Pest management in organic farming

ORGANIC FARMING;INSECT PEST MANAGEMENT

1. INSECT PEST MANAGEMENT IN ORGANIC FARMING NAME EN NO ROLL NO

2. ORGANIC FARMING It is a farming system in which organic wastes like crop,animal and farm wastes,aquatic wastes and other biological materials along with biofertilizers are being used instead of pesticides,fertilizers,genetically modified organisms,growth regulators,feed additives. As we all know,current agricultural farming system is completely polluted with pesticides and chemicals,to protect environment and overcome the current situation in agriculture sector,organic farming is very important and essential to release nutrients to crops for increased sustainable production in an eco-friendly pollution free environment.

3. OBJECTIVES To minimi z e losses. To minimi z e environmental pollution. To approach towards sustainability. Maintain quality as well as quantity of produce. Nullify the effects of green revolution. Ensuring food security Decrease biohazards created in the food chain due to presence of chemicals. Controlling the pest and insect getting resistant to chemicals etc.

4. How to manage? To manage pests effectively,producers need to understand the biology and growth habits of both pests and crop. Type and concentration of pests. Pest life cycle. Soil condition. Local weather pattern. Natural enemies of the pest concerned. Infecting strategies of pest.

5. Pest management Integration of following; Cultural measures Physical measures M echanical measures Biological measures Organic pesticides Behavioral measures

6. CULTURAL CONTROL Resistant varieties Crop rotation Companion planting Timing of planting Sanitation Tillage Mulches Trap crops

7. Early planting reduces gall midge,leaf folder of rice,shootfly,gram pod borer in chickpea. Alley formation in paddy reduces BPH. Trash mulching reduces Chilo partellus. Alternate drying and wetting reduces BPH and WBPH. Tomato intercropped with cabbage (1:1) reduced egg laying of Plutella xylostella. Mustard as a trap crop in cabbage or cauliflower fields (2:25) against DBM. Trap cropping of marigold after every 8 rows of tomato attracts Helicoverpa armigera. Trimming of field bunds eliminates eggs of grasshopper. Resistant varieties like IR 50,CR 1009,PTB 2 etc for green leaf hopper. Resistant varieties:CO 312,CO 421,CO 661 for Chilo infuscatellus .

8. PHYSICAL CONTROL Use of temperature,moisture,radiant energy to minimise or prevent pest problems is called physical control. Flame throwers are used to control locusts. Burning torch against drumstick hairy caterpillar. Yellow sticky traps used to attract whiteflies and aphids. Generally light traps are used @ 1 trap/ha. Cold storage of fruits and vegetables (1-2°C for 12-20 days) kills fruitflies. Low temperature (below 4°C) makes insects inactive and prevents damage.

9. MECHANICAL CONTROL Use of mechanical devices or manual forces for destruction or exclusion of pests is called mechanical control. Shaking and beating of branches of neem trees at night time kills white grub adults. Iron hook is used to pull out adult rhinoceros beetle from crown in coconut. Banding of sticky material around stem controls mango mealy bug. Hopper dozers,aphid dozers smash hoppers and aphids by running over them. Wrapping the fruits against anar butterfly in pomegranate. Trenching around field saves crop from invading bands of locust and RHC.

10. BIOLOGICAL CONTROL Microbial Entomopathogenic fungus. Entomopathogenic protozoa. Entomopathogenic bacteria. Entomopathogenic viruses. Predators Parasitoids Egg parasitoids Egg-larval parasitoids Larval parasitoids Larval-pupal parasitoids Pupal parasitoids Nymphal parasitoids

11. Common name Fungus Pest affected Green muscadine fungus Metarrhizum anisopliae Oryctes rhinoceros M.favoviridae Desert loocust White muscardine fundus Beauveria bassiana Spodoptera litura Fusarium oxysporium Nilaparvata lugens White halo fungus Verticillium lecani Coccus viridis Nomuraea fungus Nomuraea rileyi Helicoverpa armigera Mite fungal pathogen Hirsutella thompsoni Citrus rust mite ENTOMOPATHOGENIC FUNGUS

12. Protozoa Against pest Malameoba locustae Grasshoppers,licusts Modena fumiferarae Spruce budworm Farinocystis triboli Tribolium castaneum Leptomonas pyrrhocoris Pyrrhocoris apterus Vairimorpha necatrix Lepidoptera ns ENTOMOPATHOGENIC PROTOZOANS

