Participial adjectives

Word formation.- forming adjectives using past participle or present participle.

1. PARTICIPIAL ADJECTIVES GRAMMAR COURSE ICPNA CHICLAYO BY:SANTY REQUEJO 2018

2. COMPLETED STATE Verbs expressing a process may take past participle forms which can modify nouns and express completed states.  These modifiers have some adjectives and some verb-like properties. COMPLETED This is a roasted chicken — done! Grown children often move out of the house. Broken dishes were all over the floor. Fallen trees littered the forest floor. Fried potatoes would taste good right now. He was a well-loved child  (beloved)

3. ONGOING QUALITY OR STATE Verbs expressing a process may also take present participle forms, which can modify nouns and express states in progress (ongoing). These modifiers also have adjective-like and verb-like properties. ONGOING This is  a  r oasting chicken — still cooking! Growing children need a lot of food. Breaking dishes startled the diners. ( the sound ) Falling trees are a danger to hikers. Frying potatoes smell delicious. He is a loving husband.

4. COMPLETED Past participle modifiers are pre-position (placed before the word it modifies) and are derived from reduced clauses . They have the properties of Adjectives. aged (wine, cheese) fried  (potatoes) broken (glass) exploded  (fireworks) boiled  (milk) frozen  (water) brewed  (coffee) grown  (children) changed  (man) loved  (person) closed  (subject) melted  (ice) cooked (food) occupied (region) crossed  (lines) rotten   (fruit) cut    (flowers) turned  (page) dripped  (wax) wound  (watch)

5. ONGOING Present participle modifiers are also pre-position and are derived from reduced clauses . They do not share all the properties of Adjectives.                                     .         aging    (parents) frying   (potatoes) breaking    (glass) exploding  (fireworks) boiling  (milk) freezing  (water) brewing  (coffee) growing  (children) changing  (times) loving (person) closing  (argument) melting  (ice) cooking  (food) occupying (force) crossing  (lines) rotting  (fruit) cutting  (remark) turning (page) dripping  (wax) winding (road)

6. Testing for properties of an adjective PAST PARTICIPLE -ED Usually, we can determine if a word is an adjective by testing its adjective properties. Can it (1) modify a noun, (2) follow a static verb (look, seem, become, appear, taste, act) (3) accept a degree adverb (very or too )? CAN IT MODIFY A NOUN? YES This is a roasted chicken.  This is a delicious chicken. (a true adj.) The chicken is roasted. (modifier) The chicken is roasted. (passive verb)

7. PRESENT PARTICIPLE -ING With this group of verbs, both of the participle forms accept other be-like verbs, but do not accept the degree adverb very . These participles seem to fall somewhere in the middle of being verbs and adjectives.         ONGOING CAN IT MODIFY A NOUN?  YES This is a roasting chicken. This is a delicious chicken. (a true adj.) The chicken is roasting. (modifier) The chicken is roasting. (progressive verb)

8. Participle Modifiers-State or Natural Quality COMPLETED STATE The recently spotted owl was making a nest.  (an owl seen or located by someone usually with binoculars) The black -eyed boxer walked into the ring. (an eye that was harmed by another fighter) We made the pie with pitted cherries. (pits that were removed by us) The freshly- washed dog sat in the sun. (a dog that was washed by someone) Would you like some frozen yogurt. (yogurt that was frozen by someone) She wore a shirt with rolled- up sleeves. (sleeves that were rolled up by someone) Completed vs. Natural Quality States

9. -ED — NATURAL QUALITY OR STATE Past participle modifiers may indicate the natural quality or state of the noun (color, pattern, condition, etc.)   NATURAL STATE We saw a very spotted owl making a nest. (an owl with natural coloring including spots) The black- eyed terrier walked into the ring. (a dog with naturally black eyes) We made the sculpture from pitted wood. (wood with natural scars) The short- haired dog sat in the sun. (a dog with naturally short hair) Would you like to visit the frozen tundra? (a Antarctic region that is permanently frozen) She wore a long- sleeved shirt. (a shirt with long-sleeves)

