Pea

breeding of pea

1. WEL COME

2. INTRODUCTION Pea ( Pisum sativum L.) is a commonly grown leguminous vegetable in the world. It can be grown also in mild climate of the tropics. In india pea is a extensively cultivated in Uttar Pradesh , Bihar and Madhya Pradesh. The important producers of pea in the world are USA , China , France , U.K., Holland , Russia , Egypt and Australia. Pea is used as a fresh or processed vegetable. Pea is a also used for dehydration(sun dried) canning and freezing. Scientific name: Pisum sativum L Common names: Matar ( Hindi, Nepali) Pea; split pea, garden pea, seed pea, shelling pea, combining pea, field pea, dry pea, vining pea ( English) vatana (Gujarati) Family name: Fabaceae

3. ORIGIN AND DISTRIBUTION The origin and progenitors of Pisum sativum are not well known . The Mediterranean region, western and central Asia and Ethiopia have been indicated as centers of origin. Recently the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO ) designated Ethiopia and western Asia as centers of diversity, with secondary centers in southern Asia and the Mediterranean region. Archaeological evidence of the use of peas dating from 8000 BC has been found in the Fertile Crescent. The first cultivation of peas appears to have been in western Asia, from where it spread to Europe, China and India. In classical times, Greek and Roman authors mentioned its cultivation as a pulse and fodder crop .

4. TEXONOMY Kingdom - Plantae Subkingdom - Tracheobionta Superdivision -   Spermatophyta Division - Magnoliophyta Class – Magnoliopsida Subclass - Rosidae Order – Fabales Family - Fabaceaea Genus - Pisum   L. species - Pisum   sativum   L.

5. Cytology All Pisium species have 2n = 14 chromosomes. The karyotype studies showed that chromosomes 1 and 2 are the largest and submetacentric and the latter has a large satellite. The chromosomes 3 and 4 are submetacenric and chromosome 3 has a small satellite. The chromosomes 5 and 7 are almost metacentric while chromosome 6 has a small satellite. Both physical and chemical mutagens were used to induce several chromosomal aberrations , mostly reciprocal translocations. Induced tetraploids were developed by colchicine treatment of seed and seedlings. The induced autotetraploids had low fertility but with increased seed protein content (11.1-21.7 per cent). However autotetraploids were not useful for cultivation.

6. DESCRIPTION OF THE PLANT P. sativum is an annual plant, with a life cycle of one year. It is a cool-season crop grown in many parts of the world; planting can take place from winter to early summer, depending on location. The pea is a green, pod-shaped vegetable, widely grown as a cool-season vegetable crop. There are generally three types of peas that are commonly eaten : garden or green peas ( Pisum sativum L. ), snow peas ( Pisum sativum var . macrocarpon ) and snap peas ( Pisum sativum var . macrocarpon ser. cv. ) Garden peas have rounded pods that are usually slightly curved in shape with a smooth texture and vibrant green colour . Inside of them are green, rounded pea seeds that are sweet and starchy in taste. Snow peas are flatter than garden peas and are not fully opaque. Snap peas, a cross between the garden and snow pea, have plump pods with a crisp, snappy texture. The pods of both snow peas and snap peas are edible, and both feature a slightly sweeter and cooler taste than the garden pea.

7. Botany Pea is an annual herbaceous plant or leguminous crop. Roots Plants have a taproot system with nodules on the surface. Stem Stems are hollow, slender, succulent and ridged . Leaves It bears pinnately compound leaves with three pairs of leaflets and the termi nal one is modified into a branched tendril. At the base of the petiole, a large pair of stipules or bracts is found, and they cover the petioles in such a way that the leaves appear to be sessile.

8. Flower Flowering usually begins 40 to 50 days after planting. Flowering is normally two to four weeks, depending on the flowering habit and weather during flowering. The flowers are arranged in the form of an axillary raceme. The flowers may be reddish , purple or white. They are self-pollinated and develop into 5 cm to 9 cm long , inflated or cylindrical pods containing five to 11 seeds inside them .

9. Calyx:  Calyx is the lowermost green tubular part of the flower. It consists of five slightly unequal lobes called sepals. It protects the other whorls in the bud stage from possible external injuries. Corolla:  It consist of five petals of different shapes and sizes. The outermost petal is the largest and spreading and is known as standard or vexillum which covers the other petals in the bud stage. The next two lateral petals look like wings. Hence they are called wings or alae . The two innermost ones unit loosely along their ventral margins to form a boat-like structure and are known as keel or carina. The attractive color and sweet scent of the corolla attract insects for pollination .

