Personality theories

theories of personality

1. PERSONALITYPERSONALITY

2. Personality can be defined as a dynamic and Personality can be defined as a dynamic and
organized set of characteristics possessed by a organized set of characteristics possessed by a
person that uniquely influences his or her person that uniquely influences his or her
cognitions, motivations, and behaviors in cognitions, motivations, and behaviors in
various situations. The word "personality" various situations. The word "personality"
originates from the Latin persona, which means originates from the Latin persona, which means
mask. mask.

3. Theories of PersonalityTheories of Personality
1.Trait Theories
2.Psychoanalytic Theory
3.Social-Cognitive Theories
4.Humanistic Theories
5.Behavioral Personality
Theory

4. Trait Theories: Attempt to learn what traits make up personality
and how they relate to actual behavior
Psychodynamic Theories: Focus on the inner workings of
personality, especially internal conflicts and struggles
Humanistic Theories: Focus on private, subjective experience
and personal growth
Social-Cognitive Theories: Attribute difference in personality to
socialization, expectations, and mental processes
Types of Personality TheoriesTypes of Personality Theories

5. Part 1
Trait Theories

6. Carl Jung, Swiss psychiatrist who was a Freudian disciple,
believed that we are one of two personality types:
• Introvert: Shy, self-centered person whose attention is
focused inward
• Extrovert: Bold, outgoing person whose attention is directed
outward
Jung’s Theory of Two TypesJung’s Theory of Two Types

7. Eysenck’s Three Factor Eysenck’s Three Factor
TheoryTheory
Hans Eysenck, English psychologist, believed that there are
three fundamental factors in personality:
• Introversion versus Extroversion
• Emotionally Stable versus Unstable (neurotic)
• Impulse Control versus Psychotic

8. Eysenck’s Theory, continuedEysenck’s Theory, continued
The first two factors create 4 combinations, related to the four
basic temperaments recognized by ancient Greeks:
• Melancholic (introverted + unstable): sad, gloomy
• Choleric (extroverted + unstable): hot-tempered, irritable
• Phlegmatic (introverted + stable): sluggish, calm
• Sanguine (extroverted + stable): cheerful, hopeful

9. Raymond Cattell: from Devon, England, believed that there
were two basic categories of traits:
•Surface Traits: Features that make up the visible areas
of personality
•Source Traits: Underlying characteristics of a
personality
Cattell: Source & Surface Cattell: Source & Surface
TraitsTraits

10. Cattell: The Big FiveCattell: The Big Five
Cattell believed that five factors were
most important:
Openness
Conscientiousness
Extraversion
Agreeable
Neuroticism

11. The Big Five
Emotional Stability
Extraversion
Openness
Agreeableness
Conscientiousness
• Calm/Anxious
• Secure/Insecure
• Sociable/Retiring
• Fun Loving/Sober
• Imaginative/Practical
• Independent/Conforming
• Soft-Hearted/Ruthless
• Trusting/Suspicious
• Organized/Disorganized
• Careful/Careless

12. Psychoanalytic Perspective Of Psychoanalytic Perspective Of
PersonalityPersonality
SIGMUND FREUDSIGMUND FREUD

13. Role of ConsciousnessRole of Consciousness
•Unconscious: Unconscious:
The unconscious is understood to be the large part of the mind, which is hidden from view.The unconscious is understood to be the large part of the mind, which is hidden from view.
•Pre-conscious:Pre-conscious:
The pre-conscious is represented by the waterline - but it is the zone in which there are fleeting The pre-conscious is represented by the waterline - but it is the zone in which there are fleeting
glimpses of the unconscious, "flickering" across the screen of consciousness.glimpses of the unconscious, "flickering" across the screen of consciousness.  
•Conscious:Conscious:
The relatively small part which sticks of the water is seen as equivalent to the The relatively small part which sticks of the water is seen as equivalent to the
small amount of conscious awareness that the human experiences. small amount of conscious awareness that the human experiences. 

