Pathophysiology of typhoid fever and the works.pptx

The pathophysiology of Typhoid Fever.

1. TYPHOID FEVER (ENTERIC FEVER)

2. Description Cholera is an acute diarrheal disease of affecting people with inadequate access to safe water and basic sanitation. Conflict, unplanned urbanization and climate change all increase the risk of cholera. Researchers have estimated that each year there are 1.3 to 4.0 million cases of cholera, and 21 000 to 143 000 deaths worldwide due to cholera

3. Etiology: The causative agent of Typhoid fever is the bacterium Salmonella typhi . The incubation period is from 5 to 40 days. Period of communicability: It is variable. As long as the patient is excreting microorganism, he/she is capable of infecting others.

4. Sources of Infection Stool and vomitus of an infected person Ingestion of shellfish (oysters) taken from waters contaminated with sewage disposal. A person who has just recovered from the disease or has recently taken care of a patient with typhoid and was infected is considered a potential carrier.

5. TYPHOID MARY Mary Mallon, the first known case of a healthy carrier in the United States, was proven responsible for the contamination of at least one hundred and twenty two people, including five dead

6. Mode of Infection Fecal – oral route The disease is transmitted by 5 F’s Food Finger Fly Fomites Feces

7. Symptoms

8. Complications: Overwhelming Sepsis Lobar Pneumonia Intestinal Bleeding Intestinal Perforation Kidney Failure Peritonitis

9. Diagnosis Diagnosis is made by blood, bone marrow, stool, urine rose spots and duodenal content. The Widal test is commonly used to diagnose Typhoid.

10. Treatment ANTIBIOTICS are the primary treatment for typhoid fever. They help kill the salmonella typhi bacteria and reduce the severity and duration of symptoms. (Ciprofloxacin, Ceftriaxone, and Azithromycin) FLUID REPLACEMENT: Typhoid fever can cause dehydration due to high fever, sweating, diarrhea, and decreased fluid intake. FEVER MANAGEMENT – OTC medications like Acetaminophen (Paracetamol) can help reduce fever and alleviate associated discomfort. ISOLATION AND HYGIENE PRACTICES – to avoid the spread of typhoid fever to individuals diagnosed with the disease.

11. PREVENTION Boil water for drinking. Do water chlorination. Cook food well and always use food cover to prevent flies and other insects from contaminating them. Wash thoroughly all vegetables and fruits especially those that are eaten raw. Avoid eating street vended foods. Wash hands with soap and water after using the toilet and before eating. Keep surroundings clean to prevent breeding of flies.