10. Androecium:  The third whorl of pea flower is called androecium or male whorl. It consists of ten stamens, of which nine are arranged in a bundle and one is free . A stamen has two parts – filament and anther. The filament is a long stalk which is capped by a sac-like structure called anther. The anther carries pollen grains within it. Gynoecium:  The fourth whorl is gynoecium or female whorl, which is located at the center of the flower. It consists of three parts viz. ovary, style and stigma. The flattened, broad basal portion is known as ovary which continues into a short stalk known as style. The style ends into a sticky, feathery body called stigma. The ovary is transformed into a fruit.

11. Seeds Seeds are globose or angled, smooth or wrinkled, whitish, grey, green, or brownish ; 100 seeds can weigh from 10 to 36 g.

12. Nutritive value It is a rich source of protein(25 %), amino acids, sugars (12%), carbohydrate, vitamins A and C, calcium and phosphorus, apart from having a small quantity of iron. Peas being very rich in proteins are valuable for vegetable purposes.

13. Inheritance of qualitative characters Plant height Branching Gene Character cry Influences internode length and plant height along with la and le la Internode length and plant height along with cry and le le Internode length and plant height along with cry and la Gene Character fr With fru determines number of basal branches fru With fr determines number of basal branches ram Increases number of branches

14. Leaves and stipules Wax(Bloom) Gene Character af Leaflets converted into tendrils lat Double leaflet and stipule area tac Tendrils present on acacia leaves tl Leaves with extra leaflets and no tendrils Gene Character wa Without wax on pods , upper and lower stipule surface and underside of leaflets wb Pods without wax ,little wax on rest of plant wel Wax absent from all parts of th e plant

15. Colour Inflorescence , Number of flowers Gene Character a Absence of anthocyanin : dominant allele for anthocyanin production in plant,flower and seed Ch -l Plant light yellowish green d Green leaf axil : D dependent on A for manifestation of colour pa Dark green immature seed and foliage vm Effect to similar to pa Gene Characters fn With fna determines number of flower on the inflorescence :greatly influenced by environment fna With fn determines number of flowers on the inflorescence,greatly influenced by environment

16. Pods Gene Character it Increases pod with 25 per cent Bt Apex of pod blunt Com Affects curvature of pods n Pod Wall thick Dpo Pods tough and leathery : readily dehisce at maturity P Reduces or eliminates sclerenchymatous membrane on inner pod walls V Same as p gp Young pod yellow pu With A Pur pod colour purple pur With A Pu pod colour purple

17. Inheritance of disease resistance Inheritance Disease resistance Single dominant gene, En Resistance to enation mosaic virus Single dominant gene , Fnw Resistance to Fusarium oxyspourm f. pisi race 2, Near wilt Single dominant gene , Fw Resistance to Fusarium oxyspourm f. pisi race 1 , Fusarium wilt Single recessive gene , sbm Resistance to seed born mosaic virus Single recessive gene , er Resistance to powdery mildew ( Erysiphe polygoni ) Single recessive gene , er -2 Resistance to powdery mildew ( Erysiphe polygon i ) Monogenic ,dominant Brown root of peas , Fusarium solani f . sp . Pisi , resistance dominant Monogenic , dominant Rust , Uromyces fabae , Resistance dominant Monogenic , dominant Downy mildew , Peronospera pisi , resistance dominant Duplicate factor ; single dominaqnt gene Resistance to Ascochyta blight,( Ascochyta pisi )

18. inheritance Disease resistance Single dominant gene or linked polyge nes with le or pi Pea root rot, Aphanomyces euteiches Complex system Bacterial brown spot of pea ( Pseudomonas syringe pv . pisi ) Single dominant gene Bacterial blight Pseudomonas syringe pv . Pisi (race 1) Single recessive gene ( mo ) Bean yellow mosaic virus Monogenic recessive top yellow virus Single recessive gene Pea leaf roll virus single recessive gene Pea streak virus Single recessive gene Pea mosaic virus Single recessive gene Bean virus 2

19. Inheritance of quantitative characters Genetics of polygenically controlled quantitative traits in pea Character Inheritance / Gene action Plant height High heritability ; over dominance , partial dominance ;high genetic advance Days of flowering Non-additive gene action ;partial dominance; over dominance Earliness Dominant genes ;high heritability Late flowering Recessive genes ,high heritability First node bearing flowers Dominant gene action ;partial dominance Number of pods per plant High heritability ; epistatic gene action positive ;high genetic advance

