Perpetuation

perpetutaion

1. FAR EASTERN UNIVERSITY HIGH SCHOOL Earth and Life Science Topic 8: The Perpetuation of Life

2. Perpetuation of Life

3. Perpetuation of Life: Perpetuation comes from the word PERPETUATE which means for something to continue. Thus, perpetuation of life means to continue life.

4. Classification of Plants

5. How do p lants r eproduce?

6. Plants reproduce in two very different ways: Sexual reproduction : involves the production of seeds and fruits from specialized cells of two plants. Asexual or vegetative reproduction : occurs when a'parent ' plant grows new plants from its roots, stems, or leaves. How do p lants r eproduce?

7. Cuttings Layering Grafting Budding Tissue Culture Traditional Types of Vegetative Reproduction

8. Watch the video about Vegetative Reproduction

9. formation of offspring by the fusion of gametes. Sexual reproduction of plants mainly happens in angiosperms or also known as flowering plants. Sexual Reproduction

10. 4 Main Parts of a Plant

11. 4 Main Parts of a Plant LEAF M ajor site of photosynthesis. Captures light energy and converts to chemical energy to provide food.

12. 4 Main Parts of a Plant LEAF M ajor site of photosynthesis. Captures light energy and converts to chemical energy to provide food. STEM Connects the roots to the leaves. Supports branches and leaves Transports (moves) water, minerals and food.

13. 4 Main Parts of a Plant LEAF M ajor site of photosynthesis. Captures light energy and converts to chemical energy to provide food. STEM Connects the roots to the leaves. Supports branches and leaves Transports (moves) water, minerals and food. ROOTS Vital Anchors Keeps plant upright Absorbs water Stores food (sugar) – ex: radishes, carrots, potatoes, etc. Absorbs minerals from the soil

14. 4 Main Parts of a Plant LEAF M ajor site of photosynthesis. Captures light energy and converts to chemical energy to provide food. STEM Connects the roots to the leaves. Supports branches and leaves Transports (moves) water, minerals and food. ROOTS Vital Anchors Keeps plant upright Absorbs water Stores food (sugar) – ex: radishes, carrots, potatoes, etc. Absorbs minerals from the soil FLOWER Attract insects to help the plant reproduce. Part of the plant that has the reproductive organs.

15. Anatomy of the Flower

16. Anatomy of a Flower

17. Anatomy of a Flower

18. Anatomy of a Flower

19. Anatomy of a Flower

20. Anatomy of a Flower

21. Watch the video:

22. How Animals Reproduce?

23. Sexual Reproduction Asexual Reproduction Two Types of Reproduction:

24. Sexual reproduction occurs when female reproductive cells are merged with male reproductive cells to form a new animal that is a genetic combination of the parent animals. Sexual Reproduction:

25. Watch the Video:

26. produces an identical genetic copy of the parent animal instead of merging the genes of two parents. As exual Reproduction:

27. Includes: BUDDING FRAGMENTATION REGENERATION As exual Reproduction:

28. How do Genes Work?

29. GENES A gene is the basic physical and functional unit of heredity.

30. GENES C omposed of: DNA -Deoxyribonucleic acid (Hereditary Material) Is packed into something we called: CHROMOSOME

31. Every organism consists of cells; all multicellular organisms have a cell and a cell nucleus. This nucleus contains the DNA, the hereditary material. It does not float around randomly through the nucleus, it is neatly packed into something we call chromosomes.

32. CHROMOSOMES In the nucleus of each cell, the DNA molecule is packaged into thread-like structures called chromosomes. Each chromosome has a constriction point called the centromere, which divides the chromosome into two sections, or “arms .”

33. CHROMOSOMES

34. CHROMOSOMES Each cell normally contains 23 pairs of chromosomes, for a total of 46 . Females have two copies of the X chromosome, while males have one X and one Y chromosome

35. CHROMOSOMES In humans, each cell normally contains 23 pairs of chromosomes, for a total of 46. Twenty-two of these pairs , called AUTOSOMES, look the same in both males and females.

36. CHROMOSOMES The 23rd pair, the SEX CHROMOSOMES, differ between males and females. Females have two copies of the X chromosome, while males have one X and one Y chromosome.

37. How DNA Transfer Its Information?

38. How DNA Transfer Its Information? DNA, or deoxyribonucleic acid, is the hereditary material in humans and almost all other organisms . Nearly every cell in a person’s body has the same DNA.

39. How DNA Transfer Its Information? Most DNA is located in the cell nucleus (where it is called nuclear DNA), but a small amount of DNA can also be found in the mitochondria (where it is called mitochondrial DNA or mtDNA ).

40. How DNA Transfer Its Information? The information in DNA is stored as a code made up of four chemical bases: ADENINE (A), GUANINE (G), CYTOSINE (C), AND THYMINE (T). Human DNA consists of about 3 billion bases , and more than 99 percent of those bases are the same in all people.

41. How DNA Transfer Its Information? The information in DNA is stored as a code made up of four chemical bases: ADENINE (A), GUANINE (G), CYTOSINE (C), AND THYMINE (T).

42. How DNA Transfer Its Information? DNA bases pair up with each other, A with T and C with G, to form units called base pairs . Each base is also attached to a sugar molecule and a phosphate molecule.

43. How DNA Transfer Its Information? Together, a base, sugar, and phosphate are called a nucleotide. NUCLEOTIDES are arranged in two long strands that form a spiral called a double helix.

44. How DNA Transfer Its Information? The structure of the DOUBLE HELIX is somewhat like a ladder, with the base pairs forming the ladder’s rungs and the sugar and phosphate molecules forming the vertical sidepieces of the ladder.

45. Replication, Transcription and Translation

46. MUTATION A gene mutation is a permanent alteration in the DNA sequence that makes up a gene, such that the sequence differs from what is found in most people. Mutations range in size; they can affect anywhere from a single DNA building block (base pair) to a large segment of a chromosome that includes multiple genes .

47. MUTATION Gene mutations can be classified in two major ways: Hereditary mutations are inherited from a parent and are present throughout a person’s life in virtually every cell in the body. Acquired (or somatic) mutations occur at some time during a person’s life and are present only in certain cells, not in every cell in the body.

48. GENETIC ENGINEERING Genetic engineering (GE) is the modification of an organism’s genetic composition by artificial means, often involving the transfer of specific traits, or genes, from one organism into a plant or animal of an entirely different species. When gene transfer occurs, the resulting organism is called transgenic or a GMO (genetically modified organism).

49. GENETIC ENGINEERING Genetic engineering is different from traditional cross breeding, where genes can only be exchanged between closely related species. With genetic engineering, genes from completely different species can beinserted into one another

50. GENETIC ENGINEERING ADVANTAGES Resistance to pests Resistance to diseases Productive livestock Miracle drugs DISADVANTAGES Environmental hazards Health risks Economy

51. GENETIC ENGINEERING Bt corn is a genetically modified organism where the genes of a bacterium, Bacillus thuringiensis (hence the name Bt corn), are responsible for the production of Bt delta endotoxin. This toxin is highly effective in killing the larvae of European corn borer, a common pest of corn. BT CORN

52. GENETIC ENGINEERING When the larvae of European corn borer ingest the bt corn, the endotoxin binds to the insect’s gut, causing cell destruction that then leads to insect’s death. Farmers grow Bt corn as an alternative to other corn varieties, since they do not need to spray insecticides against the European corn borer. BT CORN

53. FINAL EXAM IN EARTH AND LIFE SCIENCE PREPARED BY: Bacaro Kabigting Nepomuceno Francisco STEM 15

54. Thank you!!!