past perfect and past perfect progressive

Grammar

1. Verb tenses: past perfect & past perfect progressive

2. Past perfect

3. Statements Subject Had (not) Past participle He She had (not) received/gotten awards. Yes/No Questions Had Subject Past participle Had you she received/gotten awards by then?

4. Short answers affirmative Negative Yes, You I he had No, you I he hadn't. Wh - Questions Wh -Word had subject Past participle When had he received Awards?

5. Make the positive or negative past perfect When I arrived at the cinema, the film ….. (start). She …..(live) in China before she went to Thailand. After they …..(eat) the shellfish, they began to feel sick. If you …..(listen) to me, you would have got the job. Julie didn't arrive until after I …..(leave).

6. Past perfect progressive

7. statements subject Had (not) been Present participle I We had (not) been Working regularly. Yes/No Questions Had Subject been+Present participle Had I you she been working Regularly?

8. Short answers affirmative Negative Yes, you he had No, you he Hadn't. Wh - Questions Wh -Word had subject Been + present participle How long had he been working?

9. Use the past perfect to show that something happened before another time in the past. The first past action is in the past perfect. The second past action is in the simple past. The past perfect indicates that the first action was finished before the second action started. completely When I got home, my roommate had already cleaned the apartment.

10. The past perfect usually occurs with the simple past, but the past perfect can be the only tense in a sentence if a specific past time is given. By three o’clock, Professor Larson’s lecture had ended . I had never heard him speak before last week .

11. Time words and expressions After, before These words by themselves tell which action came first. Therefore, in informal speech only the simple past may be used if the action are in order and it is clear which action happened first. (1) (2) After I finished reading the book, I lent it to Bob. (1) (2) The library closed before I arrived .

12. If the actions are not in order, the first action is in the past perfect. (2) (1) I lent the book to Bob after I had finished reading it. (2) (1) Before I arrived , the library had closed .

13. In writing, it is best to use the past perfect with the words “before” and “after” to be sure that the reader clearly understands which action happened first, even though the actions are in order.

14. By the time, when These words by themselves do not tell which action came first; therefore, the first action must be in the past perfect. The exam had started by the time I got to class. When I had told the instructor my reason for coming late, I sat down.

15. Be careful ! In sentences with when, notice the difference in meaning between : The simple past and the past perfect When the movie ended, she left. When the movie ended, she had left.

16. b. The past progressive and the past perfect progressive When the filming started, it was raining. When the filming started, it had been raining and the streets were wet.

17. Just , already These words are often used with the past perfect to indicate recency . I had just gotten into bed when someone knocked on the door. When I opened it, the person had already left. * Notice the comma after a time clause when it appears at the beginning of the sentence.

18. Use the past perfect progressive to talk about an action that was in progress before a specific time in the past. It stresses the duration not the end result. By 2000, Lee had been directing films for eight years.

19. The past perfect tense stresses the completion of the earlier activity, while the past perfect progressive stresses the duration .

20. Put the verbs into the correct form (past perfect progressive) They ……………(wait) at the station for 90 minutes when the train finally arrived. We …………… (look for) her ring for two hours and then we found it in the bathroom. I …………… (not / walk) for a long time, when it suddenly began to rain. How long …………… (learn / she) English before she went to London? Frank Sinatra caught the flu because he …………… (sing) in the rain too long.

21. Ex. 30 p. 55 Ex. 31 p. 56 Ex. 32 p. 57 Ex. 34 p. 58

22. HW http://www.really-learn-english.com/past-perfect-exercises.html