15. Model Of PersonalityModel Of Personality
Elements Of Personality (Freud’s View):Elements Of Personality (Freud’s View):
•The IdThe Id
•The EgoThe Ego
•The SuperegoThe Superego

16. Freud’s Topographical Model of Freud’s Topographical Model of
PersonalityPersonality

17. IDID
•Primary component of personalityPrimary component of personality
•Pleasure principlePleasure principle
•Strives for immediate satisfaction of all desires, Strives for immediate satisfaction of all desires,
needs, wantsneeds, wants
•For example, if an infant feels hungry, he will cry For example, if an infant feels hungry, he will cry
till his want is satisfied.till his want is satisfied.
•ID fails result in tension,anxietyID fails result in tension,anxiety

18. EGOEGO
•Responsible for dealing with realityResponsible for dealing with reality
•Reality principle weighs the cost of doing or Reality principle weighs the cost of doing or
abandoning somethingabandoning something
•Discharges tension by finding the object in the Discharges tension by finding the object in the
real world created by Id.real world created by Id.

19. SUPER EGOSUPER EGO
•Holds of our internalized moral standards that Holds of our internalized moral standards that
we acquire from parents, society.we acquire from parents, society.
•Has two parts:-Has two parts:-
1.1.The ego IdealThe ego Ideal
Good BehaviorsGood Behaviors
1.1.The ConscienceThe Conscience
Bad BehaviorsBad Behaviors

21. Defense MechanismsDefense Mechanisms
•A defense mechanism is a tactic developed by A defense mechanism is a tactic developed by
the ego to protect against anxiety. Defense the ego to protect against anxiety. Defense
mechanisms are thought to safeguard the mind mechanisms are thought to safeguard the mind
against feelings and thoughts that are too against feelings and thoughts that are too
difficult for the conscious mind to cope with. difficult for the conscious mind to cope with.

22. •RepressionRepression
The removal of threatening thoughts from awareness; The removal of threatening thoughts from awareness;
•ProjectionProjection
The attribution of unacceptable impulses to others; The attribution of unacceptable impulses to others;
•DenialDenial
The refusal to recognize a threatening situation or thought; The refusal to recognize a threatening situation or thought;
•RationalizationRationalization
Giving a reasonable explanation for an event; Giving a reasonable explanation for an event;
•RegressionRegression
The return to a less mature, anxiety reducing behaviour; The return to a less mature, anxiety reducing behaviour;
•Reaction formationReaction formation
The expression of the opposite of disturbing ideas; The expression of the opposite of disturbing ideas;
•DisplacementDisplacement
Substituting a less threatening object for impulses; Substituting a less threatening object for impulses;
•SublimationSublimation
The channeling of impulses to socially acceptable outlets. The channeling of impulses to socially acceptable outlets.

23. Personality developmentPersonality development
•Freud advanced a theory of personality Freud advanced a theory of personality
development that centered on the effects of the development that centered on the effects of the
sexual pleasure drive on the individual psyche. sexual pleasure drive on the individual psyche.
At particular points in the developmental At particular points in the developmental
process, he claimed, a single body part is process, he claimed, a single body part is
particularly sensitive to sexual, erotic stimulation. particularly sensitive to sexual, erotic stimulation.
These These erogenous zoneserogenous zones are the mouth, the are the mouth, the
anus, and the genital region.anus, and the genital region.

24. •The The Oedipus complexOedipus complex, in psychoanalytic , in psychoanalytic
theory, is a group of largely unconscious theory, is a group of largely unconscious
(dynamically repressed) ideas and feelings which (dynamically repressed) ideas and feelings which
centre around the desire to possess the parent of centre around the desire to possess the parent of
the opposite sex and eliminate the parent of the the opposite sex and eliminate the parent of the
same sex. According to classical theory, the same sex. According to classical theory, the
complex appears during the so-called 'oedipal complex appears during the so-called 'oedipal
phase' of libidinal and ego development; i.e. phase' of libidinal and ego development; i.e.
between the ages of three and five, though between the ages of three and five, though
oedipal manifestations may be detected earlier. oedipal manifestations may be detected earlier.

