pest of pulses

Debjyoti Chakraborty
Msc(Ag) Entomology
Agricultural college, Bapatla(ANGRAU).

1. PEST OF PULSES Presented by: Debjyoti chakraborty ID.NO :- BAM-16-43

2. Introduction Agriculture is the backbone of Indian economy contributing 13.7% of its total GDP and employing around 55% of the total working population in India. Around 65% of India’s total population is dependent upon agriculture and allied sectors Various cereals (wheat, rice etc.), pulses such as ( tur , gram etc.) and oilseeds (groundnut, soybean) are produced largely in India India is the world’s largest producer and consumer of pulses accounting about 27 percent of the total production and about 30 percent of the total consumption in the world The total production of pulses in India during the year 2013-14 was 18.5 million tons

3. World and Indian Scenario: There has been approximately 20% increase in area under cultivation of pulses and, 40% increase in its production in the world since 2000-01

4. Canada is the largest exporter of pulses whereas India ranks 6 th with an export of 0.162 MMT and an export value of 513 million USD

5. The world total production of pulses is around 72 mt in the year 2013-14. India is the highest producer of pulses in the world with its best 18.5 mt pulses. Canada is having the highest productivity in the world. India has an average productivity of 730kg/ha in the year 2013-14 The world average yield was 910 kg/ha

6. Trends in supply and consumption: India accounts for about 35% of the world area and 27% of the world production of pulses. Pulses are grown in India in an area of 26-27 million hectares with an annual production of 17-19 million tons ( mt ) of which 87% is rain fed. About 90% of the global pigeon pea , 65% of chickpea and 37% of lentil area falls in India, corresponding to 93%, 68% and 32% of the global production, respectively.

7. Importance in human nutrition – Composition: •High protein content in their structure and significant importance in terms of nutrition source; •The amino acid composition of pulses are complementary to those of cereals, and if consumed in combination, increase the overall protein quality of the meal; •High content of fibre and relatively high amylose starch and antinutrients ( phytic acid) •Low fat content and no cholesterol; •Low glycemic index; •Rich in minerals (iron, magnesium, potassium, phosphorus, zinc) and B-vitamins ( thiamin , riboflavin, niacin, B6, and folate ). •The high iron content contributes to meeting iron requirements •However, phytate is negatively impacting on the mineral absorption •Produce flatulance because of the oligosaccharide content

8. Botany : Deep rooted, Self pollinated Hypogeal germination C 3 short day plant Hardy crop, most drought tolerant crop among major pulses Area and Distribution: In India 90% area & 85% production on global basis . Ranks 6th in area and production in comparison to other pulses. India :- Area-3.61 mha Production-2.7mt Productivity-747kg\ha Area: Maharashtra > UP > Karnataka Production: UP > Maharashtra > Gujrat Productivity: Bihar > UP

9. Soil & Land preparation : A t least one ploughing during the dry season followed by 2 or 3 harrowings . Summer ploughing - to control weeds - to control soil moisture Well-drained soils for good root and nodule development. Contour beds or a ridge-and-furrow systems prevent water logging due to draining excess surface water, also soil erosion. It can be grown on a wide range from Sandy loams to clay loams. Avoid Saline, Alkaline and water logged.

10. Nutrient management:- RDF = 20 – 50 – 20 kg/ha NPK Zinc Sulphate : 5 kg/ ha Manures: 5 tons/ha of FYM Bio-fertilizers : For early and effective nodulation, seed treatment with Rhizobium .

11. Irrigation:- Pulses is largely grown as a rainfed crop. The critical periods for Irrigation are -flower-initiation -pod-filling stages. Redgram grown in Kharif does not require any irrigation. Weed management Pigeonpea is a slow -growing crop during the first 6-8 weeks, and 2 harrowings during this period would be adequate to check weed growth. Herbicides recommended :- pre -emergence application of Alachlor (Lasso) @ 1.5 kg a.i/ha, Fluchloralin (Basalin) @ 1.5kg a.i/ha.

