Pet Animals : Dogs and Cats Breed and their Characters

Definition of pet animals
•Major pet animals in Nepal
•Dog and cat as pet animals
•Major dog breeds and their characteristics
•Major cat breeds and their characteristics
•Estrus cycle and mating in dogs
•Estrus cycle and mating in cats
•Care of pregnant bitches and queens
•Care of puppies and kittens
•Major diseases of dogs, vaccination in dogs and
•treatment of diseases
•Major diseases of dogs, vaccination in dogs and cats
•treatment of diseases

1. Pet Animals
(Animal Science, 3
rd
Year )

Dr.Bimochan Poudel
B.V.Sc and A.H , AFU
Dr.Bimochan Poudel

2. Course Outline
•Definition of pet animals
•Major pet animals in Nepal
•Dog and cat as pet animals
•Major dog breeds and their characteristics
•Major cat breeds and their characteristics
•Estrus cycle and mating in dogs
•Estrus cycle and mating in cats
•Care of pregnant bitches and queens
•Care of puppies and kittens
•Major diseases of dogs, vaccination in dogs and
•treatment of diseases
•Major diseases of dogs, vaccination in dogs and cats
•treatment of diseases
Dr.Bimochan Poudel

3. Pet animals
•A pet is a companion animal that you take care of and that
provides you company, like a dog or a cat.
•An animal kept for enjoyment or companionship= pet
•Any domesticated animal kept as a companion=pet
•A domesticated animal kept for companionship or amusement
=pet
•Common pet animals: Dog, cat, hamsters, fish, mice, guinea
pig, birds, snakes, ferrets etc.

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4. Classification: of Dog and Cat
Dog Cat
Kingdom Animalia Animalia
Phylum Chordata Chordata
Class Mammalia Mammalia
Order Carnivora Carnivora
Family Canidae Felidae
Genus Canis Felis
Species C. lupus familiaris F. catus
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5. Dogs : a domesticated carnivorous mammal that typically has a long snout, an
acute sense of smell, non-retractable claws, and a barking, howling, or whining
voice.
Importance of dog:
•Dogs perform many roles for humans, such as hunting, herding, pulling
loads, protection, assisting police and military, companionship and, more
recently, aiding disabled people and therapeutic roles. This influence on
human society has given them the honor of "man's best friend".
•Dogs make terrific companions.
•Dogs are great protectors.
•Dogs can be great with kids.
•Dogs aren't terribly expensive.
•Dogs do not require tons of care.
•Cats – Cats are domesticated and pet animals with a strong flexible body,
quick reflexes, sharp teeth and retractable claws adapted to killing small prey.
They catch rodents/rats.
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6. Importance of cats
•Cats make terrific companions.
•Cats are easy to rear and are small in size
•Cats can be taken / transported easily
•Cats can be great with kids.
•Cats aren't expensive. In most of places of Nepal cats are
available for free
•Cats do not require tons of care.

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7. Dogs
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8. We can divide the dogs into different groups
according to their behavior and characters.
•SPORTING GROUP
•All the dogs in the Sporting Group were bred in order to assist
their owners in certain activities, such as hunting and to find
the things. They are all intelligent and very energetic, so
dealing with them can be a tough job.
•Some work in water, others on land, and still others in both. All
are suitable family dogs.
•Eg: the setters, pointers, spaniels, retrievers, and a handful of
others,
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9. Pointers Dog
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11. HOUND GROUP
•Hounds are those dogs that assist hunters by identifying the location of
prey. The hound breeds were the first hunting dogs. They have either a
powerful sense of smell, great speed, or both.
•There are three types of hound, with several breeds within each type:
•Sighthounds ) follow prey predominantly by speed, keeping it in sight.
These dogs are fast and assist hunters in catching game: fox, hare, deer etc.
•Scenthounds follow prey or others (like missing people) by tracking its
scent. These dogs are active , but are not fast runners.
•The remaining breeds of hound follow their prey using both sight and
scent.
•Example of Hound dogs: Beagle , Afagan hound , Italian Greyhound
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12. Beagle
Afagan Hound
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13. Italian Greyhounds
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14. WORKING BREEDS

The working dogs are medium-to-giant size and are often
independent and difficult to manage. Some were developed to
guard palaces, homes, and livestock. Others were draft animals,
hauling carts of fish or cheese or carrying the worldly goods of
nomadic tribes.
•Examples: Boxer, Doberman, Bullmastiff

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15. Dr.Bimochan Poudel

16. Boxer
Bullmastiff

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17. TERRIERS Group
• The terriers are also hunting dogs, but their game is generally
vermin, not birds and animals .
•They are used to control rats, mice, foxes, and other predatory
animals that harms farmer's grains and chickens, shopkeepers
storage bins, and housewives' kitchen . Terrier temperament is
fiery.
•The smallest terriers are scrappy, ready to take on even giant
sized dogs.
•Examples: Black Russian Terrier, Border Terrier, Boston Terrier,
Bull Terrier
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18. Australian Terrier
Border Terrier
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19. TOY BREEDS

•Toy dog traditionally refers to a very small dog or a grouping of
small and very small breeds of dog. A toy dog may be of any of
various dog types. Types of dogs referred to as toy dogs may
include spaniels, pinschers and terriers that have been bred
down in size.
•Toy dogs are generally easy care pets. Examples: Pomeranian,
Pug, Poodle, Lhasa Apso
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20. Pomeranian
Poodle
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21. Non sporting dogs
•Non-Sporting dogs are made up of a diverse group of breeds
with varying sizes, coats, personalities and overall appearance.
•They come from a wide variety of backgrounds so it is hard to
generalize about this group of dogs. Most are good watchdogs
and housedogs.
•Some breeds in this group are the ever-popular Dalmatian,
Poodle and Lhasa Apso
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22. Dr.Bimochan Poudel

