Paper-discussion-5 plastic pollution studies

hbsam

1. Microplastics in marine sediments and rabbitfish ( Siganus fuscescens ) from selected coastal areas of Negros Oriental, Philippines Lilibeth A. Bucol a, Edwin F. Romano b, Sherlyn M. Cabcaban a , Lyca Mae D. Siplon a , Gianni Coleen Madrid a , Abner A. Bucol c , Beth Polidoro d

2. OUTLINE BUCOL ET AL 2 Introduction OBJECTIVES METHODS RESULTS CONCLUSION

3. Introduction BUCOL ET AL 3 Plastics are synthetically produced from the polymerization of molecular monomers, derived from the extraction of oil or gas, to form macromolecules with infinite ways of utilization for human society (North and Halden, 2013; Mahat , 2017). https://shorturl.at/gmQR3

4. BUCOL ET AL 4 The presence of microplastics in the marine environment increases their bioavailability potential to marine organisms (Van Cauwenberghe et al., 2015), while at the same time enhancing the risk of bioaccumulation of chemical substances found in or adsorbed to microplastics since the particles can be ingested by living organisms ( Koelmans , 2015). https://shorturl.at/jkEPQ

5. Objectives 1. cHARACTERIZE and quantify microplastics in marine subtidal sediments and commercially exploited fishery resource from selected coastal waters of Negro Oriental, central Philippines.

6. METHODS BUCOL ET AL 6 Establish sampling sites Data collection Chief Executive Officer Microplastics characterization and quantification Chief Operations Officer Data analysis VP Marketing

7. BUCOL ET AL 7 https://shorturl.at/jkEPQ

8. Data collection presentation title 8 Samples of S. fuscescens (n = 30 per site) were obtained directly from fishermen (caught by gillnets, spears, and corrals) operating within each of the four sites (Dumaguete, Bais , Manjuyod , and Ayungon ). Among fishes, rabbitfishes are known to have high site fidelity with very restricted home ranges (Fox, 2012; Bellwood et al. 2016), which makes them good indicators for the presence and/or concentration of microplastic and other contaminants in their localities (Fang et al., 2009). Upon collection, fish samples were immediately transported to the laboratory in an ice chest. Upon arrival, each fish was measured, weighed, and dissected to remove the gastro-intestinal (GI) tract. Each GI tract was then subjected to organic digestion using 10% KOH for two weeks, followed by filtration using Whatman filter no. 2 (pore size 8 μm ). Microscopic examination was performed using a stereo microscope with attached digital camera.

9. Data collection presentation title 9 Sediment samples off Silliman Beach in Dumaguete (n = 15) were obtained during the lowest tide (∼1–2.5 m depth) of the day using a metal cylinder (5 cm × 25 cm). Following Masura et al. (2015), sediment samples were washed with distilled water and then weighed, dried at 90 °C for 40 h and re-weighed (nearest 0.1 mg) to determine the dry sample weight. To remove organic matter, the procedures by Karami et al. (2017) were followed with modifications. To remove organic material, 150 g of sediment was soaked with 150 ml of 10% KOH solution and heated in an oven for 40 h at 40 °C. After which, the 10% KOH solution was drained and the sediment samples were washed with distilled water and oven-dried at 90 °C for 40 h for extraction of microplastic particles. To extract microplastic particles, a 150 g of dried sediment sample was subjected to zinc chloride extraction. Each dried sediment sample was divided into three sub-samples (50 g each) to facilitate faster separation process. Each sub-sample was mixed with 100 ml of ZnCl 2 solution (p = 1.52 g cm−3 ) in a 250-ml beaker. The resulting solution was stirred at 1000 rpm for 2 min and settled for 6 min. After settling time, the solution was filtered with the aid of a syringe, metal spoon and Whatman filter no. 2 (pore size 8 μm ). This process was repeated twice to ensure complete extraction of microplastics. The filter paper was washed with distilled water. The washed filter paper was dried I an oven and placed in a clean petri dish for optical microscopy analysis. With the use of clean forceps, the suspected microplastics particles, under the view of a stereomicroscope (magnification 40x), were transferred in a clean Whatman filter paper no. 2 to measure the par- ticles shape and size. To account for possible laboratory contamination, blanks (Petri dishes with distilled water to serve as controls) were prepared for every observation. Particles that were highly similar to those found in these controls were excluded from analyses. Throughout the course of the study, only two microplastic types (fine fibers of cellulose acetate and rayon) were detected from the blanks. After preliminary microscopy, all extracted microplastic (e.g. from fish GI tracts and marine sediments), were identified to polymer type using an FTIR “Spectrum 2” instrument via attenuated total reflectance “ATR” mode with 8 scans using 4 cm -1 resolution. Spectra were gen- erated from 4000 cm -1 - 450 cm -1 . Background scan was done before the analysis and every 2 h. Each of the FTIR spectra was evaluated manu - ally based on the position of peaks and if the correlation was low (< 0.6), the sample was excluded in the analysis.

10. “Business opportunities are like buses. There’s always another one coming.” Richard Branson BUCOL ET AL 10 RESULTS

11. BUCOL ET AL 11 RESULTS

12. BUCOL ET AL 12 RESULTS

13. BUCOL ET AL 13 RESULTS

14. conclusion presentation title 14 This pilot study confirms the presence and type of microplastics in marine sediments and local seafood (rabbitfishes) in Negros Oriental, with the highest diversity of polymer types detected in a densely po- pulated locality (i.e. Dumaguete). It is important to note that aside from consuming the flesh of rabbitfish, a number of residents also consume the salted guts (locally known as dayok ) as a delicacy. Although the primary sources of these microplastics are not clear, e.g. whether de- rived directly from land-based sources or from highly degraded, transported marine debris, this study highlights the need for additional research on the potential partitioning of different types and sizes of microplastics in different components of the marine environment. A better understanding of both the sources and the types of microplastics entering marine environments and seafood can help inform improved management of local and regional solid waste. Lastly, in order to better understand the impacts of microplastics on marine organisms and eventually human health, future studies should also include quantifi - cation of phthalates and other contaminants associated with micro- plastics in a diversity of marine environments and seafoods.

15. Thank you Mirjam Nilsson​ [email protected] | www.contoso.com