Pemulihan Asset Tindak Pidana Lingkungan

pemulihan aset akibat tindak pidana lingkungan hidup

1. Penelusuran dan Pemulihan Aset dari Tindak Pidana Lingkungan Tangerang, Banten 29 Mei 2023

2. Urgensi Terdapat dana sekitar Rp. 45 triliun yang menjadi TPPU yang berasal dari green financial crime atau kejahatan finasial di bidang kehutanan, lingkungan hidup, perikanan dan kelautan. (M. Nastir Kongah, Humas PPATK, 17 Maret 2023). Sebagai instrumen hukum yang kokoh untuk merampas dan memulihkan aset hasil kejahatan dari tindak pidana lingkungan hidup dan SDA yang selama ini menjadi motif dan sarana kejahatan. Identifikasi peluang memperluas sarana melalui berbagai pilihan baik pidana, non pemidanaan/ non conviction-based, dan gugatan perdata.

3. Pemulihan Aset Dalam UU SDA-LH Regulasi Penelusuran Pengamanan Pemeriksaan Eksekusi Putusan Pengembalian UU PLH Pasal 94 Menyita barang hasil pelanggaran Pasal 119 Perampasan keuntungan tindak pidana UU Kehutanan Pasal 78 Hasil hutan dan alat kejahatan dirampas Pasal 79 Kekayaan negara dilelang UU Pencegahan, Pemberantasan Kerusakan Hutan Pasal 66 ayat (3) Pemblokiran dan pembekuan harta Pasal 44 ayat (3) Lelang sebelum pemeriksaan pengadilan Pasal 70 Kerjasama internasional Pasal 44 Hasil lelang menjadi bukti di pengadilan Pasal 66 ayat (3) Perampasan harta hasil tindak pidana - Pemblokiran atau pembekuan sementara harta kekayaan. - Perampasan hak atas kekayaan atau keuntungan yang telah diperoleh atau mungkin telah diperoleh Pasal 45 ayat (1) Hasil lelang dapat dimanfaatkan untuk kepentingan publik dan sosial UU Minerba Pasal 164 Perampasan harta hasil tindak pidana dan biaya akibat tindak pidana UU Migas Pasal 58 Perampasan harta hasil tindak pidana UU Panas Bumi Pasal 77 Perampasan harta hasil tindak pidana dan biaya akibat tindak pidana

4. Pemulihan Aset Dalam UU Perlindungan dan Pengelolaan Lingkungan Hidup Selain pidana sebagaimana dimaksud dalam Undang-Undang ini, terhadap badan usaha dapat dikenakan pidana tambahan atau tindakan tata tertib berupa: Perampasan keuntungan yang diperoleh dari tindak pidana; Penutupan seluruh atau sebagian tempat usaha dan/atau kegiatan; Perbaikan akibat tindak pidana; Pewajiban mengerjakan apa yang dilalaikan tanpa hak; dan/ atau Penempatan perusahaan di bawah pengampuan paling lama 3 (tiga) tahun

5. Gugatan Perdata Instansi pemerintah dan pemerintah daerah yang bertanggung jawab di bidang lingkungan hidup berwenang mengajukan gugatan ganti rugi dan tindakan tertentu terhadap usaha dan/atau kegiatan yang menyebabkan pencemaran dan/atau kerusakan lingkungan hidup yang mengakibatkan kerugian lingkungan hidup. (Pasal 90 ayat 1 UU PPLH) KLHK mengajukan gugatan terhadap PT. Agri Bumi Sentosa (ABS) dengan tuduhan menyebabkan kebakaran hutan seluas 1.500 Ha di Barito Kuala, Kalsel – PN Jakpus menghukum perusahaan mengganti kerugian materiil dan biaya pemulihan lingkungan hidup. KLKH sejak 2015 – melalui Ditjen Gakum melakukan 1.919 operasi, memberikan sanksi kepada korporasi 2.591 dan membawa 1.348 kasus ke ranah perdata dan pidana.

6. Panduan Bisnis dan HAM Tahun 2011 Komisi HAM PBB mengesahkan PrinsipPrinsip Panduan untuk Bisnis dan Hak Asasi Manusia:Menerapkan Kerangka Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa “Perlindungan, Penghormatan, dan Pemulihan” atau dikenal dengan Rugie Principle. Prinsip 22 : Ketika perusahaan bisnis mengidentifikasi bahwa mereka telah menyebabkan atau berkontribusi pada dampak merugikan, mereka harus memberikan atau bekerjasama dalam pemulihan melalui proses yang sah. Prinsip 25 : Negara harus mengambil langkah-langkah yang layak untuk memastikan, melalui cara-cara yudisial, administratif, legislatif atau lainnya, bahwa ketika pelanggaran demikian terjadi di dalam wilayah dan/atau yurisdiksi mereka, mereka yang terkena dampaknya memiliki akses atas pemulihan yang efektif. Pemulihan dapat termasuk permintaan maaf, restitusi, rehabilitasi, kompensasi finansial atau non-finansial dan sanksi hukuman (baik pidana atau administratif, seperti denda), serta pencegahan dari kerugian melalui, misalnya, penjaminan untuk tidak diulangi.