12. Harvesting & Threshing :- H arvested when 75 - 80 % of the pods are at physiological maturity. The whole plants are cut when most of the pods are dried. Plants are usually cut 7.5 – 25 cm above ground. Delayed harvesting, during bad weather, may increase the risk of damage to mature seed. The harvested plants are tied in bundles and transported to a threshing floor. These are stacked in upright bundles to dry. The pods and grain are separated by beating the dry plants with sticks or by using a thresher . Yield:- For irrigated – 15-18 qt/ha Rainfed – 10-15 q/ha Inter/Mixed cropping- 5 - 6 q/ha Stick – 50 – 60 q /ha

13. PEST OF PULSES

14. Pests as Root feeders: S. No Common Name Scientific Name Crops Attacked 1 Nodule damaging fly Rivellia angulata ( Platystomatidae : Diptera ) Redgram & other legumes also 2 Sitona weevils Sitona macularus ( Curculionidae : Coleoptera ) Redgram & other legumes also 3 Cutworms Agrotis ipsilan ( Noctuidae : Lepidoptera) Redgram & other legumes also 4 Termites Odontotermes obesus ( Termitidae : Isoptera ) Redgram & Bengalgram

15. Pests as Stem feeders S. No Common Name Scientific Name Crops Attacked 5 Jewel beetles Sphenoptera indica ( Buprestidae : Coleoptera ) Redgram & other legumes 6 Stem fly Ophiomyia phaseoli ( Agromyzide : Diptera ) Redgram , Bengal-gram , Cowpea & Horsegram 7 Soil beetles Gonocephalum spp ( Tenebrionidae : Coleoptera ) Bengalgram 8 Cowbugs   Oxyrachis tarandus ( Membracidae:Hemiptera ) Redgram 9 Scales Ceroplastodes cajani ( Coccidae : Hemiptera ) -do- 10 Stem weevils Alcidodes spp ( Curculionidae : Coleoptera ) -do-

16. FOLIAGE FEEDER

17. Pests as foliage feeders S. No Common Name Scientific Name Crops Attacked 11 Eriophyid mite Aceria cajani ( Eriophyidae : Acarina ) Redgram 12 Leaf cutter bees Megachile spp ( Megachilidae:Hymenoptera ) Redgram 13 Leaf damaging weevils Myllocerus undecimpustulatus ( Curculionidae : Coleoptera ) Redgram 14 Leaf –flower beetles Oxycetonia versicolor ( Cetonidae : Coleop ) Redgram 15 Leaf webber Grapholita critica ( Gracillaridae : Lepidoptera) Redgram 16 Leaf tiers Caloptilia soyella ( Tortricidae : Lepidoptera) Redgram 17 Leaf miner Liriomyza spp ( Agromyzide : Diptera ) Aproarema modicella ( Gelechiidae : Lepido ) Bengalgram & Cowpea   Redgram 18 Leaf hopper Empoasca kerri ( Cicadellidae : Hemiptera ) Redgram , Bengalgram , Cowpea & Horsegram 19 Aphids Aphis craccivora ( Aphididae : Hemiptera ) Redgram , Bengalgram , Cowpea & Horsegram - 20 Whitefly Bemisia tabaci ( Aleyrodidae : Hemiptera ) Redgram , Bengalgram , Cowpea & Horsegram

18. Pests as Pod feeders S. No Common Name Scientific Name Crops Attacked 21 Gram pod borer Helicoverpa armigera ( Noctuidae : Lepidoptera) Redgram , Bengalgram & Cowpea 22 Spotted pod borer Maruca vitata ( Pyralidae : Lepidoptera) Redgram & Cowpea 23 Blue butterfly Lampides boeticus ( Noctuidae : Lepidoptera) Redgram & Cowpea 24 Plume moth Exelastis atomosa ( Noctuidae : Lepidoptera) Redgram & Cowpea 25 Spiny pod borer Etiella zinckenella ( Noctuidae : Lepidoptera) Redgram & Cowpea 26 Pod weevils Apion clavipes ( Apionidae : Coleoptera ) Redgram & Cowpea 27 Pod Bugs Riptortus pedestris Clavigralla gibbosa ( Coreidae:Hemiptera ) Redgram & Cowpea 28 Stink Bugs Nazara viridula ( Pentatomidae:Hemiptera ) Redgram   29 Pod fly   Melanagromyza obtuse (Agromyzide: Diptera) Redgram 3o Pod wasp Tanaostigmodes cajaninae ( Tanaostigmoidae : Coleoptera ) Redgram 31 Lab lab pod borer Adisura atkinsoni ( Noctuidae : Lepidoptera) Redgram

