patterns of text development: narration, description, definition, classification, cause-effect, comparison-contrast, problem-solution, and persuasion

Patterns of text development: narration, description, definition, classification, cause-effect, comparison-contrast, problem-solution, and persuasion

1. READING AND WRITING SKILLS 1-3 weeks 3 RD QUARTER

2. Learning Competency: Compare and contrast patterns of written texts across disciplines: a) Narration b) Description & Definition c) Classification d) Comparison & Contrast e) Cause and Effect f) Problem-Solution g) Persuasion

3. Can you define what a paragraph is?

4. What is paragraph?

5. The word paragraph is associated with two Greek words: para which means “beyond” or “beside” and graphein which means “to write”.

6. A paragraph is a collection of related sentences with one central idea. Each sentence shows connection to other sentences in the paragraph.

7. A paragraph is an independent unit or a related unit. As an independent unit, it is complete in itself. As a related unit, it is a part of a composition that is combined with other paragraphs to make a larger composition.

8. Whether a paragraph is an independent unit or a related unit, it has its beginning, middle and end.

9. DEVELOPING EFFECTIVE PARAGRAPHS

10. A paragraph is made up of the topic sentence which contains the main idea, the supporting details and the conclusion or the clinching sentence at the end.

11. Topic sentence reveals the main or central idea of the paragraph. It does not necessarily have to be placed at the beginning of the paragraph. It may be found in the middle of the first and the last sentence or at the end. If it is found at the end of the paragraph, it may be used as a clinching or concluding sentence.

12. Supporting details give the paragraph life as it elaborates on the scope given by the topic sentence

13. Clinching sentence closes your paragraph . According to Dagdag (2010), this “may be a restatement of the topic sentence, a summary, or a conclusion based on the supporting details.”

14. Can you identify where the topic sentence, supporting sentences and clinching sentence are? Trees give us many things. They shade us on hot days. Their wood helps to build our homes. Their leaves give oxygen to the air to help us breathe. They are beautiful to look at, too. Indeed, trees provide us a lot of things.

15. The topic sentence is: Trees give us many things . (This sentence tells the reader what the paragraph is going to be about).

16. The supporting sentences are: They shade us on hot days. Their wood helps to build our homes. Their leaves give oxygen to the air to help us breathe . They are beautiful to look at, too. (These sentences elaborates on the scope given by the topic sentence)

17. clinching sentence is: Indeed, trees provide us a lot of things. (This sentence serves to close the paragraph as it restates the idea of the topic sentence

18. Try This

19. Group 1-Identify the topic sentence and write it in your paper

20. Group 2-Identify the supporting details and write it in your paper

21. Group 3-Identify the clinching sentence and write it in your paper

22. 1.) Oceans and lakes have much in common, but they are also quite different. Both are bodies of water, but oceans are very large bodies of salt water, while lakes are much smaller bodies of fresh water. Lakes are usually surrounded by land, while oceans are what surround continents. Both have plants and animals living in them. The ocean is home to the largest animals on the planet, whereas lakes support much smaller forms of life. When it is time for a vacation, both will make a great place to visit and enjoy. I want to swim in the lake.

23. 2.) Sunset is the time of day when our sky meets the outer space solar winds. There are blue, pink, and purple swirls, spinning and twisting, like clouds of balloons caught in a blender. Sunset is the opposite of sunrise. The sun moves slowly to hide behind the line of horizon, while the moon races to take its place in prominence atop the night sky. People slow to a crawl, entranced, fully forgetting the deeds that still must be done. There is a coolness, a calmness when the sun does set.

24. 3) Here is the perfect system for cleaning your room. First, move all of the items that do not have a proper place to the center of the room. Get rid of at least five things that you have not used within the last year. Take out all the trash, and place all of the dirty dishes in the kitchen sink. Now find a location for each of the items you had placed in the center of the room. 5s is a Japanese cleaning system. For any remaining items, see if you can squeeze them in under your bed or stuff them into the back of your closet. See, that was easy!

25. Part 2 Make a paragraph about any daily routine. Make sure that you involved the parts of making a paragraph.

26. Narration NARRATIVE PARAGRAPH

27. Narration, from the root word narrates, originated from the Latin word narrare — which means related or told.

28. It gives a written account of an event or story, or simply, storytelling. The sequence of events is told in chronological order.

29. It usually contains the following: the who, what and when.

30. A narrative must have a “ vivid description of details , a consistent point of view and verb tense, and a well-defined point or significance.” (Tiongson, 2016).