7. Climate Change Litigation Focus Group Discussion Penyitaan aset Dalam Tindak Pidana Lingkungan Untuk Pemulihan Lingkungan Hidup Mercure Hotel 29 Mei, 2023

8. Climate Change legal framework The UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) sets out the basic legal framework and principles for international climate change cooperation with the aim of stabilizing atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases (GHGs) to avoid “dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system the mitigation of climate change, by limiting its anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases and protecting and enhancing its greenhouse gas sinks and reservoirs and nature based solution, keep fossil fuels in the ground. adaptation to the impacts of climate change; develop and elaborate appropriate and integrated plans for coastal zone management, water resources and agriculture, and for the protection and rehabilitation of areas—right to migration, compensation for loss and damage, just transition Kyoto Protocol Paris Agreement. Indonesia ratified the Paris Agreement through Act No. 16 of 2016 concerning the Ratification of Paris Agreement to UNFCCC Holding the increase in the global average temperature to well below 2°C above pre-industrial levels and pursuing efforts to limit the temperature increase to 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels, recognizing that this would significantly reduce the risks and impacts of climate change;

9. Introduction The number of climate litigation cases in the world has more than doubled since 2015. The total number of cases was over 2,000 in May 2022, with approximately one fourth of them being filed between 2020 and 2022. Outside the United States, Australia, the UK and the EU remain the jurisdictions with the highest volume of cases . Judiciary as an institution or an actor has not been considered as an integral part of the climate change debate. International negotiations or international platforms do not include the judiciary as a major stakeholder or as a major policy player. I urge the international organizations here to look into this aspect. Our efforts to combat climate change might remain incomplete without taking the judiciary along Warga Pulau Pari mengajukan gugatan pada Holcim Limited di Pengadilan Swiss. Perusahaan ini dituding sebagai biang krisis iklim yang menerpa pulau mereka . Perubahan iklim telah menyebabkan terendamnya 11% permukaan Pulau Pari . Jika tidak ada perbaikan , air laut dikhawatirkan akan merendam sebagian besar pulau pada awal 2050 . Loss and damage cases. In Indonesia, 112 climate change related litigation cases have been brought to court between 2010 and 2020. (criminal, civil, administrative, and judicial review ) (Linda Ynati Sulistiowati , 2023) Indonesia does not have specific legislation on climate change.

10. Introduction The number of cases challenging government inaction or lack of ambition in climate goals and commitments continues to grow, with ‘systemic mitigation’ cases identified around the world. Cases are targeting a wider variety of private sector and financial actors and there is more diversity in the arguments being used, incorporating, for example, themes of greenwashing and fiduciary duty. Businesses need to be aware of litigation risk. Three areas to watch in the future are value chain litigation, cases of government support to the fossil fuel industry (e.g. through subsidies or tax relief), and cases focused on the distribution of the burdens associated with action, which may be classed as ‘just transition’ cases

11. Climate change litigation A case that is brought before judicial courts and administrative or special tribunals that Raise climate change as central issue Raise climate change as peripheral issue Does not explicitly raise climate change but has ramification for climate change mitigation or adaptation efforts e.g recognition of intergenerational responsibility

12. Suits against Governments Just transitions Human rights GHG Emissions and trading Failure to adapts Environmental assessment and planning Protecting biodiversity and ecosystem Trends human rights, constitutional rights, statutory rights (EIA), International law (Paris Agreement)

13. Suits against Corporations Corporate litigation – Seeks liability and responsibility for climate harms, seek climate disclosures, stop corporate greenwashing on climate change and the energy transition Climate damage GHG Reductions Environmental assessment and planning

14. Cases against government- human rights based argument Whether rights of young citizens have been affected by climate change due to the Energy Charter Treaty . Whether forest fires in the Pantanal ecosystem and the Amazon rainforest violate human rights of traditional and Indigenous communities Whether Australia is violating human rights of young people by presenting inadequate Nationally Determined Contributions.

15. Climate Change cases Table 1: Climate change related cases in Indonesia from 2010 to 2020 Criminal 80 (71%) Civil 15 (13%) Administrative 12 (10%) Judicial review 5 (4.4%) Source: compiled from Indonesian courts ( kepaniteraan.mahkamahagung.go.id ), For criminal cases, the most common type of climate change cases were forest fire cases,defoerstation . Climate change was not used as the first argument, but rather as impact of the first argument. There is still a need to empower legal practitioners and judges with education and training on climate change.

16. Legal Standings NGO Citizens

17. Climate change related litigation cases involve complex interactions between law, science , health, socio-economics, even security sectors . L aw enforcers and community at large are using climate change as claim or argument in court cases is indicative of a huge improvement in Indonesia

18. Judges’ role in government makes them gatekeepers, even climate emergency managers. Judges are central to • holding governments accountable for meeting policy commitments and complying with legal obligations on climate change, the environment, and sustainable development, and thereby shaping legal and policy frameworks; • admitting relevant and credible scientific evidence for climate change in courtrooms and making judicial findings of fact about climate change, which can elevate the national discourse on climate change (indeed, courts have successfully incorporated international scientific consensus, synthesized by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, into domestic legal common ground, ensuring that advancements in climate science filter into local law); and balancing outcomes and protecting citizens’ fundamental, constitutional, and other legal rights, frequently closing the gaps through which people and ecosystems fall. These functions demonstrate that judges have a vi