Pests of Cardamom.ppt

Major pests of cardamom and their management

1. Pest of cardamom
VINEETHA. V
2015-11-052

2. Cardamom thrips
Sciothrips cardamomi
Order -Thysanoptera
Family -Thripidae
•Active throughout the year except during
monsoon
•Population maximum during December to
April
•Adult:is minute, dark greyish brown with
fringed wings

3. •Female lay 5 to 30 eggs in different parts of plants( 9 –12
days)
•Eggskidney shaped
•First two instars very active
•Life cycle completed by 27 to 30 days

4. Nature of damage
•The thrips feed and breed on unopened leaf spindles, leaf
sheaths, flower bracts and flower tubes
•They lacerate the surface tissues of the plant parts and suck
the exuding sap.

5. Symptoms
•Panicles become stunted
•Shedding of flowers and immature capsules; reduces the
total number of capsules formed.
•Formation of corky encrustations on pods results in
malformed and shrivelled condition.

6. Symptoms contd…
•Scabsappear on the injured tissues
•Both quantity and quality of the pods are affected
•Such pods lack their fine aroma and the seeds within are also
poorly developed.
•Mysore variety more suceptible than malabar variety

8. Management
•Regulate shade in thickly shaded areas.
•Destroy alternate host like weeds , colacasia
•Fish oil insecticidal soap (FOIS) + sodium (2.5%) + 2.5%
tobacco extracts
•KAU recommendation-Quinalphos 0.05%, dimethoate 0.05% (
Apply during December to May; pest population high)

9. •During summer dust formulation -quinalphos 0.025%
•Use 250 –500 ml spray fluid –should cover entire panicle also
1/3 rd portion from base of plant.
•Remove dry drooping leaves, leaf sheath, old panicles, other
dried parts before application of pesticide
Management contd…

10. Leaf eating caterpillars
Sevenspeciesofcaterpillarsfeedingoncardamomleaves.
Theyappearinlargenumbersduringcertainseasonscausing
extensivedefoliation.
Eupterote cardamomi, Eupterote canarica, Eupterote testacea,
Eupterote fabia, Family -Eupterotidae
Lenodera vittata Family –Lasiocampidae
Alphaea biguttataFamily -Arctiidae
Euproctis lutifaciaFamily -Lymantriidae

11. Eupterote cardamomi
Eupterote testacea
Eupterote fabia

12. •Mothsarelargestout,yellowishtobrownincolourwithblackwavy
markings.
•Eggslaidinmasses(400-500)ontheleavesoftheshadetrees.
•Full-grownpossessbrownhairs;irritatingupontouch.
•Larvaeareinjurious(140-150days)–10instars
•Nocturnalinhabitandcongregateatthebaseoftreetrunksduringthe
day.
•Pupationisinthesoil.(7-8months)
Eupterote sp.

13. Symptomsof damage
•Appearsporadicallyinenormouspopulationsatintervals
•Caterpillarsaregregarious
•Congregateonthetrunksofshade
treesduringday&dropdown
atnight
•Feedvoraciouslyonleavesand
defoliatecompletely
•DamageisobservedduringOct-Dec

16. Management
•Incidence checked by lopping off and burning branches of shade
trees in which eggs are laid.
•Gradual elimination of shade trees favoured for egg laying will
reduce the incidence.
•Collect and kill caterpillars that congregate at the base of shade
trees
•Use of light traps
•Spray quinalphos 3ml/l (TNAU)
•Severe defoliation –spray chlorpyriphos(0.06 %)

17. Stem and capsule borer
Conogethes punctiferalis(Lepidoptera:
Pyralidae)
Egg: is pink, oval, flat and lays singly or in group on the
tender part of the plant
Larva:is long, pale purple body with minute hairs, black
head
Pupa: Pupation takes place in lose silken cocoon in larval
tunnel.
Adult:wings are pale yellowish with black spots

18. Nature of damage
•Early stage of the larva bores the unopened leaf
spindle/ immature capsule and feeds.
•Leads to drying up of the portion from the affected
spot
•Feeds on young seeds inside rendering
the capsules empty.
•Late stage larvae bore the pseudostem
and feed the central core of the stem

19. Symptoms
•Drying of the terminal leaf and thus produce characteristic 'dead heart'
symptom
•Empty capsule with bore holes
•Holes on panicle and stem
•Bore holes plugged with excreta

20. Management
•During day time collect adults which rests on the lower surface
of the cardamom.
•Tillers may be removed if the attack is fresh as indicated by
extrusion of frass
•Insecticides have to be targeted on early stages of the larvae,
within 15-20 days after adult emergence in the field.

