PARALLELISM.pptx

PARALLELISM

1. PARALLELISM

2. Parallelism is a grammatical and rhetorical term for creating a sense of linguistic balance by repeating elements within a sentence, over the course of several sentences, or in a longer work or speech.

3. In grammar, it refers to ensuring agreement in elements like number, verb tense, and adjective types. Maintaining this balance keeps writing clean, concise, and comprehensible. The rhetorical definition involves using this balance as a device to make speeches and works of literature more impactful

4. Example of Parallelism: “What you see is what you get.” “Easy come, easy go.” “Nothing ventured, nothing gained.” “If you can’t beat ‘ em , join ‘ em .”

5. specific types of parallelism

6. anaphora

7. Anaphora Anaphora is a rhetorical device in which a word or phrase is repeated at the start of subsequent sentences, phrases, or clauses. Anaphora is a literary device that authors can use to highlight, explain, and reinforce meaning. This stylised technique, which uses the same word at the start of each phrase in a series of phrases or clauses, may be particularly powerful in speeches, lyrics, poetry, and prose.

8. Example: A Tale of Two Cities by Charles Dickens. “ It was the best of times, it was the worst of times, it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of foolishness, it was the epoch of belief, it was the epoch of incredulity, it was the season of Light, it was the season of Darkness…”

9. Dickens emphasizes to the reader that the time he is describing is one that was marked by oppositions and extremes by using the word "it was" repeatedly. Additionally, the anaphora gives the reader the impression that it is the same manner now as it was when they first read it. As a result, the reader can get engaged in the story right away.

10. antithesis

11. The juxtaposition of two opposed elements using a parallel grammatical framework is known as an antithesis in literature. The word "antithesis," which means the total opposite, comes from the Greek for "setting opposite," which denotes when one item or person is the exact opposite of another.

12. Example: Alexander Pope states in An Essay on Criticism, “To err is human; to forgive divine.”

13. The reader experiences a distinct, enduring, and lyrical effect as a result of Pope's usage of the figure of speech antithesis. To further help readers comprehend that making mistakes is common for humans and that it is acceptable for other people to forgive them when they do, Pope contrasts human error with divine mercy.

14. asyndeton

15. Asyndeton, a stylistic device employed in literature and poetry to consciously omit conjunctions between the phrases and in the sentence while maintaining grammatical accuracy, is derived from the Greek term asyndeton, which means "unconnected." This literary device aids in simplifying the phrase's ambiguous meaning and presenting it in a clear manner. It first appeared in Latin and Greek literature.

16. Example: Used between words and phrases within a sentence. “ Are all thy conquests, glories, triumphs, spoils, Shrunk to this little measure?” (Julius Caesar, Act 3, Scene 1, by William Shakespeare) 2. Used between sentences or clauses. “Without looking, without making a sound, without talking” (Oedipus at Colonus , by Sophocles)

17. epistrophe

18. The word " epistrophe " comes from a Greek word that means "turning upon," which indicates that the same word appears again at the end of each phrase. The repetition of phrases or words at the endings of clauses or sentences is known as an epistrophe , a stylistic device. Examples of epistrophe  are widely found in literary works, persuasive writing, and speeches. It is also known as " epiphora ."

19. Example: “I love eating pancakes, my partner feels like eating pancakes, and we just saw a commercial where people were happily eating pancakes.”

20. symploce

21. The use of a repeated element at the start of phrases and a separate repeated element at the end of phrases results in parallelism in this combination of anaphora and epistrophe .

22. Example: “Man created religion, man questioned religion, man attacked religion, and man defended religion”. Each phrase begins with the word man and ends with a past tense verb and the word religion.

23. chiasmus

24. Chiasmus occurs when the grammar of one sentence is repeated but inverted in the following phrase. The repeating words are written in the reverse chronological sequence.

25. Example: John Marshall where he writes: "the corn was full of kernels and the Colonials full of corn."

26. Types of parallelism

27. Phonological parallelism

28. Repeating similar sounds Includes assonance, alliteration, consonance, and rhyme

29. Morphological parallelism

30. Morphemes that are repeated N ot as popular as syntactic parallelism “I kissed thee ere I killed thee.” Repetition in tensed morpheme “ ed ”

31. Grammatical/ syntactical parallelism

32. More "grammatical" emphasis The following passage from Shakespeare's Othello is cited by Short (1985) as the "greatest example ever" of parallelism : “ I kissed thee ere I killed thee”

33. Lexical/ semantic parallelism

34. Repetition of vocabulary words There is no requirement that lexical equivalent in two sentences have the same syntactic function or parts of speech . They could be related by lexico -semantic relationships like synonymy, hyponymy, and antonymy , or they could be identical in form and meaning.

35. Example: Mary likes hik ing , swimm ing , and to ride a bicycle. Mary likes hik ing , swimm ing , and rid ing a bicycle

36. Extended parallelism

37. Typically used in extended parallels in jokes, books, and humorous stories.

38. Example: Bill Clinton, Hillary Clinton and Al Gore die and go to meet God. Al goes first. God asks him: “Who are you?‟ Al replies: “I am the Vice-President of the United States of America!‟ God says: “Very well, come and sit on my left-hand side.‟ Bill goes next. God asks him: “Who are you?‟ Bill replies: “I am the President of the United States of America!‟ God says: “Very well, come and sit on my right-hand side.‟ Hillary goes last. God asks her: “And who are you?‟ Hillary replies: “I am Hillary Clinton, and what are you doing sitting in my place ?!!‟

39. Difference Between Parallelism and Repetition

40. It might be challenging to differentiate parallelism from repetition. They are comparable literary devices in that they both depend on repetition for effect to function. The deliberate use of a word or phrase two or more times quickly apart is what is meant by repetition, though.

41. Parallelism can feature repeated words or phrases, but it also needs to show repeated grammatical or structural aspects. The primary need for parallelism as a literary device, aside from word or phrase repetition, is the repetition of grammatical features and/or structure in a written work.

42. Example: A soliloquy by William Shakespeare's Macbeth's titular character serves as a good illustration of the differences between parallelism and repetition. The line, “Tomorrow, and tomorrow, and tomorrow ”

43. There is word repetition in it. Due to the phrasing's grammatical structure, which uses "and" as a conjunction, it also contains parallelism. This grammatical resemblance underlines the idea and meaning of "tomorrow" as an ongoing, repeated aggregation of time and experience and improves the rhythm of the phrase.

44. In another line from Macbeth's soliloquy, repetition occurs without parallelism : “ Out, out, brief candle!” In this line, the word “out” is repeated twice, but there is no indication of a repeating grammatical element.

45. There is less of a lyrical quality to the line than the repetition and parallelism of the word "tomorrow," even as the repetition emphasizes the word "out" in terms of extinguishing the candle, which symbolizes death.

46. Therefore, as literary devices, repetition highlights a word or phrase and can undoubtedly strengthen its meaning; but, parallelism frequently adds even deeper meaning through the recurrence of grammatical structure.

47. References: https://literarydevices.net/parallelism/# google_vignette https://www.supersummary.com/parallelism-in-literature-definition-examples / https:// www.slideshare.net/Bhattigr8/types-of-parallelism

48. Thank you!!! Prepared by: RUZEL BAYDAL