10. -ING – ONGOING PROCESS OR STATE Present participle modifiers ending in - ing may indicate something still undergoing a process or activity.  These are verb-like modifiers. Note that we cannot use very before these participle modifiers, which is true for adjectives .   ONGOING QUALITY OR STATE Don't awaken the sleeping dogs. (dogs that are sleeping) We have a talking parrot (a parrot that talks.) Look! It's a shooting star.  ( a star that is shooting across the sky) It's a slow- moving train.  (a train that is moving slowly) A hiking party was seen to the north of the volcano. (a group that is hiking) The waiting parents were very worried. (parents that are waiting) 

11. -ING – FUNCTION Present participle modifiers ending in - ing may indicate the function of something.   These modifiers are noun-like.  [activity + noun]  FUNCTION The pups are in their sleeping bag. (a bag for sleeping) We have a talking machine. (a device for talking, a text reader) He practices his rifle skills at the shooting range. (an area for target practice) It's a moving van. (a truck for transporting households) Mr. Hanson was wearing his hiking shoes (shoes that are for trekking.) The doctor's waiting room was brightly decorated. (a room for waiting)

12. BEFORE NOUN—EXISTING  STATE A modifier placed before the noun is the more common position. The positioning of the modifier affects the meaning of the clause.  A participle modifier placed before the noun describes the noun in its existing state. He pushed the closed door.  He likes his cleaned car. George Washington implored Congress to end its squabbling. There was no future for a divided country. It is a divided country. *Across the country thousands of protesters marched in the street; however, the President was an unmoved man.   Albert Einstein published over 300 scientific papers. His was an unmatched mind.

13. AFTER NOUN—RESULTING  STATE Sometimes the modifier may be placed after the noun if the verb or context permits it. A modifier placed after the noun describes the resulting state of the action expressed by the verb or by the context. He pushed the door closed.  "so that it is"  He likes his car cleaned. George Washington implored Congress to end its squabbling. There was no future for a country divided¹. Squabbling made² the country divided. Across the country thousands of protesters marched in the street; however, the President was a man unmoved. The President was unmoved by the protests. Albert Einstein published over 300 scientific papers. His was a mind unmatched.

14. Exercise We saw ……………fireworks in the sky. exploded exploding The next day, we saw …………fireworks on the ground. exploded exploding The ………sweet potatoes were on a plate. fried frying The ………..sweet potatoes were on the stove. fried frying The ……….weather conditions are forcing people to stay inside. frozen freezing

15. A popsicle is made of ………………..juice. frozen freezing "The long and ……………..road leads to your door." winding wound ………………. string is easy to use. Winding Wound The ………………tree nearly hit our car. falling fallen Unfortunately, the……… tree was on our neighbor's car. falling fallen

16. I DIDN´T REALIZE I BOUGHT A TV. SAMANTHA ATE SOME FISH. I SAW AN PERSON YESTERDAY. I´M HUNGRY. I WANT TO EAT. WAIT!!! THERE ARE SOME POTATOES IN THE PAN. LET´S EAT! THE TABLE IS SET. I CAN SEE SOME POTATOES ON THE PLATE. TWO MEN WERE TO CROSS THE FROINTER LAST NIGHT BREAKING BROKEN POISONED POISONING INTERESTING INTERESTED FRYING FRIED FRYING FRIED ARMED ARMING CATCH CAUGHT TRIED TRYING

17. THERE IS WATER IN THE CUP. THERE IS SOMETHING . I CAN SEE THE STOVE. MRS. CABRERA GAVE HER HUSBAND A RING. THE NUMBER OF CARS WHICH ARE HAS RISEN CONSIDERABLY. THE DOG WAS PICKED UP AND TAKEN TO HOSPITAL. THE BALLOON GENTLY UP INTO THE AIR. BOILING BOILED BOILING BOILED GOLD GOLDEN STEALING STOLEN SHOOTING SHOT RISE ROSE RISEN