-cycling
and other electronics disposal methods increasingly advocated for by the green
computing movement.

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CHAPTER – 2
MANUFACTURING OF CARBON NANOTUBES
2.1. Manufacturing of Carbon Nanotubes
One method of manufacture, developed by scientists at Rensselaer Polytechnic
Institute and MIT, begins with growing the nano tubes on a silicon substrate and
then impregnating the gaps in the matrix with cellulose. Once the matrix has dried,
the material can be peeled off of the substrate, exposing one end of the carbon nano
tubes to act as an electrode.
















Figure 2.1.1 CNT in Paper Battery

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When two sheets are combined, with the cellulose sides facing inwards, a super
capacitor is formed that can be activated by the addition of the ionic liquid. This
liquid acts as an electrolyte and may include salt-laden solutions like human blood,
sweat or urine. The high cellulose content (over 90%) and lack of toxic chemicals in
paper batteries makes the device both biocompatible and environmentally friendly,
especially when compared to the traditional lithium ion battery used in many
present-day electronic devices and laptops.
Specialized paper batteries could act as power sources for any number of
devices implanted in humans and animals, including RFID tags, cosmetics, drug-
delivery systems and pacemakers. A capacitor introduced into an organism could be
implanted fully dry and then be gradually exposed to bodily fluids over time to
generate voltage. Paper batteries are also biodegradable, a need only partially
addressed by current e-cycling and other electronics disposal methods increasingly
advocated for by the green computing movement.

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2.2. Development
The creation of this unique nano composite paper drew from a diverse pool of
disciplines, requiring expertise in materials science, energy storage, and chemistry.
The researchers used ionic liquid, essentially a liquid salt, as the battery’s
electrolyte. The use of ionic liquid, which contains no water, means there’s nothing
in the batteries to freeze or evaporate. This lack of water allows the paper energy
storage devices to withstand extreme temperatures. It gives the battery the ability to
function in temperatures up to 300 degrees Fahrenheit and down to 100 below zero.
The use of ionic liquid also makes the battery extremely biocompatible; the team
printed paper batteries without adding any electrolytes, and demonstrated that
naturally occurring electrolytes in human sweat, blood, and urine can be used to
activate the battery device.
Cellulose-based paper is a natural abundant material, biodegradable, light, and
recyclable with a well-known consolidated manufacturing process. These attributes
turn paper a quite interesting material to produce very cheap disposable electronic
devices with the great advantage of being environmental friendly. The recent
evolution of thin-film electronic devices such as paper transistors, transparent thin-
film transistors based on semiconductor oxides, and paper memory, open the
possibility to produce low cost disposable electronics in large scale. Common to all
these advances is the use of cellulose fiber-based paper as an active material in
opposition to other ink-jet printed active-matrix display and thin-film transistors
reports where paper acts only as a passive element (substrate). Batteries in which a
paper matrix is incorporated with carbon nanotubes, or biofluid and water activated
batteries with a filter paper have been reported, but it is not known a work where the
paper itself is the core of the device performance.

13. 13


















Figure 2.2.1 Development of Paper Battery


With the present work, we expect to contribute to the first step of an incoming
disruptive concept related to the production of self-sustained paper electronic
systems where the power supply is integrated in the electronic circuits to fabricate
fully self sustained disposable, flexible, low cost and low electrical consumption
systems such as tags, games or displays.

14. 14

In achieving such goal we have fabricated batteries using commercial paper as
electrolyte and physical support of thin film electrodes. A thin film layer of a metal
or metal oxide is deposited in one side of a commercial paper sheet while in the
opposite face a metal or metal oxide with opposite electrochemical potential is also
deposited. The simplest structure produced is Cu/paper/Al but other structures such
as Al paper WO TCO were also tested, leading to batteries with open circuit
voltages varying between 0.50 and 1.10 V.
On the other hand, the short current density is highly dependent on the relative
humidity (RH), whose presence is important to recharge the battery. The set of
batteries characterized show stable performance after being tested by more than 115
hours, under standard atmospheric conditions [room temperature, RT (22 C) and
60% air humidity, RH]. In this work we also present as a proof of concept a paper
transistor in which the gate ON/OFF state is controlled by a non-encapsulated 3 V
integrated paper battery.

15. 15

CHAPTER-3
STRUCTURE OF PAPER BATTERY
3.1. Structure:
 Cathode: Carbon Nanotube
 Anode: Lithium metal (Li+)
 Electrolyte: bio electrolytes like urine, blood and sweat. (All electrolytes can
be used)
 Separator: Cellulose or Paper




Figure 3.1.1. Paper Battery Structure

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CHAPTER-4
CONSTRUCTION OF PAPER BATTERY
4.1. Construction
 First take a rectangular shaped paper (cellulose).
 Now made a coating of ionic solution on this paper surface.
 Then spread the specially prepared carbon nanotubes ink over this ionic
coated paper.
 The other side of the paper is laminated with a thin film or layer of lithium.
 Aluminum rods are used to transfer current between the 2 electrodes.



