Parts of speech are necessary to understand the grammar of a particular language.

Parts of speech are necessary to understand the grammar of a particular language.

1. Functional English Asma Tauqeer Department of Computer science Faculty of Associate Degree in Computer Science (ADCS) Islamabad, Pakistan

2. Parts of Speech Noun as Singular and plural

3. Nouns can be singular or plural When you are talking about one person, an animal place , or a thing use a singular noun. A flower a boy a woman a train Use A or An before singular nouns Use ‘an’ before words beginning with vowels ( a,e,i,o,u ). For Example, say: An axe an igloo An envelope an umbrella But some words don't follow theses rules. For example, use A ( not an ) before these words begin with u A uniform a university

4. Plural Nouns How Plurals are formed? By adding -s to the singular Boy, boys Pen, pens But Nouns ending in -s, - sh , ch (soft), or -x form the plural by adding - es t the singular as Class, classes Match, matches, Dish, dishes Box, boxes

5. Plural Nouns Formation Nouns ending in -f get replaced with -v and adding - es ; as, Half, halves Self, selves Exceptions: Chief, chiefs Cliff, cliffs A few nouns form their plural by adding - en to the singular; as, ox, oxen Woman wom en Tooth t ee th Goose g ee se

6. Plural Nouns Formation Some nouns are used only in the plurals Scissors trousers assets nuptials riches alms The following nouns are originally singular are generally used in plural; as, The name of the subject: Mathematics, Physics The names of the games: Billiards The names of diseases: Measles, rickets, mumps The words Means and News

7. Collective Nouns Collective Nouns used as plurals : poultry , cattle, people Singular Plural Son-in-law….. Sons -in-law Step-son step sons Passer-by Passers-by Mny taken from the foreign languages keep their original plural form; as, Form Latin- Formula , formulae (or formulas) … Crisis, crises

8. The Noun: Case John threw a stone. John is the subject while ‘ thre w a stone’ is a predicate . When a noun is used as the Object of a verb, it is said to be the objective( accusative) case; as, The book is in the desk. The Noun desk is an accusative case. Hari broke the window .(Object) The window was broken. (Subject)

9. The Nominative Case The nominative case _______________________ before the verb The Accusative case________________________After the verb He gave a pen. He gave Ahmed a pen. Genitive or Possessive Case Ahmed’s Umbrella______________ The umbrella belongs to Ahmed