Papillomatosis

PAPILLOMATOSIS(WARTS)

1. PAPILLOMATOSIS SUBMITTED BY: M. MUTAHIR REHMAN SUBMITTED TO: DR QAISER AKRAM

2. OUTLINE Definition Virus overview Hosts Route of transmission Pathogenesis Epidemiology Clinical findings Diagnosis Treatment Vaccination Control and prevention

3. papillomatosis Papillomatosis also known as warts are the reaction of the skin to infection with papilloma virus which occur in all species of domestic animals but very common on many cattle particularly young stock In most cases they are a minor nuisance, but on occasions warts can be a significant problem

4. Virus overview Papillomaviruses are small , non-enveloped , icosahedral particles 52-55nm in diameter There are 72 capsomeres The papilloma virus genome consists of circular double stranded DNA Papilloma viruses are resistant to ether, high temp and low ph Are oncogenic tumor viruses Papilloma viruses are strictly species specific , site specific and lesion specific They only multiply in epithelial cells

5. The family comprises of many genus - alpha, beta, gamma, delta, epsilon, zeta, eta, theta, iota, kappa, lambda, mu, nu, xi and pi viruses Important species causing disease in animals  Bovine papillomaviruses 3 and 5  Equine papillomavirus 1  Canine oral papillomavirus

6. hosts Infect many animals including Humans Chimpanzee Monkeys Cattle Deer D og Horse Sheep Elephant Elk Opossum Rabbit Birds

7. Bovine papillomatosis The recognized six types of bovine papillomaviruses are associated with particular sites as follows: Types 1 and 2: head, neck and shoulders; penis and vaginal mucosa Type 3: persistent papilloma's of the skin Type 4: papilloma's in the alimentary tract; malignant transformation associated with concomitant bracken fern ingestion has been reported Type 5: "rice-grain type" papilloma's of the teat Type 6: flattened (frond-like) papilloma's of the teat

8. Equine Papillomatosis (Common warts of horses) Cause – Equine papillomavirus. Host - Equidae Occur r en ce - W or l dwide i n h o rses, m ules and donkeys usually up t o three years o f age. Warts in older horses persist longer MOT- Infection is by direct contact with other infected horses, although fomites and biting flies may also be involved

9. ROUTE OF TRANSMISSION The method of spread is by direct contact with infected animals, infection gaining entry through cutaneous abrasions or by fomites Virus can also persist on inanimate objects in live stock buildings and infect animals rubbing against them The calf can contract infection through direct contact during suckling Crops of warts sometimes occur around ear tags, at branding sites or along scratches made by barbed wire, and can be spread by tattooing implements, dehorning shears and by procedures such as tuberculin testing An extensive outbreak of perianal warts is recorded in beef heifers, the infection reported to be spread by rectal examination for pregnancy Congenital infection is recorded in the foal and calf, but is rare

10. pathogenesis The virus infects the basal keratinocytes , replicating its genome in the diferentiating spinous and granular layers causing the excessive growth that is characteristic of wart formation. Papillomas are the result of basal cell hyperplasia without viral antigen production Expression of the late structural proteins of the virus is limited to the differentiated cells of the squamous layer where the new virus particles are encapsulated and shed into the environment as the cells die. The tumor contains epithelial and connective tissues and can be a papilloma or a fibropapilloma , depending on the relative proportions of epithelial and connective tissue present Papillomas contain little connective tissue, and fibropapillomas are mostly fibrous tissue, with very little epithelial tissue. fibropapillomas are uncommon in horses, but are the common in cattle, sheep, and wild ruminants

11. Warts caused by the Xipapillomavirus group have a cauliflower-like appearance and can attain the size of a fist Cutaneous fibropapillomas caused by Deltapapillomavirus group have a nodular appearance

12. Papilloma develop as small nodular growths of the skin or mucous membrane T h ey initial l y grow slowl y , but then m ore rapi d l y a n d eventually beco m e la r ge r , h o r n y , pendulant and sometimes cauliflower in shape They ultimately necrose and fall off They may occur on the penis of the bull and in the vaginal mucosa of the female, resulting in breeding difficulty After about a year there is usually spontaneous recovery

13. epidemiology Cosmopolitan Oral papillomatosis occurs in dogs and rabbits but the disease is uncommon in sheep and pigs The infective virus concentrated in the outer keratinized epithelium of the papilloma and when shed , can readily contaminate fomites such as fences, stanchions and boards of the stable. These fomites with virus readily transmit the disease to susceptible cattle by causing skin wound The risk factors include: Age Milking Immunosuppression

14. CLINICAL FINDINGS The incubation period for cutaneous warts produced by BPV is about 30 days , and the duration of naturally and experimentally produced fibropapillomas ranges from 1-12 months before regression Warts are occur anywhere on the body but are most commonly seen in the head and neck area Less common but often more important sites include teats and scrotum Warts vary greatly in shape from almost flat pea-sized lumps to large orange balls on stalks Affected animals are usually otherwise healthy , and there are normally no systemic effects

15. diagnosis History and clinical sign Histology DNA identification by PCR Biopsy or tissue scraping Immunohistochemical staining

16. The histopathological slides of papillomatosis , showing excessive proliferation of stratum basale

17. treatment There is no completely effective treatment, particularly for severe cases Simple surgical removal of the warts Cryosurgery with liquid nitrogen has recently come into use and should be very effective when the cutaneous papillomas are not too large Autogenous vaccine reported to be successful Recovery in 3-6 weeks is recorded in 80-85% cases where the warts are on the body surface or penis of cattle but in only 33% when the warts are on the teats Binary ethylenimine inactivated virus vaccine of BPV -1,2 reported to be effective for prevention and for therapeutics

18. vaccination Approximately 2 gm wart tissues should be collected from the body of the affected animal after cleaning the sites with the help of a sharp knife The wart tissues should be made into small pieces with a sterile scissors and then prepare a paste with the help of mortem and pestle in buffered glycerol (50% glycerol- saline) and finally prepare 10% suspension in glycerol- saline This suspension should be centrifuged at 3000 rpm for 20 minutes and then the supernatant should be collected The virulent virus should be inactivated with formalin (0.4% 20 ml suspension) an antibiotics solution (streptomycin plus penicillin) should be added to make the vaccine sterile It can be injected (5.0 ml) subcutaneously but better results for intradermal injection and two injection 1-2 weeks apart are recommended Recovery in 3-6 weeks is recorded in 80-85% cases where the warts are on the body surface or penis of cattle but in only 33% when the warts are on the teats

19. Control and prevention Disinfection with formaldehyde of stalls, fence posts and other environmental virus reservoirs can prevent transmission. Tattoo or tagging pliers can be disinfected between use on calves, with 2 to 4% solution of formaldehyde Maintain two sets of the instruments and alternate them in use there by providing adequate time in the formaldehyde to inactivate the virus