Parkinsons disease

Sakeena Asmi
MSc Biotechnology

1. PARKINSON’S DISEASE SAKEENA ASMI T MAHATMA GANDHI UNIVERSITY

2. HISTORY Parkinson’s Disease (PD) was first described in detail by James Parkinson in 1817 in “An Essay on the Shaking Palsey .” Onset typically between 50-60 years of age, and slowly progresses with age.

3. ~1 million people are living with Parkinson’s disease in U.S. This makes PD one of the most common brain disease, after ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE

4. FAMOUS FACES WITH PD Michael J. Fox Muhammad Ali Pope John Paul II Katharine Hepburn

5. WHAT IS PARKINSON’S DISEASE? PD is a neurodegenerative disease in which dopamine producing neurons, having a brain structure called Substantia nigra are damaged and die over time leading to a number of motor problems and mental disabilities. Substantia nigra is a part of baso ganglia. Its major function is to inhibit unwanted motor activity.

6. Contin … When a person intents to make a movement, this inhibition is removed by the action of dopamine .

7. Contin … As dopaminergic neurons are progressively lost in PD patients, low levels of dopamine make it harder to initiate voluntary movements.

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10. CAUSES Idiopathic—majority of cases Genetic – genes implicated: SNCA, LRRK2, GBA, PRKN, PINK1, PARK7… Environmental factors – exposure to herbicides, pesticides etc… Drug induced Toxins Head Trauma Cerebral Anoxia

11. SYMPTOMS

12. Contin … MOVEMENT Bradykinesia – slow Hypokinesia – lessened Akinesia – absence From difficulty initiating movement Legs free up Shuffling gait

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14. DIAGNOSIS PET Scan—decreased dopaminergic activity in the substantia nigra Normal CT Normal MRI

15. TREATMENT STRATEGY : INCREASE DOPAMINE SIGNALING LEVODOPA Most popular treatment Form of dopamine which is able to cross the BBB and can then be metabolized to dopamine.

16. AMANTADINE Antiviral Medication Increases DOPAMINE production (?) DOPAMINE AGONISTS Stimulate DOPAMINE RECEPTORS - Bromocriptine ERGOT (FUNGAL) DERIVATIVE - Pramipexole - Ropinirole NOT ERGOT

17. COMT inhibitors ( Catacholamine - o – methyl transferase ) MAO-B inhibitors (Monoamine oxidase B)

18. ANTICHOLINERGICS Helps with tremors Eg : Benetropine

19. SURGICAL OPTIONS Surgical procedures are now available for specific patients who no longer respond to drug treatments . DEEP BRAIN STIMULATION - implant device, pacemaker-like unit transmit impulses to electrodes placed in subthalamic nucleus.

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