31. At the end of writing it, it must send a clear message to its readers through the story.

32. A narrative paragraph simply tells what happened and establishes facts. It is sharing of personal experiences that offer lessons and insights. It is more than just a chronological sequence of events that happen to the different characters. It also contains elements of drama and tension.

33. Narration is the most common type of paragraph development. It has the following elements: Setting. It is the time and location in which a story takes place. 2. Characters. The life-giving element of the story.

34. Plot . It is the logical series of events in the story. The five essential parts of the plot are: a. Exposition . It is the part of the story where the characters and the setting are revealed. b. Rising Action . It is where the events in the story become complicated and the conflict in the story is exposed. c. Climax . This is the highest point of interest and the turning point of the story. d. Falling Action . The events and complications begin to resolve themselves. e . Denouement . The final resolution of the plot in the story.

35. Theme. It is the central message that the author is trying to express. 5 . Point of View . It is the perspective of the writer in narrating the story. a. First person point of view. The story is told by the protagonist or one of the characters using pronouns I, me, we. b. Second person point of view . The author tells the story in second point of view using the pronouns you, yours, and your. c. Third person point of view . The narrator is not part of the story but describes the events that happen. The writer uses the pronouns he, she, him, and her.

36. Directions: Narrate your single experience that you never forget. Be sure that you include the elements in telling a story. (setting, character, plot, theme, and POV)

37. Description or Descriptive Paragraph

38.  Description gives information of what a person, an object, a place or a situation is like.

39.  It appeals to the reader’s senses.

40. A descriptive paragraph has concrete and specific details, which are carefully chosen by a writer to paint a picture in the mind of the reader.

41. Descriptive writing emphasizes a reader’s ability to paint vivid pictures using words on a reader’s mind . This relies on the writer’s ability to appeal to his/her five senses: sight, smell, touch, taste, and hearing .

42. To rouse readers' feelings , emotions and reactions is what descriptive paragraphs aim for. Simple adjectives will not cut it for readers desiring an appropriate description of an event, thing, place, or person.

43. According to Dagdag (2010), there are two types of description: objective and subjective .

44. Objective description is a factual description of the topic at hand. This relies on its information on physical aspects and appeals to those who crave facts.

45. Meanwhile, subjective description allows the writer to explore ways to describe an emotion , an event, a thing, a place, or a person, appealing to emotions. Often, this is an artistic way of describing things, mostly from the eye and perspective of the writer

46. The kitchen table is rectangular, seventy-two inches long and thirty inches wide. Made of a two-inch-thick piece of oak. Its top is covered with a waxy oil cloth patterned in dark red and blue squares against a white background. In the right corner, close to the wall, a square blue ceramic tile serves as the protective base for a brown earthenware teapot.

47. A single white placemat has been set to the left of the tile, with a knife and fork on either side of a white dinner plate, around nine inches in diameter. On the plate are two thick pieces of meat.

48. The descriptive paragraph on the previous page is an example of an objective description. It is primarily factual, omitting any attention to the writer, especially with regards to the writer’s feelings. Imagine that a robotic camera is observing the subject; such a camera has absolutely no attachment or reaction to what is being observed. That is objective description.

49. Our lives at home converged around the pleasantly-shaped kitchen table. It was the magnet that drew our family together quite warmly. Cut from the sturdiest oak, the table was tough, smooth, and long enough for my mother, my sisters, and me to work or play on at the same time. Our favorite light blue ceramic tile, stationed in the right corner, was the table’s sole defense against the ravages of everything from a steaming teapot to the latest red-hot gadget from the magazine.

50. More often than not, however, the heat would spread quickly beyond the small tile and onto the checkered oilcloth, which just as quickly exuded a rank and sour odor. Yet no matter how intensely the four of us competed for elbow room at the table, none dared venture near the lone dinner place arranged securely to the left of the tile. There was no telling when Father would get home from work, but, when he did, he expected the food to be ready— steaming hot. He liked to eat right away—steak mostly—two bloody but thick pieces.

51. The descriptive paragraph above is an example of subjective description. Subjective description includes attention to both the subject described and the writer’s reactions to that subject.

52. WRITTEN WORK 2.1

53. Directions: Make a flash story about your embarrassing moment. Identify the elements that involve your story.

54. PERFORMANCE TASK-1

55. A. Imagine yourself that you are in the big old haunted house of your grandparents. At night, when you wanted to turn on the lights you cannot find the switch on the lamp. Your cellphone is low battery. Write a short paragraph describing your sensations.

