Pathophysiology of cancer and its treatment.pptx

cancer is a disease in which uncontrolled division of cell occurs

1. When cells in some area of body duplicate without control, the excess of tissue that develops called tumor or neoplasm. The growth of neoplastic cells exceeds and is not co-ordinated with that of the normal tissues around it. Tumors may be cancerous and sometime fatal or they may be quite harmless. A cancerous growth is called as malignant tumour or malignancy and noncancerous growth is called as benign growth. The study of tumour is called oncology.

2. Classification by Site of origin

3. Classification by Tissue types

4. Etiology 1.Host factors In general overall incidences increases with increase in age and are higher in man than women, may be due to lifestyle factors rather than biological differences is susceptibility Some cancers, such as breast, endometrial and prostate cancers are hormonally influenced. 2.Environment and lifestyle The risk of developing certain cancers is increased by obesity, lack of regular exercise, drinking too much alcohol, smoking and eating a lot of red meat. cigarette smoking greatly increases risk of lung cancer. About 9 out of 10 people who develop lung cancer are smokers. a carcinogen is something (chemical, radiation etc.) which can damage a cell and make it more likely to turn into a cancerous cell. The more the exposure to a carcinogen, the greater the risk of cancer development.

5. 3.Radiation Much sun exposure and sunburn (radiation from uva and uvb ) increase risk of developing skin cancer. nd other cancers. Too much sun exposure and sunburn (radiation from UVA and UVB) increase risk of developing 4.Geographical Factors : American women have breast cancer more often than Japanese women; Japanese men have stomach cancer far more often than American men. 5.Gene mutations Cancer is caused by changes (mutations) to the DNA within cells. Normally, cells in body will naturally refresh themselves by dividing. This allows for dead cells to be disposed off naturally. In the case of tumors , dead cells may remain behind and form a growth known as a tumour.

6. 6.Micro-organisms Hepatitis B and hepatitis C virus is usually related to hepatocellular carcinoma and have an increased risk of developing cancer of liver. Another example is the link between human papillomavirus (HPV) and cervical cancer. Most women who develop cervical cancer have been infected with a strain of HPV at some point in their life. The Epstein Barr virus (EBV) is associated with Burkitt’s lymphoma and nasopharangeal carcinoma. Another example is, Helicobactor pylori is linked to stomach cancer.

7. 7.Age This is due to an accumulation of damage to cells over time. Also, body’s defenses and resistance against abnormal cells may become less good as become older. For example, the ability to repair damaged cells and immune systems which may destroy abnormal cell may become less efficient with age.

8. Diagnosys 1.Physical exam: Areas of body for lumps that may indicate a tumor . Physical exam include looking for abnormalities, such as changes in skin colour or enlargement of an organ that may indicate the presence of cancer. 2.Radiographic techniques: x-rays), computed tomography CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), positron emission tomography (PET) scans, mammography, and ultrasonography (US) may be very helpful to detect the tumor type, presence and location of mass lesions which also aid in staging and determination of therapy.

9. 3.Labrotory Analysis For instance, in people with leukemia , a common blood test called complete blood count (CBC) may reveal an unusual number of white blood cells. Tumour markers in serum such as carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), α-fetoprotein (AFP), or human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) can be performed. 4.Tissue Biopsy Methods that sample small pieces of tissue (biopsy) from a particular site, often via endoscopic techniques (such as colonoscopy, upper endoscopy, or bronchoscopy) can often yield a specific diagnosis of malignancy. It is also helpful to determine the stage and grade of the neoplasm

10. Prevention Eating a healthy diet. • Exercising regularly. • Limiting alcohol. • Maintaining a healthy weight. • Minimizing exposure to radiation and toxic chemicals. • Not smoking or chewing tobacco. • Reducing sun exposure, especially if burn easily

11. Radiation therapy: Radiation therapy high-powered energy beams, such as X-rays to kill cancer cells. Stem cell transplant: Stem cell transplant is also known as bone marrow transplant. A stem cell transplant can use own stem cells or stem cells from a donor Hormone therapy Breast cancer and prostate cancer Removing those hormones from the body or blocking their effects may cause the cancer cells to stop growing Letrozole .  Anastrozole Drugs