Figure 4.1.1. Spreading CNT ink

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Figure 4.1.2 Drying of CNT by Microwave Oven

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Figure 4.1.3 LED glown using Paper Battery

19. 19

CHAPTER-5
WORKING OF PAPER BATTERY
5.1. Working of Paper Battery
The internal performance of paper batteries is identical to that of a traditional battery
by generating a voltage about 1.5V. We can recall the working principles of a
traditional batteries where ions (+ ve charged particles) and electrons (- ve charged
particles) moves between the electrodes, anode (+ve electrode) and cathode (-ve
electrode). Due to the flow of electrons from cathode to anode, current start flowing
from anode to cathode along the conductor.
Similarly in Paper Batteries, the metal (Lithium) is used as the anode and carbon
nanotubes as cathode and also the paper or cellulose is used as the separator. Due to
the chemical reaction between the electrolyte and carbon, electrons are generated.
Similarly due to the chemical reaction between electrolyte and metal, ions are
generated. These generated electrons starts flow through the external circuit from
cathode to the anode.

20. 20

CHAPTER-6
ADVANTAGES OF PAPER BATTERY
6.1. Advantages of Paper Battery
The paper-like quality of the battery combined with the structure of the nanotubes
embedded within gives them their light weight and low cost, making them attractive
for portable electronics, aircraft, automobiles, and toys (such as model aircraft),
while their ability to use electrolytes in blood make them potentially useful for
medical devices such as pacemakers.
The medical uses are particularly attractive because they do not contain any toxic
materials and can be biodegradable, a major drawback of chemical cells. Currently
they are making devices a few inches in size.
In order to be commercially viable, they would like to be able to make them
newspaper size which taken all together would be powerful enough to power a car.
Paper battery can both be used as super capacitor and battery. They are very flexible,
ultrathin, nontoxic and biodegradable battery. It provides long life, steady power.
They offer high energy efficiency, low cost, easily disposed. They produce 1.5v
energy and are rechargeable.

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6.2. Durability
The use of carbon nanotubes gives the paper battery extreme flexibility, the sheets
can be rolled, twisted, folded, or cut into numerous shapes with no loss of integrity
or efficiency, or stacked, like printer paper (or a Voltaic pile), to boost total output.
As well, they can be made in a variety of sizes, from postage stamp to broadsheet.
It’s essentially a regular piece of paper, but it’s made in a very intelligent way. A
postage stamp sized paper battery can illuminate a small bulb. As we can see a
small piece of paper can illuminate a small bulb, if in future some several reams of
paper would generate huge power as it is much durable.





Figure 6.1.1. Eco-friendly Battery

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CHAPTER-7
APPLICATIONS OF PAPER BATTERY
7.1. Electronics
Paper batteries are used mainly in many electronic devices, such as mobile phones,
laptop batteries, calculators, digital cameras and also in wireless devices like
mouse, keyboard, speakers and headsets.
7.2. Medical Sciences
Paper batteries are used in the medical field such as for making pacemakers for the
heart, artificial tissues, drug delivery systems, cosmetics and in biosensors.
7.3. Automobiles and Aircrafts
Paper batteries are used in automobiles and aircraft such as in light weight, guided
missiles, hybrid car batteries, long air flights and in satellite programs for powering
electronic devices.

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CONCLUSION
A postage stamp sized paper battery can illuminate a small bulb, but in future
several reams of paper are wished to produce large electricity. Paper battery was a
glimpse into the future of power storage. In future, they can be largely employed in
the fields of electronics, medical sciences, automobiles and aircrafts.

24. 24

REFERENCES
[1] E. Fortunato, N. Correia, P. Barquinha, L. Pereira, G. Goncalves, and R.
Martins, “High-performance flexible hybrid field-effect transistors based on
cellulose fiber paper,” IEEE Electron Device Lett., vol. 29, no. 9, pp. 988– 990,
Sep. 2008.
[2] E. Fortunato, A. Goncalves, A. Pimentel, P. Barquinha, G. Goncalves, L.
Pereira, I. Ferreira, and R. Martins, “Zinc oxide, a multifunctional material: From
material to device applications,” Appl.Phys.—Materials Science & Processing, vol.
96, pp. 197–206, Jul. 2009.
[3] R. Martins, P. Barquinha, L. Pereira, N. Correia, G. Gonçalves, I. Ferreira,
and E. Fortunato, “Write-erase and read paper memory transistor,” Appl. Phys.
Lett., vol. 93, p. 203501, Nov. 2008.
[4] P. Andersson, D. Nilsson, P.-O. Svensson, M. Chen, A. Malmstrom, T.
Remonen, T. Kugler, and M. Berggren, “Active matrix displays based on all-
organic electrochemical smart pixels printed on paper,” Adv. Mater., vol. 14, no.
20, pp. 1460–1464, Oct. 2002.
[5] J. Sun, Q.Wan, A. Lu, and J. Jiang, “Low-voltage electric-double-layer paper
transistors gated by microporous SiO processed at room temperature,” Appl. Phys.
Lett., vol. 95, pp. 222108-1–222108-3, Nov. 2009.
[6] V. L. Pushparaj, M. M. Shaijumon, A. Kumar, S. Murugesan, L. Ci, R. Vajtai,
R. J. Linhardt, O. Nalamasu, and P. M. Ajayan, “Flexible energy storage devices
based on nanocomposite paper,” PNAS, vol. 104, no. 4, pp. 13574–13577, Aug.
2007.
[7] K. B. Lee, “Two-step activation of paper batteries for high power generation:
Design and fabrication of biofluid- and water-activated paper batteries,” J.
Micromech. Microeng., vol. 16, pp. 2312–2317, Sept. 2006.

[8] B. Bras, “Produção e Caracterização de Bateriais de Filme Fino em Substrato
de Papel,” M.Sc. Thesis, FCT-UNL, Lisbon, Portugal, Oct. 2009, ed. FCT-UNL.