Partial hand prosthetic rehabilitation.pptx

Partial hand prosthetic rehabilitation

1. PARTIAL HAND PROSTHETIC REHABILITATION

2. Prosthetic Rehabilitation.... What is prosthesis? Substitutes for a part of the body that may have been missing at birth lost in an accident lost through amputation. Many amputees have lost a limb as part of treatment for cancer, diabetes, or severe infection. What is the purpose of prosthetic rehabilitation ? T o promote function and mobility following amputation. Prosthetists are closely involved in amputee rehabilitation

3. T he Biomedical Sub-fields related to Partial Hand Prosthetic Rehabilitation Rehabilitation Biomechanics Neurorehabilitation Biomaterials Bio prosthetic technologies

4. Working Principle of Prosthetic Arm Bionic limbs and prosthetic technology connect the mind to the prosthesis through sensors that detect muscles’ electrical signals and translate those contractions and signals to various movements. They help improve sensation, integration with the body, and control.

5. The Types Of Partial Hand Prosthetic Rehabilitation… Passive partial hand prosthesis : H elps to provide function for everyday life but do not have active grasp and release. Passive options include cosmetic replica fingers, multi-positional finger joints and even ratcheting titanium fingers (with flexion at both joints) to provide functional enhancement. Body powered partial hand prosthesis : There are three types of body-powered prostheses for partial hand amputees: Joint-driven Cable-controlled Wrist-driven can be very durable and generally have a high-tech appearance. One of the biggest benefits is that the force exerted by the prosthesis is directly controlled using a person’s wrist , or the remaining portion of their hand , which makes movement and control feel very natural .

6. Continuous…… Electrically powered partial hand prosthesis: H ave tiny motors inside each finger to create motion The motors are Controlled using sensing electrodes or resistors that detect movement of muscles in the remaining portion of the hand or wrist. Activity-specific partial hand prosthesis: D esigned for work, sports, and hobbies where a residual hand or general prosthesis could be damaged or would not work as needed. Hybrid partial hand prosthesis: C ombine elements of two or more prosthetic options with the aim of improving a person’s functional ability.

7. What are the advancements of the partial hand prosthetic rehabilitation compared to existing methods? Complete or partial finger loss is the most frequently encountered form of partial hand loss, which can result in physical, psychosocial, and economic damage to an individual. Thus, fabrication of a prosthesis that can offer a psychological, functional, and rehabilitative advantage can be a big morale booster to such individuals. Prosthetics have progressed dramatically in recent years, with many people choosing to move away from the standard NHS (National Health Service , UK) provided prosthetics, to highly functioning, technologically advanced limbs. With these types of prosthetics now available on the market, there’s a wide range of options to choose from, especially for people looking to participate in different activities, such as driving, swimming, and cycling.

8. There are top five advances in prosthetic technology that are being expected to see from 2020……. Consciously controlled limbs 3D printing See-through designs Bionic arms  Nerve detectors

9. Types of prosthetics arm Control and movement Benefits Limitations Passive Stationary and adjustable Aesthetic (Natural appearance) Minimal/no harnessing Easy to use Low cost Less maintenance Poor usability (gripping, grasping, etc.). Explicit movement/Less functional Difficulty in Bimanual tasks. Body powered Movements are controlled by links or cables. Light weight Low cost Ease of access Proprioception Low maintenance Easy installation   Less Training Requirement Aesthetically unpleasant due to hooks and harnessing cables The unattractive appearance of end effectors has negative social and psychological impacts. Reliant on muscle strength for ideal use. Difficult controlling in high amputation. Limited gripping force. Limited cosmesis. Certain restrictive motions. High discomfort.     Benefits and limitations of various prosthetic technologies .....

10. Electrically powered Movement controlled by motors. Motors are controlled in different ways, generally flipping switches or buttons Larger functional scope Grip force adaptability Independent of muscle strength/body strength Expensive Heavy Poor amputation architecture may prohibit the use Battery dependent Susceptible from moisture Expensive maintenance Professional assistance is required Steep learning curve (complex due to switches & buttons)   Myoelectric Movement controlled by motors.   Sensors get electrical signals produced by residual muscle at the connection point.   Electrical signs are handled through different control plans to activate motors. Grip force adaptability Larger functional scope Reliable control Instinctive use because of similarity to normal limb Non-invasive & invasive approach Susceptible from moisture. Poor amputation architecture may prohibit its use. Electrode calibration required. Battery dependent. Expensive maintenance. Professional assistance required. The myoelectric prosthesis can only be used with Vivo muscle cells. Obesity and advanced age reduce the clinical yield. Presence of electrical noise. Intensive training required. Adipose tissue affects Electromyography Recordings.      

