Partition of bangal(1905 1947)

India And Pakistan, Bangladesh

1. THE PARTITION OF BENGAL-1947 Causes, Processes and Consequences 1

2. Group-5 Aviation Elite Mohammad Ashraful Miah MBA In Aviation Management ID- 2001612 Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Aviation and Aerospace University

3. The impact of partition on the Bengal delta, particularly the eastern part of the delta which is now independent Bangladesh. A short span of time between 1905 and 1911, when Bengal was divided by the British for administrative, political and other reasons by Lord Curzon in 1905 In August 1947, when India was divided into two states, the delta was also divided into two parts: Western part of Bengal joined the new state of India and Eastern Bengal was added to Pakistan, A completely different region from Bengal in terms of geography and culture. Introduction

4. Partition of Bengal at glance Shahanka   Pala   Sena Muslim Rule   Battle of Palassey Muslim Rule   British Rule (1757 to 1947) Final Division of Bengal Partition of Bengal   Reunification   Famine Communal Riot 7 th AD   8 th to 11th AD 12 th AD 12 – 17 th AD 1957 12 – 17 th AD 1905 1911 1943 1946-7 1947

5. Introduction To Strike at the roots of Bengali Nationalism: The real motive was to break "the growing solidarity of Bengali nationalism". Bengal at that time was considered to be "the nerve- centre of India nationalism". Lord Curzon decided to crush the new spirit by Dividing the politically advanced communities into separate provinces. The Policy Of Divide & Rule: Another motive was to drive a wedge between the Hindus and the Muslims . In February 1904,Curzon went on a tour of East Bengal, where he addressed a number of meetings. Uncertain issues Political discontent was growing due to the inability of the government(British) to organize effective relief during the period of famine From 1870 onwards, the British started inciting the Hindus and the Muslims to form their own political parties to establish their distinct religious identities.

6. Introduction The end of the British Empire in India in August 1947 resulted in the creation of two separate states of India and Pakistan. The division was based on religious lines, a Muslim majority in Pakistan and a Hindu majority in India. Pakistan itself was split into two parts in the east (East Bengal, which became Bangladesh in 1971) and in the west (western Punjab). This event was to result in the biggest mass migration in history. Over 18 million people migrated to join their particular religious majority. At least a million people died in communal violence in the process.

7. Hindu Vs Muslim Noted that, the Hindus by and large opposed the 1905-partition and most Muslims rendered their support to it; but it was the Hindus, especially the Hindu Mahasabha, who proposed the partition of Bengal in 1947 and Muslim leadership first opposed and later accepted the proposal sullenly. The rapid change in the political mood of the Hindus and Muslims of the province ought to be measured by the complex politics of communalities, communalism, and imperialism of the time. HS Suhrawardy, chief minister of Bengal, made a last moment attempt to transcend the limits and keep Bengal united with the status of an independent state. However, his move for a United Independent Bengal floundered.

8. The Anti Partition Movement People protested, fasted, walked barefoot to the Ganges, singing patriotic songs. Tagore suggested to observe as Raksha Bandhan Day signifying brotherhood between people of East and West Bengal. Boycott movement Swadeshi movement

9. Showdesi movement

10. Causes Purely political The Hindus were in a better position than the Muslims during British period British adapted Divide and Rule policy But the real reason behind the partition was political and not administrative East Bengal was dominated by the Muslims and West Bengal by the Hindus In 1905, The Bengal was divided on administrative purpose Emergence of Muslim League Muslim domination in National assembly

11. Causes Muslims’ Response It received a favorable response from the Muslims. It was thought that it would bring the emancipation of Muslims socially and economically. The Muslims welcomed the Partition of Bengal for the following reasons: 1.          In the majority province of East Bengal the Muslims would be free from Hindu dominance in economic field. They would get opportunities of services and advancement of agriculture. 2.          The city of Dacca, where the Muslims were in majority was the centre of Muslim culture. In Dacca Muslims had a great chance of success for social and cultural advancement than in Calcutta. 3.          The Partition could result in political uplift and securing represent action in the Government. 4.          The partition of Bengal relieved the Muslims from competing with Hindus, who were more advanced in every field of life. 

12. Causes Hindus Response The Hindus did not accept it, as it dealt a telling blow to their monopolies and exclusive hold on economic, social, Political life of the whole of Bengal. They called it as a deliberate attempt by British Government  1.          The Partition of Bengal had brightened the possibility of betterment of Muslims; while the Hindu landlords, capitalists and traders wanted status quo and to continue the exploitation of the Muslims. 2.          Hindu lawyers also reacted to the partition of Bengal because they thought that the new province would have its separate courts and thus their practice would be affected. 3.          Hindu press was not different from that of Hindu advocates. Hindus had their monopoly over almost whole of the province press. They were afraid that new newspapers would be established which would decrease their income naturally. 4.          The Hindus launched Swadeshi Movement whose sole purpose was to boycott of British goods.

13. Major Events(Process to Partition) The Simla Deputation (1906): demands of Muslims of India Separate electorate Reservations of Muslims seats in government jobs. Special share in Municipal or district boards University senates and syndicates Muslim representation in Viceroy Executive Council. Muslim University at Aligarh 1906-Foundation of Muslim League(All India Muslim League) Aims & Objectives of the Muslim League Protection and promotion of political rights and interests of the Muslims. Cooperation with other communities without prejudice to the above goal. Fostering sense of loyalty, among the Muslims, towards the government. Annulment of Partition of Bengal (1911): This was done due to strong protest by Hindus. In 1913, a new group of Muslim leaders entered the folds of the Muslim League with the aim of bridging the gulf between the Muslims and the Hindus.