25. Part 3
Social-Cognitive
Theories

26. Self-system: the set of cognitive processes by which a person
observes, evaluates, and regulates his/her behavior. Bandura
proposed that what we think of as personality is a product of this
self-system.
Children observe behavior of models (such as parents) in their
social environment. Particularly if they are reinforced, children
will imitate these behaviors, incorporating them into personality.
Bandura also proposed that people observe their own behavior
and judge its effectiveness. Self-efficacy: a judgment of one’s
effectiveness in dealing with particular situations.
Bandura’s TheoryBandura’s Theory

27. Julian Rotter: American psychologist, began as a Freudian!
His personality theory combines learning principles, modeling,
cognition, and the effects of social relationships
External locus of control: perception that chance or
external forces beyond personal control determine one’s fate
Internal locus of control: perception that you control your
own fate.
Learned Helplessness: a sense of hopelessness in which a
person thinks that he/she is unable to prevent aversive events
Rotter’s Theory ofRotter’s Theory of
Locus of ControlLocus of Control

28. Part 4Part 4
Humanistic TheoriesHumanistic Theories

29. Humanism: Approach that focuses on human experience,
problems, potentials, and ideals
Human Nature: Traits, qualities, potentials, and behavior
patterns most characteristic of humans
Free Choice: Ability to choose that is NOT controlled by
genetics, learning, or unconscious forces
Subjective Experience: Private perceptions of reality
HumanismHumanism

30. Maslow’s TheoryMaslow’s Theory
•Abraham Maslow is considered father of the humanistic Abraham Maslow is considered father of the humanistic
movement. He observed the lives of (purportedly) movement. He observed the lives of (purportedly)
healthy and creative people to develop is theory.healthy and creative people to develop is theory.
•Hierarchy of needs:Hierarchy of needs: the motivational component of the motivational component of
Maslow’s theory, in which our innate needs, which Maslow’s theory, in which our innate needs, which
motivate our actions, are hierarchically arranged.motivate our actions, are hierarchically arranged.
•Self-actualization:Self-actualization: the fullest realization of a person’s the fullest realization of a person’s
potentialpotential

31. Graphic: Hierarchy of NeedsGraphic: Hierarchy of Needs

32. • Efficient perceptions of reality
• Comfortable acceptance of self, others, and nature
• Spontaneity
• Task Centering
• Autonomy
• Continued freshness of appreciation
• Fellowship with humanity
• Profound interpersonal relationships
• Comfort with solitude
• Non-hostile sense of humor
• Peak experiences
Characteristics of Characteristics of
Self-Actualized PeopleSelf-Actualized People

33. Carl Rogers: American psychologist; believed that personality
formed as a result of our strivings to reach our full human
potential.
Fully Functioning Person: Lives in harmony with his/her
deepest feelings and impulses
Self-Image: Total subjective perception of your body and
personality
Conditions of Worth: behaviors and attitudes for which other
people, starting with our parents, will give us positive regard.
Unconditional Positive Regard: Unshakable love and approval
Positive Self-Regard: Thinking of oneself as a good, lovable,
worthwhile person
Carl Roger’s Self TheoryCarl Roger’s Self Theory

34. 5
Behavioral Personality
Theory

35. Behavioral Personality TheoryBehavioral Personality Theory
Behavioral theories suggest that personality is a Behavioral theories suggest that personality is a
result of interaction between the individual and result of interaction between the individual and
the environment. Behavioral theorists study the environment. Behavioral theorists study
observable and measurable behaviors, rejecting observable and measurable behaviors, rejecting
theories that take internal thoughts and feelings theories that take internal thoughts and feelings
into account. into account.

36. B. F. Skinner's Theory of B. F. Skinner's Theory of
BehaviorBehavior
•Skinner's theory is based on Skinner's theory is based on operant conditioningoperant conditioning, ,
which means when the organism is operating on the which means when the organism is operating on the
environments, the organism will encounter a special environments, the organism will encounter a special
kind of reinforcing stimulus or simply a kind of reinforcing stimulus or simply a
reinforcementreinforcement. .
•Reinforcement increases a behavior and punishment Reinforcement increases a behavior and punishment
decreases or ends it.decreases or ends it.

37. •M shahbaz ali sukheraM shahbaz ali sukhera
•Bs psychology g.c university lahore Bs psychology g.c university lahore
pakistanpakistan