56. imagine yourself in the forest. You continue walking and you get lost along the way and you don’t know where to go. You get tired, so you sit under a tree. Suddenly, a lady appears in front of you! How would you describe the lady so that others could imagine her?

57. Definition Paragraph

58. What is Definition? Anyone can define, what is family.

59. Definition explains a concept, term, or subject. Its main purpose is to tell what something is

60. It consists of three parts: (1) the term , concept or subject to be defined; (2) the general class to which it belongs; and (3) the characteristics that differentiate it from the other members of its class.

61. A definition explains what a term means. When you want your readers to know exactly how you are using a certain term or an unfamiliar concept, you use definition.

62. In developing a paragraph by definition, you should take account of these things: a) the term to be defined b) the class to which the term belongs c) the characteristics that distinguish the term from the other members of its class.

63. An owl is a bird with a large head, strong talons, and a nocturnal habit.

64. Owl – is the term to define Bird – is the class where the owl belongs with a large head, strong talons, and has a nocturnal habit – are the characteristics that distinguish the owl from the other birds

65. Water (term) is a liquid (class) made up of molecules of hydrogen and oxygen in the ratio of 2 to 1 (differentiating characteristics).

66. Astronomy (term) is a branch of scientific study (class) primarily concerned with celestial objects inside and outside the earth’s atmosphere (differentiating characteristics).

67. The following are the different types of definitions: Formal Definition Informal Definition Definition Paragraph

68. 1. Formal Definition. The definitions provided in dictionaries

69. Informal Definitions. The four common informal definitions are operational, synonyms, denotations, and connotations

70. a. Operational Definitions give the meaning of an abstract word for one particular time and place. b. Synonyms or words that mean the same as another word. c. Denotation is the exact meaning of the word d. Connotation is an idea or meaning suggested by or associated with a word or thing.

71. 3. Definition Paragraph It is a definition sentence that is extended into a paragraph by adding meanings, descriptions, narrations, and other kinds of paragraph development to make clear the term being defined.

72. definition paragraph: A racist is not someone who accepts another person for who they are but rather judges them based on their appearance or their skin color. The vast diversity of society makes it nearly impossible to eliminate all racial tension. A racist usually has no other reason to hate somebody except for the fact that the other person may look different or have a different skin color than them. In the long run, racists are only hurting themselves because they are limiting their knowledge of different cultures and people and they are not broadening their horizons. Racists are extremely close-minded individuals and they strictly adhere to their own set of morals without any regard for other people’s belief systems. (Mike Sullivan, 2005).

73. Written Work-3 Directions: Make a definition paragraph about love.

74. CLASSIFICATION PARAGRAPH

75. Classification paragraphs group items into categories, to establish a clear distinction.

76. If the topic encompasses a large body of information, one effective way of elaborating it is through classifying things of distinct features into groups/classes.

77. Classification groups items into categories to establish a clear distinction between related or similar ideas. Similar items are grouped into categories for the readers to better understand and analyze the material at hand

78. In a classification paragraph you tell readers how a collection of items can be sorted into categories. It is an activity of sorting items (people, things , ideas ) into categories.

79. 1. Terms that signal classification: aspects areas Kinds levels qualities systems traits types

80. 2. Transitional Expressions can be divided can be categorized can be classified the first type

81. Types of Friends Friends can be classified according to their honesty, loyalty, the type that fits you into their schedule, or the type that finds time for you when they need something. An honest friend tells you the truth even if it’s not always what you want to hear. In the long run, that honest friend may have saved you from embarrassment or possibly rejection.

82. They give you constructive criticisms overall. The loyal friend is the type of friend that will be there for you through the thick and thin. They don’t care how good or bad you may look one day; they are sensitive to your feelings, they respect you and the other people in your life, and most of all they will never let you down when times are hard. They may be what you call a best friend. The third group, the person that fits you into their schedule, is the type of person that is always on the go.

83. They barely have time for themselves let alone another person. More than likely they will not be there for you when you need them the most, because they are so wrapped up in their busy, hectic life. Then you have the self-absorbent type of friend that finds time for you only when they need something. This type of person isn’t what you would call a friend.

84. This person may always be extremely nice to you because they know that if they are nice to you then they will more than likely get what they want. They will call you every once in a while when it is almost time for them to use that person again. It may be for a ride to work, home or they just want somebody to hangout with because they have no other friends. If the person that is being used is smart they will eventually realize that they are getting used and will stop being there for that person. (Amy Neil, 2005)

85. Comprehension Questions 1. What are the types of friends? 2. What is the basis used by the author to classify friends? 3. How does the author develop the classification essay?