21. •Sprayingfenthion0.075%iseffectiveincontrollingthis
pest(TNAU)
•Injectionofinsecticidesolutionthroughboreholes
•Quinalphos 25 EC (0.05 %) 4ml/l or fenthion 100 EC
1.25ml/l
•Dimethoate 0.05 % (POP)
(Once the late larvae bore and go deep inside the pseudostem,
the chemical spray even in its higher dose becomes
ineffective)

22. Root grub -Basilepta fulvicorne
Coleoptera: Eumolpidae
Eggs are laid on dry grasses, leaf sheaths or on dry
cardamom leaves
Grubs:Short, stout, 'C' shaped, pale white in colour.
Pupation: soil
Adult:Beetles are shiny, metallic blue, bluish green,
greenish brown or brown.

24. Damage
•Grubs feed on cardamom roots causing reduction in the uptake
of nutrients leading to yellowing & drying of leaves.
•They also feed on rhizomes.
•The grubs feed on the roots in the form of irregular scraping.
•Advanced stages entire root system damaged results in drying
and rotting depending on the season of attack.
•Seen on less shaded area

26. Management
•Provide proper shade
•Earthing up and cover exposed part of rhizome
•Collect the beetle with hand nets or sticky traps at the time of
mass emergence (March-April and August-September) and
destroy.
•Drench the soil with chlorpyriphos 0.04% @ 3-4 litres/clump to
destroy early stages of the grubs present in the soil.
•Light raking of soil before the insecticide application is essential
for effective control of root grubs

27. Other pests

28. Whitefly-Dialeurodescardamomi
Hemiptera:Aleurodidae
•Adultisasmallsoftbodiedinsect,about2mmlongand
havetwopairsofwhitewings.
•Nymphsareellipticalandpalegreen.
SYMPTOMS
Nymphs and adults remain in colonies on lower leaf surface
and suck the sap.
Chloroticpatches appear on leaves,
Gradual yellowing and get dried.
Sooty mould development occurs due to honeydew secretion

30. Management:
•Placeyellowstickytrapsbetweenrowsofcardamomplantsto
monitorandtrapadults.
•Spraylowersurfaceofleaveswithamixtureofneemoil(500
ml)in100Lofwateroracephate0.075%ortriazophos0.04%.
Repeatthespraying2or3times.

31. Cardamom aphid
Pentalonia nigronervosa
Aphididae Hemiptera
•Wingless aphid is dark brown, pyriform.
•Winged aphids have wings having prominent black veins

32. Symptomsof damage
•Nymphs and adults suck up plant sap.
•Colonies of aphids are seen under concealed conditions inside
leaf sheaths of the older pseudo stems.
•The aphids act as a vector of the mosaic or 'Katte' virus of
cardamom

33. KATTE DISEASE OF CARDAMOM

34. Management
•Removal ofColocasiaand other hosts in the vicinity of
plantation.
•Remove partly dried and decayed pseudostems which harbour
the colonies of aphids
•Foliar spraying with Dimethoate 2 ml/lit at an interval of 2
weeks in November and April gives adequate control

35. Lace wing bug: Stephanitis typicus
Tingidae, Hemiptera
•Nymph are gregarious in habit and found along with adult on
lower surface of leaves
•They suck cell sap resulting in greyish yellow spots on leaves

36. Cardamom scale insect
Mytilaspissp : Diaspididae
•Scale infests lower surface of leaves, panicle stalks, and
pseudostem within the leaf sheath.
•Berries shrivel as a result of attack