20. Character Inheritance / Gene action Pod length High heritability Seeds per pod and test weight High heritability ;additive gene action and high genetic advance for 100 seed weight Seeds per plant Epistatic gene action positive; additive ,dominance and over dominance Pod yield Low heritability Cold resistance Intermediate dominance ,polygenic ,many recessive genes

21. Germplasm Resources Perhaps on of the best world collection of pea germplasm is being maintained in the Nordic Gene Bank at Sweden. It is a large germplasm collected by the famous pea breeder, S. Blixt . Exhaustive germplasm collection are also being maintained at the national bureau of NBPGR ,New Delhi and the project Directorate of Vegetable Research , varansi . Pea germplasm is also maintained at ICRISAT, Heydrabad , and pulse Research station , Kanpur. Thre are several local cultivar of pea grown in the country , such as, Boniya , Local yellow batri , Hara boniya , Asauji , Hoshiyarpuri , K ap , Kanawari , Khaparkheda and few others.

22. Breeding Objective Early maturity Pod characteristics Seed size Shelling percentage Pod yields Suitability for processing Resistance to disease Resistance to insect Resistance to abiotic stress

23. Breeding Method The breeding procedure adopted for pea improvement include individual plant selection , single seed descent method of selection ,pedigree selection , bulk method of selection ,recurrent selection ,hybridization , backcrossing, line breeding , and recurrent selection , method have been adopted in breeding for disease resistance. Improvement of pea by breeding has been undertaken at PAU( Ludhiyana ), HAU( Hisar ), GBPUAT( Pantnagar ), JNKV(Jabalpur), CSAU(Kanpur), DR.YSPUHF( Solan ), IARI(Delhi), PDVR( Varansi ), NDUAT( Faizabad ) and VL( Almora ). The improvement of garden pea in India started much later than field pea, around the year 1940. Initially several exotic cultivars were introduced in the country mainly from the U.S.A. and U.K.

24. Among the early maturing exotic varieties were Alaska(smooth-seeded), Early Superb (smooth-seeded), Meteor (smooth-seeded), Arkel (Wrinkled -seeded ), Early badger (Wrinkled -seeded), Little Marvel (Wrinkled -seeded), and kelvidon Wonder (Wrinkled -seeded), The main season ,medium maturing wrinkled seeded veraities brought from from abroad were Bonnevile , lincoln , Delwiche Commando, Perfection New line ,Thomas Laxton and alderman. An eddible podded tall growing variety, sylvia was also an important introduction. Most of the veraities were introduced from the USA,except few like arkel , Early superb, and Little Marvel. Even today a few few verieties , like arkel , Bonneville and Lincoln are being grown by the farmers while most of the other exotic cultivars have almost disappeared. Now several improved pea varities developed indigenously have become popular with growers.

25. The local varieties are smooth seeded field pea types. The main emphasis is pea improvement has been on early maturity, yield, quality, and resistance to disease and pest. Intensive work has been undertaken breeding for resistance to disease (powdery mildew, Fusarium wilt and rust )and insect pest ( Bruchus and leaf miner) at JNKVV,Jabalpur . Breeding for resistance to leafminer was also taken up at HAU,Hisar . The importance garden pea varieties are high yielding, early maturing or mid season cultivar with attractive long pods, wrinkled seed, good 100 seed weight, high shelling percentage. There are three types of pea varieties on maturity, namely early, mid season and late. The variety arkel which early maturing has wrinkled seeds. most of the pea cultivars have been developed by hybridization between an indian variety and exotic variety.

26. Breeding for resistance to disease and insect pest Early group Cultivar Parentage Maturity ( No. of days) Yield ( tonnes /ha) Source Arkel Introduction from England 55-60 10(40 % ) IARI, New Delhi Pusa Pragati - 60-65 7 IARI, New Delhi Jawahar Matar3 T 19 * Early badger 50 5 JNKVV,Jabalpur JM4 T 19 * Little Marvel 55-60 8 JNKVV,Jabalpur Pant Matar2 Early Badger * IP3 55-60 6 GBPUAT,Pantnagar Hisart harit - 60 10 HAU,Hisar Ageta 6 _ 50 6 PAU, Ludhiyana