19. Major pests of Red Gram: I. BORER 1. Gram pod borer: Helicoverpa armigera Symptoms of damage: Defoliation in early stages. Larva’s head alone thrust inside the pods and the rest of the body hanging out. Pods with round holes. Bore holes on the pod Larva feeding the pod. Identification of the pest Eggs – are spherical in shape and creamy white in colour , laid singly. Larva -shows colour variation from greenish to brown. Green with dark brown grey lines laterally on the body with lateral white lines and also has dark and pale bands. Pupa – brown in colour , occurs in soil, leaf, pod and crop debris Adult - light pale brownish yellow stout moth. Fore wing grey to pale brown with V shaped speck. Hind wings are pale smoky white with a broad blackish outer margin.

20. Egg,larva and adult of gram pod borer

21.   2. Blue butterfly: Lampides boeticus Symptoms of damage : Buds, flowers and young pods with boreholes Presence of slug like caterpillar. Honey dew secretion with black ant movements Identification of the pest: Larva – It is flat and slightly rounded; Pale green with a rough skin. Adult moth is grayish blue with prominent black spots in the hind wings and a long tail, Ventral side of wings with numerous stripes and brown spots. Egg, infestation and adult of lluue butterfly

22. 3. Grass blue butterfly: Euchrysops cnejus Symptoms of damage: Buds, flowers and young pods with bore holes and presence of slug like caterpillar. Larval entry hole on the pod is plugged with excreta. Identification of the pest Larva pale green or yellow with a red line and short black hairs on the body. Adult butterfly is blue, medium sized with 5 black spots in the hind wings and two black spots in the inner margin Life stage of grass blue butterfly

23. 4. Plume moth: Exelastis atomosa Symptoms of damage: Pin head size holes on pods Small spiny caterpillars and pupae seen on the pods Identification of the pest: Larva is greenish brown, fringed with radiating hairs and spines Adult is delicate, brown coloured small moth with plumed wings. Adult stage and its infestation

24. 5. Spotted pod borer: Maruca testulalis Symptoms of damage: Bore holes on the buds, flower or pods Infested pods and flowers are webbed together. Identification of the pest Larva: Greenish white with brown head. It has two pairs of dark spots on the back of each segment. Adult: Forewing slight brown colour with white markings; Hindwings – white colour with brown markings at the lateral edge. Larva and its infestation

25. 6. Spiny pod borer: Etiella zinckenella Symptoms of damage: Dropping of flowers and young pods Older pods marked with a brown spot where a larvae has entered Identification of the pest: Larva – greenish initially, turns pink before pupation. It has 5 black spots on the prothorax Adult Brownish grey moth Prothorax – orange in colour Fore wing has a white stripe along the anterior margin Aah Adult infestation

26. 7. Field bean pod borer: Adisura atkinsoni , Symptoms of damage: The larva bores inside the pod and feeds on the seeds within. Identification of the pest: Larva greenish having brown lateral marking, It has humped anal segment Adult moths are yellowish brown in colour , forewings yellow coloured with ‘V’ shaped specks, hindwings – has pale brown marking.

27. 8. Red gram pod fly: Melanagromyza obtusa Symptoms: Dark brown encrustation on the pod wall Dry pods showing pin head size hole, Seeds shriveled, striped and partially eaten Identification of the pest : Larva greenish having brown lateral marking It has humped anal segment Adult: Moths are yellowish brown in colour Forewings- yellow coloured with ‘V’ shaped specks Hindwings – has pale brown markings.

28. Female fly of Melanagromyza obtusa & eggs inside the pod

29. 9. Stem fly: Ophiomyia phaseoli Symptoms of damage: Drooping of the tender leaves and seedling wilt Yellowing of young plants. Stem become swollen and start ribbing where maggot and pupae are present   Identification of the pest: Maggot, Small yellow coloured . Adult , Tiny, black fly

30. II. Sap Feeders

31. 1. Pod bugs: Riptortus pedestris Symptoms of damage: Pods with black spots Shedding of green pods Poorly filled pods with shriveled grains inside Identification of the pest; Brownish black and hemispherical Nymphs – resemble dark brown ants. Effected pod

32. 2. Lab lab bug or Stink bug: Coptosoma cribraria Symptoms of damage: Cluster on the plant parts and suck the sap   Identification of the pest: Nymphs and Adult sub globular, oval and greenish shield bug It has a characteristic buggy odour