11. Arm Flex-sensor based The resistance difference due to bending of flex sensor is utilized to control the actuation of the prosthetic arm with the help of micro-controller and servo motors.       Flex sensors can be mounted on any bending body part such as the knee, elbow, fingers, etc. Low cost Easy to use  Less training required Less maintenance One or more body parts involved for actuation The electrical resistance of the flex sensor decay over time Low reliability Low linearity under 30 ° Humidity and temperature influence the measuring capability thus reducing accuracy Brain-controlled Brain sensors get electrical voltage differences from neurons due to the fluctuation of electrical activity in micro-voltage.   Amplification of electric signal received by brain sensor. Motor actuation depends on brain activity with the help of a brain sensor and microcontroller. High functional       Useful for the patient with paralyzed muscles   No dependency on body   strength/power Highly expensive. High maintenance. Infection risk in invasive approach. Battery dependent. Professional assistance required. Professional assistance required . Meditation and attention are required. Intensive Training requirements. High electrode setup time in the noninvasive approach.

12. Prostheses Materials…… Material Usage Wood Utilized in lower-limb prostheses to give shape and inside structural strength. Consistent in textures, lightweight, inexpensive, strong, and easy to work. Generally, willow, basswood, and poplar wood are utilized for prosthetic shins and knees. Metal Metals such as aluminium, titanium, magnesium, copper, steel are utilized for prosthetic limbs. Metals are sometimes utilized either pure or alloyed. Copper, Iron, Aluminium, and Nickel are used for the load-bearing structures. Leather Usually utilized for abdomen/waist belts and socket linings in prosthetics. Biocompatible and delicately soft. Cloth For limb straps and harness, waist belts, and prosthetic socks. Improve the fitment, it keeps the skin dry and absorbs the shear forces. Prosthetic socks are usually made of cotton, wool, or a mixture of these standard fibres, often combined with acrylics, nylon, Orion, and other man-made materials. Nylon It is utilized to cover prostheses for plastic lamination, prosthetics sheath, and bushings. The versatility, elasticity, quality, strength, and low friction co-efficient of this fibre are the major point of interest. Nylon prosthetic sheaths are commonly used for transtibial amputees. Three to eight nylon layers are impregnated with acrylic saps or polyester during the overlay process to provide the aesthetic appearance and essential quality. It tends to be heated and remoulded without adversely influencing its physical properties. Polyester Polyester resin is a thermosetting plastic, utilized for prosthetics lamination. In a fluid structure, polyester resins may be pigmented to coordinate the regular skin tone of the patient. Polypropylene Utilized for hip joints, knee joints, pelvic groups, and lighter prostheses. It is a white opaque material that is strong, durable, and moderately inexpensive. Hot air or nitrogen may be used to weld this material. Polyurethane Widely used in prosthetics for, responsive soft cosmetic foam covers and rigid structural parts. Flexible urethane It is utilized to covers endoskeleton prostheses in preassembled parts. The prosthetist forms the foam by measuring and tracing the patient’s limbs. Polyurethane foams are also commonly used in manufacturing prosthetic feet. Rigid polyurethane foam It provides knee units and ankle blocks with structural stability. Prosthetists regularly use these foams to add strength and shape to the exoskeletal silicone prosthesis.

13. Silicone It is utilized for flexible rubber-like ends in cushion sockets. Room temperature vulcanizing silicones are most widely used in prosthetic applications. Fiberglass Fiberglass is used to reinforce the lamination of polyester resin, with mechanical connections such as bolts and screws. It prevents breakage and stiffens areas. Carbon fibre Carbon fibres are more expensive yet provide superior strength and stiffness than fiberglass. Besides, they are being used by manufacturers to substitute metal. Carbon fibres are usually made of epoxy and provide twice toughness concerning steel weight.          

14. Conclusion and Future perspectives…… The bionic hand is still very much experimental and several challenges need to be overcome such as new lightweight materials, stimuli responsive materials, electrically conductive biomaterials for implantation and integration, tissue regeneration, and new technological advances promoting reliable recording and stimulation of nerves. Following prosthetic fitting, the subjects must undergo training for controlling limb prosthetic movement with periodic adjustments and adaptation based on sensory and tactile feedback. The field of neuroprosthetics holds significant promise in revolutionizing the options for amputees especially in providing a functional replacement and regenerative device that interfaces the biological process with robotic components composed of shoulders, elbow, wrist and the digits. The regenerative toolbox will facilitate convergence of discrete disciplines to effect guided tissue regeneration using components such as scaffolds, controlled surface topographies, stimulatory cues, both chemical and physical factors, and their integration with robotic systems, to restore limb functionality. Continued funding from several sources including government organizations and private foundations will foster synergistic collaborations between, engineers, chemists, biologists, material scientists, clinicians and physiotherapists to make bionic limbs a common and affordable reality.  

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