14. First World War (1914-1918:. The Khalifah of turkey was greatly respected by the Indian Muslims as the centre of global fraternity and the leader of Muslim Ummah. The Britishers and her allies fought against Turkey Muslim are not Happy With Britishers Turks decided to side with the Germans against the Allied Forces. Lucknow Pact (1916): The Muslim League and Congress held their joint sessions in Lucknowon December 1916. Congress accepted the Muslim demand of separate electorate. Major Events(Process to Partition)

15. The main clauses of the Lucknow Pact were: 1. There shall be self-government in India. Muslims should be given one-third representation in the central government. There should be separate electorates for all the communities until a community demanded for joint electorates. System of weightage should be adopted. The number of the members of Central Legislative Council should be increased to 150. At the provincial level, four-fifth of the members of the Legislative Councils should be elected and one-fifth should be nominated. The strength of Provincial legislative should not be less than 125 in the major provinces and from 50 to 75 in the minor provinces. WHAT WAS LUCKNOW PACT??

16. The main clauses of the Lucknow Pact were: 1. There shall be self-government in India. Muslims should be given one-third representation in the central government. There should be separate electorates for all the communities until a community demanded for joint electorates. System of weightage should be adopted. The number of the members of Central Legislative Council should be increased to 150. At the provincial level, four-fifth of the members of the Legislative Councils should be elected and one-fifth should be nominated. The strength of Provincial legislative should not be less than 125 in the major provinces and from 50 to 75 in the minor provinces. Iqbal : Two Nation theory

17. Major Events(Process to Partition) August 20, 1917 Announcement by British Government: Secretary of State Montagu promised for: 1. Greater association of Indian in all branches of government. 2. Responsible government 3. Induction of Indians in the commissioned ranks. Lucknow Pact betrayed by the Congress: Th friendly atmosphere created by the Pact soon waned out and an extremist Hindu element soon took over Congress

18. The Khilafat Movement: The Khilafat movement was a religio -political movement launched by the Muslims of British India for the retention of the Ottoman Caliphate and for not handing over the control of Muslim holy places to non-Muslims. It was a peak period from 1919 to 1922 casting demonstrations, boycott, and other pressure by the two major communities, the Hindus and the Muslims. Rowlett Act, 1919:To the law, the govt. got authority to persecute any Indian and the arrested had no facility of legal assistance and right to appeal . Jinnah resigned from the central legislature as a protest. Major Events(Process to Partition)

19. Jallianwala Bagh Incident, April 1919: Major Events(Process to Partition)

20. Radcliffe line Drawing a border between the two parts of Bengal was very drastic. The new border caused neighbours , relatives and friends, who were living side by side for many generations, to be separated and to migrate to different parts of the two Bengals - now a part of different States. This especially happened to the people who found themselves on the newly drawn border. The new border also created a very strange type of `island' which is known as chitmahal or enclaves.

21. Radcliffe line

22. Jinnah  Mountbatten Last English Viceroy to India with Nehru – Hindu Leader Wants homeland for Muslims Supposed to be neutral and administer independence and partition Supposed to be neutral and administer independence and partition Wants united India

23. The United Bengal plan ( Consequances ) H. S. Suhrawardy , the last  Prime Minister of Bengal , urged a separate independent status for the whole province Suhrawardy realized that if Bengal was partitioned, it would be economically disastrous for East Bengal as all coal mines, all  jute mills  but two and other industrial plants would certainly go to the western part since these were in an overwhelmingly Hindu majority area. Suhrawardy  came up with a new plan to create an independent Bengal state that would join neither Pakistan nor India and remain unpartitioned Most important of all,  Calcutta , then the largest city in India, an industrial and commercial hub and the largest port, would also go to the western part. Sarat Chandra Bose  supported the United Bengal plan

24. Process

25. Re-partition of Bengal(Process) In 1947, Bengal was partitioned for the second time, solely on religious grounds, as part of the Partition of India following the formation of India and Pakistan.

26. Consequances

27. For and against the partition of Bengal(Conclusion) The partition was supported by the Muslims of East Bengal and their support was motivated by both their poor economic conditions in East Bengal, as well as the believed dominance of the Hindu businessmen in West Bengal over the governance of Bengal. The partition had a far-reaching impact on the economy and ecology of eastern Bengal which is now Bangladesh. eastern Bengal lost 55 valuable tea gardens Murshidabad was important to keep control on the water sources. Later, it would have a serious consequence for the environment and economy of Bangladesh. Bangladesh has 55 international rivers entering from India which are controlled by India. This controlling of water resources has created a perpetual threat for the ecology and economy of Bangladesh.

28. In 1947, the border between India and its new neighbour Pakistan became a river of blood, as the exodus erupted into rioting. As India and Pakistan become independent, 14.5 million people crossed borders to ensure their safely in an increasingly lawless and communal environment. While the British authority was gone, the newly formed governments were completely unequipped to deal with migrations of such staggering magnitude, and massive violence and slaughter occurred on both sides of the border along communal lines. Estimates of the number of deaths range around roughly 500,000, with low estimates at 200,000 and high estimates at 1,000,000.

29. Greatest mass migration of humans in 20 th century Over 15 Million Muslims, Sikhs and Hindus moved across borders Communal slaughter over 1 Million killed, Tens of thousands of women raped and kidnapped Net result of partition Families divided 3 Wars between India and Pakistan Large part of Pakistani GNP and Indian defense dedicated to defense of borders East Pakistan fought for independence and with aid from India, broke off from West Pakistan. Human rights abuses by Pakistani forces in East Pakistan.