33. 3. Bean Aphids: Aphis craccivora Symptoms of damage: Leaves, inflorescence stalk and young pods covered with dark coloured aphids Honey dew secretion with black ant movements Identification of the pest: Nymphs and Adult – dark coloured with cornicles in the abdomen. Bean Aphids colony

34. 4. Leaf hopper: Empoasca kerri Symptoms of damage: Leave mottled and yellowish in colour Green colour insects found under surface of leaves Identification of the pest: Adult – elongate, active, wedge shape, green insects

35. 5. Whitefly: Bemisia tabaci Symptoms of damage: Leave mottled and yellowish in colour vector of yellow mosaic virus Identification of the pest: Adults are small, yellow bodied insects with white wings which are densely covered with a waxy powder. Nymphs and pupae are black and round or oval. Pupae have marginal bristles. Adult Eggs. White fly colony and its infestation

36. 6. Eriyophite mite: Aceria cajani Symptoms of damage: Vector of red gram sterility mosaic virus Identification of the pest : Nymphs & Adult – white in colour . Very small microscopic and vermiform like with two pairs of anteriorly located legs

37. III. Leaf Feeders

38. 1. Leaf folder: Anticarsia irrorata Symptoms of damage: Leaves folded together Identification of the pest: Larva green coloured Adult – yellowish brown moth with an oblique black line on the wings Adult leaf folder

39. 2. Leaf Webber: Eucosma critica Symptoms of damage: Leaves rolled up apically and become white and dried up Identification of the pest: Larva creamy yellow   3. Red gram leaf roller: Caloptilia soyella Symptoms of damage: leaves folded together with tender shoots showing bore holes  Identification of the pest: Larva stout, long, smooth yellow with brown head  

40. 4. Lab lab leaf miner: Liriomiza trifoli Symptoms of damage: leaves with large irregular papery mines on the dorsal surface Identification of the pest: Larva orange coloured caterpillar

41. Flower Feeder Blister beetle: Mylabris phalerata Symptoms of damage : The adult feeds voraciously on buds and flowers. Identification of the pest: Eggs are light yellowish in colour .

42. BENGAL GRAM Crop: Bengal gram Scientific name: Cicer arietinum L. Common name: Bengal gram   Major insect pests of bengal gram : 1 . Gram Pod Borer : Helicoverpa armigera Identification of the pest: Eggs – are spherical in shape and creamy white in colour , laid singly Pupa – brown in colour , occurs in soil, leaf, pod and crop debris Adult - light pale brownish yellow stout moth. Forewing grey to pale brown with V shaped speck. Hind wings are pale smoky white with a broad blackish outer margin. Symptoms of damage: Skeletinization of leaves – feeding chlorophyll only leaving veins by young larvae Defoliation Feeds flower and green pods In green pods – make circular holes and feed the grains and make empty

43. 2. Cut worm: Agrotis ipsilon Symptoms of damage: The caterpillar remains the soil at a depth of 24 inches. The caterpillars cut the tender plants at the base, and branches or stems of growing plants. Identification of the pest: Eggs are laid on earth clods, chickpea stem bases and on both sides of leaves. Larva is dark brown with red head. Pupa Pupation takes place in earthen cocoon. Adult moths are brownish with numerous wavy lines and spots, measuring 3 to 5 cm across wings .

44. 3 . Termites: Odontotermes obesus Symptoms of damage: Termite bores into the roots and stem. Due to the bore the plants soon dries. Attack may continue to the standing crop also especially during the period of drought. Identification of the pest: These are social insects, live in termitaria , in distinct castes, workers, kings and queen. Eggs are laid on plants and in the soil. 'Workers are small (4 mm) and have a soft, white body and a brown head. Termite attack

45. PEST OF COWPEA Common name: Cow pea S.N:  Vigna unguiculata Family: Fabacace

46. 1. Spotted pod borer:  Maruca testulalis Symptoms of damage Bore holes on the buds, flower or pods Infested pods and flowers are webbed together. Identification of the pest Larva -  Greenish white with brown head. It has two pairs of dark spots on the back of each segment Adult - Forewings - light brown colour with white markings;  Hindwings  – white colour with brown markings at the lateral edge a M. obtusa larva, puparia & seed damage. C: M. chalcosoma puparia .

