Patau syndrome

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1. Patau Syndrome Abhishek Jha

2. Description  caused by a  chromosomal abnormality, extra copy of chromosome 13 also known as trisomy 13 or trisomy D. trisomy 13 is caused by nondisjunction of chromosomes during meiosis. Affects about 1 in 12,000 live births. More than 80% of infants with P atau syndrome die within their first year of life.

3. History Patau syndrome, or “ Trisomy 13 ”, as it was first called, was first observed by Thomas Bartholin in 1657. However , the actual genetic and chromosomal-related parts of it were discovered by Dr. Klaus Patau in 1960, hence the name “ Patau syndrome

4. cause In Patau syndrome, the cells have three copies of chromosome 13 instead of the normal two, as well as extra material from the extra chromosome attached to another chromosome, resulting in changes. chromosome 13 becomes attached to another chromosome (translocated). With a translocation, the person has a partial trisomy for chromosome 13 and often the physical signs of the syndrome differ from the typical Patau syndrome.

5. . Most cases are not inherited, but occur as random events during the formation of gametes. A small percentage of cases occur when only some of the body's cells have an extra copy; such cases are called M osaic Patau . I s also not inherited. It occurs as a random error during cell division early in  fetal development. A baby with a cleft palate, a common abnormality of Patau syndrome

6. Manifestations and physical finding Mental and motor disabilities similar to that of autism. Microcephaly, or a less rounded brain resulting in more of an egg-shaped skull. Eye structure defects: Microphthalmia, or crossed eyes (may involve one eye or both) Cataracts Sensory Nystagmus, or involuntary “twitching” of the eye Optic nerve hypoplasia, or the underdevelopment of the optic nerve Sensory nystagmus

7. Muscular and skin problems: Polydactyly, or extra fingers/toes Low-down ears Prominent heels and deformed feet, called ‘rocker-bottom’ feet Strange palm patterns, commonly called the Simian line Overlapping of the fingers over thumb Cleft palate. Polydactyly ‘ Rocker-bottom’ feet The Simian line

8. Treatment There is no treatment to address the condition. However, there are procedures to sustain life for a bit . Most times, surgery is required to fix defects to allow the child to survive for as long as possible. Since most infants with Patau syndrome die within the first year of life, special management/procedures are necessary; this is very complex and carefully laid out. Many children have trouble surviving the first few days or weeks of life due to severe neurologic and vascular problems.