13. Bacillus thuringenesis is a gram positive spore forming bacteria that has insecticidal action. Principle pathotypes of Bt are: B.thringiensis var .kurstaki affecting lepidoptera B.thuringiensis var.aizawai affecting diptera B.thuringiensis var . Israelensis affecting mosquito and black flies B.thuringiensis var.sotto against Pieris brassicas B.popillae,B.cereus against Popillia japonica Serratia marcescens against Opisina arenosella ENTOMOPATHOGENIC BACTERIA

14. Ha-NPV(Nuclear polyhedrosis virus) against Helicoverpa armigera Sl-NPV against Spodoptera litura Aa-NPV against Amsacta albistriga PTM baculovirus against phthorimea operculella CYD-X(GV) against Cydia pomonella VPN 80 against Autographa californica ENTOMOPATHOGENIC VIRUSES

15. PARASITOIDS Egg parasitoids Trichogramma chilonis against sugarcane internode borer,cotton bollworm,rice leaf folder Telenomous japonicum against rice stem borer Egg-larval parasitoids Chelonus Blackburni - cotton spotted bollworm Capidosoma koehleri - potato tuber moth Larval parasitoids Bracon hebetor - Opisina.arnosella Platygaster oryzae - Orseola oryzae

16. Larval - pupal parasitoid Isotima javensis against top shoot borer of sugarcane Pupal parasitoid Brachymeria nephantidis – O pisina arenosella Tetrastichus Israeli – O pisina arenosella Nymphal and adult parasitoid Aphelinus mali - aphids Encarsia formosa - cotton whitefly

17. PREDATORS Chrysoperla Carnea - soft bodied insests like aphids Platymeris laevicollis - coconut rhinoceros beetle Scymnus coccivora - grapevine mealy bug Microvelia atrolineata - Rice leaf and plant hopper Coccinella septumpuncta - aphids Eucanthecona furcellata - red hairy caterpillar Robber flies - bees,wasps,grasshopper,flies etco Preying mantids - flies,grasshopper.

18. DOSAGES T.japonicum @50,000-1,00,000/ha against yellow stem borer Cyrtorhinus lividipennis @ 100 adults or 50-75 nymphs/metre square against Nilaparvata lugens Ha-NPV @1.5-3.0 ×10^12POB/ha(250-500LE) Epiricania melanoleuca @ 2-3 egg masses or 5-7 cocoons in 40 selected spots or 4000-5000 vialble cocoons /ha Metarhizum anisopliae @42.5× 10^10 spores/m^3 once at the time of planting against groundnut white grub

19. BOTANICAL PESTICIDES Pyrethrum; extracted from flowers of chrysanthemum cinerarifolium acts as antifeedant at low doses against biting fly, Glossina sp. Neem; extracted from leaves and fruits of neem Azadirhacta indica is an antifeedant used against desert locust. Apple factor; phlorizin is extracted from Apple which is effective against Myzus persicae . Solanum alkaloids; leptine,tomatine,solanine are alkaloids extracted from solanum plants and are antifeedant to leaf hopper. Rotenone; extracted from the roots of Derris elliptica kills flea beetle,cucumber beetle,etc.

20. SEX PHEROMONES In pest management pheromones are used for various purpose; Monitoring; 5-10 traps / ha are used. Mass trapping; about 100 traps/ ha are used. Mating disruption; management of pink bollworm in cotton by using one PB Rope L dispensers @200/ha Some of the female sex pheromones which can be employed in pest management Bombykol silkworm Looplure Cabbage looper Helilure gram pod borer Gyplure gypsy moth

21. Grandlure cotton boll weevil Danoidone Danaus butterfly Aggregation pheromone; released either by male or female,attract both sexes. Aggregation pheromones of following insects are used for mass trapping for insects in India Ferrugineal by red palm weevil Sordidin by banana corm weevil

22. In today's world it's hard to think of managing pests without using the Synthetic pesticides .But in organic farming use of synthetic pesticides is restricted.so pests should be avoided by good management practices.This includes general cleanliness and hygiene.Treatments with pest regulating agents must be regarded as last resort .Physical barriers like sound,ultraslund, light,UV light,traps,temperature control,controlled atmosphere,diatamaeceous earth should be used but before everything a plan for pest prevention and pest control should be developed. CONCLUSION