86. Compare and Contrast Paragraph

87. A comparison tells how two things are similar . A contrast tells how they are different .

88. A paragraph developed by comparison and contrast has a unifying idea or purpose of attempting to weigh decisions between two ideas or subjects.

89. A comparison and contrast paragraph must be balanced in such a way that there is an equal amount of information for each subject to avoid bias.

90. There are two ways in writing a comparison and contrast paragraph.

91. 1. Subject – by – Subject Method. You present all of the facts and supporting details about one topic , and then you give all the facts and supporting details about the other topic.

92. 2. Point – by – Point Arrangement. You discuss each point for both subjects before giving on the next point.

93. example of a comparison and contrast paragraph: Basketball and soccer are sports with many similarities and differences. Both sports are fun to play and each one has many beneficial qualities. They both provide a lot of cardio-vascular exercises such as running; so if you want to be fit these are the sports to play

94. Even though basketball and soccer are quite similar, differences do exist between them. Though an athlete dribbles the ball in both sports, a basketball player uses his hands and a soccer player uses his feet. Basketball is played with 5 players and soccer has 11 players.

95. Similarities:___________________________________________________ Differences:___________________________________________________

96. Similarities:___________________________________________________ Differences:___________________________________________________

97. Cause-Effect Paragraph

98. A cause is what makes a particular thing happen . An effect is what results from a particular situation, activity, or behavior

99. Cause and Effect paragraphs are written for the following purposes: to discuss why a certain phenomenon occurs to discuss the results of a phenomenon, event, feeling or action to understand a situation to solve a problem to predict an outcome to entertain to persuade

100. Some of the signal words used in this type of paragraph are the following: For Because Since Due to So But For this reason As a result Consequently Otherwise Therefore Thus

101. The Influence of Video Games to Children Video games have been a part of children’s life for the past few decades. It all started when Atari came up with its first gaming consul, which included a very simple game of tennis.

102. The controller had just 1 stick and 1 button to play with. Now, we have many different types of consuls available in the market with very complex games that require controllers with two or more sticks and a variety of buttons

103. Video games are almost second nature to the modern children and they are more comfortable playing them. Playing video games can have many different effects (both positive as well as negative) on children.

104. Some of this effects include increasing hand-eye coordination and increasing dexterity mental skills; a decreased interest in other interests such as studies and sports; and a very negative effect of inducing violence.

105. One of the most positive effects of video games is increasing the dexterity of a child and improving his or her hand-eye coordination. As mentioned earlier, the new video games that are coming out are extremely complex and they involve the movement of many different kinds of sticks and buttons on the controllers.

106. These can be very good for children as they learn to make the fast connections between what they see and what their hands and fingers are doing. This allows them to think quickly and improves their reflexes. The newest games are very precision-based and it takes very minute and accurate movements for the children to control the characters. This helps in making the children much more a depth at handling and operating real-life machinery and objectives.

107. Another effect that playing video games have on children is that they tend to get addicted to playing this games and give them foremost priority. This takes the children away from their other responsibilities, such as doing house chores, homework, and other physical activities.

108. Children also end at spending more time playing video games in front of television screens than playing real and actual sports that involve physical exercise. This in turn can have many health related problems for children, as they can get obese if they don’t exercise ad stay home playing video games.

109. This is perhaps the worst negative effect that video games can have on children. Parents and educators all over the world are concerned about this phenomenon and they are urging the children to not spend so much time playing video games. Many new video game consuls, such as the new Nintendo WII have come out with games that require users to actually get up and move.

110. Many researchers have talked about the effects of viewing violence in the media and how it affects children. Video games take this to another level, where the children are actually participating in being violent in the video games. There are many games out there that allow children to play arm bearing characters who can kill anyone that they want, steal cars, and commit many different kinds of crime.

111. These games can have negative implications on the children as they get immune to the idea of committing crime and end up believing that it is alright. Research still on going on this negative effect and it has not entirely been proven or disproven as of yet.

112. We find that plain video games can have various effects on children, both positive as well as negative. Even though children can benefit by increasing their dexterity and improving their reflexes, the cost of them losing out on their physical exercise and homework, as well as their becoming prone to violent acts, are way too much.

113. It is important that the parents and educators take up this problem seriously and enable certain rules and regulations that allow children to divide their time responsively between playing video games and completing their studies and other responsibilities.

