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1. Pelvis

2. Introduction to the Pelvis Overview: The pelvis is a bony structure located in the lower part of the trunk. Functions: Supports body weight, connects the spine to the lower limbs, protects pelvic organs, and serves as an attachment for muscles.

3. Pelvic Bones Hip Bones (Os Coxae): Ilium:Largest part of the hip bone. Ischium: Forms the lower part of the pelvis. Pubis: Anterior portion where both sides join at the pubic symphysis. Sacrum: Connects the spine to the pelvis. Coccyx: The tailbone, at the base of the sacrum.

4. Joints of the Pelvis

5. Muscles of the Pelvic Floor Levator Ani Group: Puborectalis: Origin: Pubic symphysis. Insertion: Encircles the rectum Pubococcygeus: Origin: Pubis. Insertion: Coccyx and sacrum. Iliococcygeus: Origin: Ischial spine. Insertion: Coccyx and anococcygeal body. Coccygeus: Origin: Ischial spine. Insertion: Coccyx and lower sacrum.

6. Hip Muscles Iliopsoas: Psoas Major: Origin: Lumbar vertebrae (T12-L5). Insertion: Lesser trochanter of the femur. Iliacus: Origin: Iliac fossa. Insertion: Lesser trochanter of the femur. Gluteus Maximus: Origin: Ilium, sacrum, and coccyx. Insertion: Iliotibial tract and gluteal tuberosity of the femur. Gluteus Medius: Origin: Outer surface of the ilium. Insertion: Greater trochanter of the femur. Gluteus Minimus: Origin: Outer surface of the ilium below the gluteus medius. Insertion: Greater trochanter of the femur.

7. Lateral Hip Rotators Piriformis: Origin: Anterior surface of the sacrum. Insertion: Greater trochanter of the femur. Obturator Internus: Origin: Obturator membrane and surrounding bone. Insertion: Greater trochanter of the femur. Gemellus Superior and Inferior: Origin (Superior): Ischial spine. Origin (Inferior): Ischial tuberosity. Insertion: Greater trochanter of the femur. Quadratus Femoris: Origin: Ischial tuberosity. Insertion: Intertrochanteric crest of the femur.

8. Adductor Muscles Adductor Longus: Origin: Pubis. Insertion: Linea aspera of the femur. Adductor Brevis: Origin: Pubis. Insertion: Linea aspera of the femur. Adductor Magnus: Origin: Pubis and ischial tuberosity. Insertion: Linea aspera and adductor tubercle of the femur. Gracilis: Origin: Pubis. Insertion: Medial surface of the tibia.

9. Pelvic Organs Bladder: Located in both males and females. In Females: Uterus, ovaries, vagina. In Males: Prostate, seminal vesicles. Rectum: Present in both, stores feces before defecation.

10. Nerves and Blood Vessels Nerve Sacral Plexus (L4-S4): Main nerve source, includes the sciatic nerve (to lower limbs) and pudendal nerve (to pelvic floor and genitalia). Autonomic Nerves: Sympathetic: Hypogastric Plexus. Parasympathetic: Pelvic Splanchnic Nerves (S2-S4), control bladder and rectal function. Blood Supply Internal Iliac Artery: Main artery of the pelvis, supplies organs like the bladder, uterus, and rectum. Key branches: Superior/Inferior Gluteal, Internal Pudendal, and Uterine/Vaginal Arteries. Venous Drainage: Follows arterial supply, draining into the internal iliac vein.

11. Pelvic Canals and Passages Inguinal Canal The inguinal canal is a passage in the lower anterior abdominal wall, approximately 4 cm in length. It is important for the descent of the testes in males and contains the spermatic cord in males and the round ligament in females. Boundaries Anterior Wall: Formed by the aponeurosis of the external oblique muscle. Posterior Wall: Formed by the transversalis fascia and reinforced medially by the conjoint tendon. Roof: Formed by the lower edges of the internal oblique and transversus abdominis muscles. Floor: Formed by the inguinal ligament. Clinical Significance: Common site for inguinal hernias, where abdominal contents may protrude through the canal.

12. Obturator Canal Definition The obturator canal is a small opening in the pelvis through which the obturator nerve, artery, and vein pass. Boundaries Superior: Obturator groove of the pubis. Inferior: Obturator membrane, a fibrous sheet covering the obturator foramen. Contents: Obturator Nerve: Supplies the medial compartment of the thigh Obturator Artery and Vein: Vascular structures supplying blood to the lower limbs and pelvis

13. Femoral Canal Definition The femoral canal is a short, conical space located within the femoral sheath, running along the medial side of the femoral vein. Boundaries Anterior: Inguinal ligament Posterior: Pectineal ligament. Medial: Lacunar ligament. Lateral: Femoral vein. Contains lymphatic vessels and a lymph node (Cloquet’s node).

14. Sciatic Foramen (Greater and Lesser) Definition The greater and lesser sciatic foramina are openings in the posterior pelvis formed by the sacrospinous and sacrotuberous ligaments. Greater Sciatic Foramen Sciatic Nerve: The largest nerve in the body, running to the posterior thigh and lower limb. Superior and Inferior Gluteal Nerves and vessels. Pudendal Nerve and internal pudendal vessels (exit through the greater and enter the lesser sciatic foramen). Piriformis Muscle also passes through the greater sciatic foramen.

15. Lesser Sciatic Foramen:

16. Pelvic Diaphragm (Urogenital Hiatus and Anal Canal) Urogenital Hiatus: An opening in the pelvic diaphragm that allows passage of the urethra and, in females, the vagina. Anal Canal: The terminal part of the gastrointestinal tract, beginning at the end of the rectum and ending at the anus. Passes through the pelvic diaphragm and is controlled by the external and internal anal sphincters.

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