47. 2. Spiny pod borer: Etiella zinckenella Symptoms of damage Dropping of flowers and young pods Older pods marked with a brown spot where a larvae has entered Identification of the pest Larval –  greenish initially, turns pink before pupation. It has 5 black spots on the prothorax Adult Brownish grey moth  Prothorax  – orange in colour Fore wing  - has a white stripe along the anterior margin

48. IPM PRACTISE

49. CULTURAL PRACTISE Deep summer ploughing to expose pupae in soil. Adoption of tolerant varieties Adopt high seed rate, seed treatment with carbosulfan @ 40g/kg seed or imidacloprid 3 g/kg or thiamethoxam @ 4g/kg. Crop rotation with less favourable crops like jowar , gingelly , blackgram , horsegram , dry paddy (in redgram ) Collection and destriction of the infested material from the field. Early sowings in Pod fly endemic areas. Raising intercrops/ Guard crop: In bengalgram , mustard, coriander as intercrops. In kharif redgram like greengram , blackgram , cowpea @ 1:7 rows and jowar in 2 rows in rabi redgam to encourage and conserve natural enemies viz., Campoletis chloridae , Carcelia illote , Apanteles sauros , Microbracon brevicornis

50. Proper preparatory cultivation

51. HORSEGRAM LRG 41 Red gram variety

52. Adoption of Intercrops with other pulses in Redgram / boarder crops like maize or jowar to attract natural enemies Destruction of alternate hosts

53. MECHANICAL CONTROL : USE YELLOW STIKY TRAP Clipping of a terminal twig upto one foot at 90 – 100 DAS to remove ovipositional niches (depending on moisture availability in soil).

54. Mechanical collection of nymphs and adults and destroying them by dipping into kerosinized water and foliar spray with carbaryl @3 g/l or monocrotophos 1.5 ml /l or dimethoate 2 ml/l or methyl parathion 2 ml/l or phosphamidon 2 ml/l in case of bugs.

55. Shaking of redgram plants to collect and destroy later instars of Helicoverpa armigera shaking of trees & bushes by which the insects fall to the ground and they can be collected.

56. POISON BAIT TRAP: For the larvae of Spodoptera litura 500 g of molasses + 5 kg of rice bran + 500 g of carbaryl 50 wp /acre. Mix with water & make small Pellets and broadcast them along the irrigation channels during evening hours to attract the caterpillars.

57. CHEMICAL CONTROL Avoid indiscriminate use of insecticides, synthetic pyrethroids and mixtures Foliar application of systemic insecticides like dimethoate 2 ml/l or monocrotophos 1.6ml/l or acephate 1.5g/l against Stem fly, leaf miners. In severe incidence, indoxacarb 1 ml/l or spinosad 0.3 ml/l . Adopt community approach . Foliar sprays should commence at 50% flowering. Foliar spray from flower bud initiation with combination of chlorpyriphos 2.5 ml/l or quinalphos 2 ml/l or novaluron 0.75 ml/l or spinosad 0.75 ml/l or lamda cyhalothrin 1 ml/l in combination with dichlorvos 1 ml /l at wekly intervals in case of Maruca Foliar sprays with 5% NSKE / Botanicals or monocrotophos 1.5 ml/l or dimethoate 2 ml/l in combination with dichlorvos 1 ml /l at wekly intervals from pod formation stage against podfly and pod wasp.

58. Seed treatment with carbosulfan @ 30-40g/kg seed, spraying with thiamethoxam 0.4g/l or imidacloprid 0.4 ml/l. SUCKING PEST MANAGEMENT IN PULSES

59. Foliar spray with systemic insecticides like dimethoate 2 ml/l or phosphamidon 2 ml/l or malathion 2 ml/l or acephate 1.5 g/l or triazophos 2 ml/l or profenophos 2 ml/l

60. BIOLOGICAL CONTROL

61. Apantels sp parasitise larvae. Leafminer maggots are parasitized by Braconids , Eulophids . Pre- pupal stage of podfly is parasitized by Euderus agromyzae and pupa is parasitized by Euderus lividus . Removal of affected pods of first brood during winter.

62. Release of egg parasitoid Trichogramma @ 50,000/ha/week four times based on the adult trap catch.

63. Erect bird perches @ 50/ha to attract predatory birds like Drongo .

64. Conserve larval parasitoids Aproaerema sp, Hyperencyrtus lycaenephila , Listrodromus crassipes . Aproaerema sp