114. Comprehension Questions 1. Why are video games popular with children? 2. What are the positive effects of playing video games? 3. What are the negative effects of playing video games?

115. Problem – Solution Paragraph

116. In composition writing, problem-solution is a method for analyzing and writing about a topic by identifying a problem and proposing one or more solutions.

117. Problem-solution paragraphs as the term implies, presents and identifies a problem and proposes possible solution/s.

118. In composing this type of essay, you must present an argument or stand and support it with reliable evidence in order to persuade the readers to make a particular move or action (Kemper et.al, 2016).

119. According to Soles (2010), topics for problem-solution essays “ are typically framed in the form of questions.” Problem-solution essay can provide answers to 5W and 1H (who, what, when, where, why, and how) questions.

120. Soles (2010) added that this type of essay has essentially two parts: “a full explanation of the nature of the problem, followed by an analysis of solutions and their likelihood of success.”

121. Structure of paragraphs in a problem-solution essay:

122. Nordquist (1995) suggested the following structure of a problem-solution paper that may serve as a guide on what to include in this type of essay: 1. Introduction. At the forefront of the essay, the introduction must serve to capture the reader’s attention. This may contain the thesis statement wherein the problem or topic at hand is presented.

123. This is where the problem is defined, and the reason why it is significant to a specific group of people (or the target audience).

124. 2. Problem Paragraph . This paragraph/s will dwell on the elaboration of the problem , effectively conveying the importance of a solution. You may present reliable sources and evidence to support your stand.

125. 3. Solution Paragraph. Present and describe a concrete solution to the problem. Explain how this solution is better than other probable solutions.

126. 4. Conclusion . Conclude the essay with connection between the problem and its proposed solution.

127. Deforestation is a serious problem because it destroys forests—and forests and trees are not just pretty to look at, they do an important job making the earth´s environment suitable for life.

128. They clean the air, store water, preserve oil, and provide homes for animals. They also supply food, fuel, wood products, and paper products for humans. In the past fifty years, more than half of the world´s rainforests have been destroyed.

129. Today, all around the world, deforestation continues, the world´s climate may change, floods may become more common, and animals will die. One solution to the problem of deforestation is to use less paper.

130. If you use less paper, fewer trees will be cut for paper making. How can you use less paper? One answer is to reduce your paper use by using both sides of the paper when you photocopy, write a letter, or write an essay

131. A second answer is to reuse old paper when you can, rather than using a new sheet of paper. The backs of old envelopes are perfect for a shopping list or phone messages, and when you write a rough draft of an essay, write it on the back of something else

132. A final answer is to recycle used paper products instead of throwing them away. Most schools, offices, and districts have some kind of recycling center. If you follow "the three Rs"- reduce, reuse, and recycle-you can help save the world´s forest.

133. Persuasion Paragraph

134. A persuasive paragraph tries to convince the reader that a particular point of view is worthy of consideration . It wants you to consider both sides of an issue, but it reveals a bias in favor of one side over another

135. A persuasive paragraph intends to convince readers to do or believe in something .

136. Knowing how to write a persuasive paragraph allows you to express your personal conviction or opinion about an issue or topic and make the readers agree with or adopt your conviction or opinion.

137. Much like problem-solution essays, persuasion essays seek to urge readers to take a particular action ( Forlini , et.al, 1990).

138. The main goal of persuasive essays is to convince the reader to agree to the writer’s opinion or at the very least, take it into serious consideration.

139. According to Forlini (1990), “the purpose of persuasive writing is to obtain the reader’s agreement on a matter of opinion .”

140. The statements given in persuasive essays are heavy on opinion while based on facts.

141. The opinions of the writer must be (a) controversial enough or something that would inspire conversation and debate, (b) significant and interesting , and (c) supported by evidence . ( Forlini , 1990).

142. It is also vital that in order to prove your stand, you must thoroughly research about the issue you are about to discuss. Make a list of your strongest arguments composed of facts and data. Introduce a new reason or fact with every paragraph.

143. transitional expressions used in persuasive paragraphs are the following

144. Written Work-5 Write a paragraph with the topic “I Changed My _________”. (e.g. lifestyle, attitude, priorities, eating habits, mind, etc.). Devote your attention to the cause of your change and its effects..

145. Criteria Content Points Score CONTENT Complete and thoughtful explanation of ideas 10 Strong organization and structure 10 Vivid supporting details included 10 MECHANICS Written in complete sentence 5 Correct and appropriate grammar, punctuation, spelling, et 5