perculation presentation ,procedure, advantage

Definition , method of extraction, procedure,diagram

1. Assignment ( physical pharmacy) Submitted by: Group 3 .Izza Altaf .Areeba Arif
.Bushra Fatima
.Shahbakht Zahra
.Kainat
.Aiza Fatima Submitted to: Doctor Hafeez

2. Percolation Percolation is a mathematical concept used primarily in statistical physics and complex systems, particularly in the study of the behavior of materials or networks. It describes the movement and filtering of fluids through porous materials, and it can be applied to various fields such as material science, biology, and computer networks

3. Key concepts of percolation Lattice energy: Percolation typically occurs on a grid or lattice structure, such as a square or triangular grid. Each site or bond in the grid can either be open or blocked. An open site allows flow, while a blocked site does not. Percolation threshold: The percolation threshold is the critical point at which a connected path of open sites or bonds forms across the system, enabling the flow of material (such as water or electricity) from one side to the other. Below this threshold, no large-scale connected path exists.

4. Key concepts of percolation Site percolation & bond percolation: Site percolation : Each site in the lattice is independently open or blocked with a certain probability. Bond percolation : The bonds (edges between adjacent sites) are independently open or blocked Clusters: A cluster in percolation theory is a group of connected open sites (or bonds). At the percolation threshold, there is typically a large cluster that spans the entire system, allowing for the passage of fluid or material.

5. Applications of percolation: Material Science: Understanding the conductivity, permeability, and other properties of materials like porous rocks, metals, and polymers. Epidemiology : Modeling the spread of diseases or information through networks. Network Theory: Studying how networks (such as communication or transportation networks) remain functional as nodes or connections fail.

6. Example: Imagine a 2D grid where each site can be open (allowing fluid to pass) or blocked. The fluid will only flow through the grid if there is a continuous path of open sites. The percolation threshold is the proportion of sites that need to be open for a spanning cluster to form, allowing the fluid to travel from one side of the grid to the other.

Percolation theory helps analyze the behavior of complex systems by modeling how things like fluid, electricity, or even information can percolate through different types of networks or materials