27. Mid season and late group Cultivar Parentage Maturity No,of days Yield Tonnes /ha source Bonneville Introduction from USA 85 12(45%) IARI,New Delhi Lincoln Introduction from USA 85-90 9-10(45%) IARI,New Delhi Jawahar Matar 1 T 19 * Greater progress 85-90 12 JNKVV,Jabalpur Jawahar Matar 2 Russian 2 * Greater Progress 85-90 10 JNKVV,Jabalpur Pant uphar (IP3) - 85-90 10 GBPUAT, Pantnagar Punjab 88(P 88) Pusa 2* Morasis 55 100 22.5 PAU,Ludhiyana VL3 Old Sugar * Early Wrinkled Dwarf 2-2- 85-90 9 VL, Almora Mithi Phali - 90 11-12 PAU,Ludhiyana JP 19 - 90 10-11 JNKVV, JAbalpur

28. Breeding for resistance to insect pests Disease Diserase Resistance variety Source Powedery mildew ( Erysiphe polygoni ) Jawahar Pea 83 JP4(JM 6), PRS4, FC 1 JNKVV,Jbalpur Fusarium wilt ( Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. Pisi ) Kalanagini JP179 Pusha Vipasha Local cultivar JNKVV,jabalpur IARI,New Delhi Rust ( Uromyces fabae ) JP.Batri Brown 3 Jp.Batri brown 4 JNKVV,Jabalpur Aschochayta blight ( Aschochayta pisi ) Kinnauri Local cultivar Bean yellow mosaic virus Bonneville IARI, New Delhi

29. Insect pests Multiple disease and pest resistance Disease/insect pest Resistance variety Sorce Leafminer ( Phaytomyza articormis ) LMR-4,LMR-10,LMR-20 HAU,Hisar Bruchus ( collosobruchus chinensis ) JP 9 , JP 179, JP JP Batri Brown 3,JP Batri Brown 4 JNKVV, Jabalpur Disease/insect pest variety Source Highly resistance to powdery mildew ,tolerant rust , resistance to Fusarium w ilt,Bruchus,leafminer JP 179 JNKVV,Jabalpur Resistance to powdery mildew , bruches JP 9 JNKVV,Jabalpur Resisstance to powdery mildew,wilt,bruches JP 501 JNKVV,Jabalpur Resistance to rust and powdery mildew Arka kartik , arka sampoorna IIHR,Banglore

30. Mutation The work on mutation breeding was taken up at jabalpur . The chemical mutagens, like EMS,NEU,EI,NMU and some others were used in many countries. Tow useful recessive genes resulting from induced mutation research abroad, st and af were utilized to produse the ‘leafless’ pea genotype, af , af st st at Jabalpur. The induced mutation developed are the early flowering 46 C and JP 829 (Flowering from 4 th to 6 th node), fasciated mutants,R701,R710,JP 625,JP 67,251 A, 997,999 and others. Acacia mutants –Acacia long,Acacia Batri,Acacia Purple and few others types of mutants, The work is in progress to combine mutant characters with other desired attributes including multiple disease and pest resistance and quality characters.

31. Breeding for abiotic stress Breeding peas for cold resistance or cold hardiness by recurrent selection and resistance to waterlogging has been undertaken abroad. The ‘leafless’ pea is tolerant to waterlogging . Breeding for high protein and sugar content the wrinkled seeded content 26 -33 per cent protein content and in smooth seed it is 23-31 per cent. The inheritance of protein content is polygenically controlled and mainly by recessive factor for high protein content. The varieties GS 195 and the local cultivar, kinnauri have high soluble protein content due to the presence of a very high number of dominant alleles.

32. Breeding for processing qualities Dehydration ,canning and freezing are the most common processing method of peas. Large sized wrinkled and dark green peas like arkel are suitable for dehydration, For canning , both round and wrinkled seeded varieties like T19 and Bonneville can be used and for freezing wrinkled seeds. Biotechnology There are several reports on micropropogation of peas by tissue culture using apical meristems of seedlings ,immature and mature leaves , axillary buds primary scales and cotyledons. Plants could be regenerated by protoplasm through somatic embriyogenesis . For genetic transformation Agrobectarium tumefenciens and microprojectile had been used.

33. Production of transgenic plants in peas has also been reported. Recently detailed genetic maps have been assembled in eight genera of the fabaceae , including Phaseolus , Pisum,Vicia and Vigna . There is a common gene order across at least 40 per cent of the lentil and pea genomes and conservation with many chromosomal region in Vicia . Studies are in progression comparative genomics and legumes. Detailed genetic map has been developed for pea. Genes have been interest have been located and closely linked markers have been identified. Marker assisted selection procedure using RFLP, RAPD and isozymes have been established for pea enation mosaic virus, pea seed borne mosaic virus, and powdery mildew resistance.

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