23. Dalmatian
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24. HERDING DOGS
•All Herding breeds share an ability to control the movement
of other animals. These breeds were developed to gather,
herd and protect livestock.
•The herding instinct in these breeds is so strong that
Herding breeds have been known to gently herd their
owners, especially the children of the family. In general,
these intelligent dogs make excellent companions and
respond beautifully to training exercises.
•Examples: German Shepherd, Tibetan Mastiff
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26. Some Common Dog Breeds :
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27. GOLDEN RETRIEVER


•Origin - Scotland
•Active and powerful animal
• Coat flat or wavy and dense with water-resistant undercoat
•Colour any shade of gold and cream but not red or tan
•Ears moderate in size
• Height 50-60 cm and body weight 30-35 kg
•Tail long, straight and feathered.
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28. Tan Color
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31. HIMALAYAN SHEEPDOG (Bhote Kukur)


•The Himalayan Sheepdog is a Nepali breed of dog that has become a very rare
breed.
•Often called the Bhote kukur. They are similar in appearance to the
Newfoundland (dog) and the Tibetan Mastiff.
•They have a large body and have been known to have a loud bark.
•It is a large breed. Its height typically lies between (66 to 82 cm) range.
•Its a lighter breed in comparison with The Tibetan Mastiff and its weight range is
from 28 to 38 kg .
•Its double coat is long, and found in a wide variety of colors from solid black to
light brown with the rarest being white.
•All dogs of this breed have long, round and hairy tail.

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33. •THE ROTTWEILER

•The Rottweiler, is a "medium to large size, dog"
•Origin in Germany as a herding dog.
•It is a hardy and very intelligent breed.
•Rottweilers also worked as draught dogs, pulling carts to carry livestock
to slaughter, meat and other products to market.
•Some records indicate that earlier Rottweilers may have also been used
for hunting although the modern Rottweiler has a relatively low hunting
instinct.
•The coat consists of a top coat and an undercoat. The top coat is of
medium length, coarse, dense and flat. The hair is a little longer on the
hind-legs

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34. •Rottweilers and Cold Weather
•Rottweilers actually really like being outside in the snow and
cold. They were bred to be working dogs that can tolerate
especially cold weather. If given the choice to play outside
or stay inside, they will most likely choose to stay outside.

•Rottweilers have coats that are coarse, dense and straight
which acts as insulation against any extreme temperatures.
This is why this breed sheds twice a year. They are growing a
new coat for the upcoming season change. The shed in
preparation for winter months their coat grows back thicker.


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36. PUG


• Origin - China
• Small breed
• Short back and rounded ribs
• Coat short, soft, fine, smooth and glossy of black, silver on
apricot fawn
• Ears are rose or button shaped
• Height 25-30cm and body weight 6-8 kg
•Tail tightly curled and often double curled.

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38. LABRADOR

Origin: Newfoundland
•They have webbed paws for swimming, useful when they retrieve
their prey, hence the name retriever
•Active dog of strong body
• Coat short, dense, smooth and glossy
• Colour black, chocolate or yellow and free from markings
• Ears large and hanging close to head
• Height 50-60 cm and body weight 25-35 kg; tail thick at the root
and tapering toward the tip

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40. Boxer


•Origin - Germany
• A medium-sized sturdy dog with broad head, short nose and
strong jaws
•Muscular body covered with smooth coat of red, fawn or brindle
•Tail placed high and docked leaving behind 4-5cm stump
•Height 45-60 cm and body weight 25-30 kg; males slightly heavier
than female.

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42. Bull dog
•Bulldogs have characteristically wide heads and shoulders
•Bulldog's coat is straight, short, fine textured, smooth and
glossy. It has soft, loose skin, especially on the head, neck, and
shoulders.
•The head is covered with heavy wrinkles and he has two loose
folds at the throat to form what's called a dewlap.
•The tail is naturally short and either straight, screwed or thin
and thus is not cut or docked as with some other breeds.
•Bulldogs have round, dark eyes. Their ears are small and thin,
folded back like a rose. Their short tails are carried low on their
rumps.
•Weight , Male = 25 kg , Female = 23 kg
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43. Bull Dog
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44. Japanese Spitz
•The Japanese Spitz is a small to medium breed of dog of the
Spitz type. Lifespan: 10 – 16 years
•Color: White
•Origin: Japan
•Despite their small size, this breed is courageous and bold
and are excellent watchdogs.
• They are renowned for their thick and fluffy pure-white coat,
which is offset by their large dark almond-shaped eyes that
are slightly slanted.
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46. DOBERMAN PINSCHER


•Origin from Germany
• An alert dog has smooth, compact and muscular body
•Body coat smooth, short, thick, and glossy
• Colour black, brown or blue
• Extremities light in colour; ears small and erect, but slightly
droped forward
• Tail docked in early life leaving behind 2-3 cm long stump

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48. LHASA APSO

•Origin - Tibet
• Small active house dog
•Body completely covered with long, straight, dense coat with
golden, smoke, slaty, black, white or
•Ears drooping and eyes dark
•Average height 20-25 cm and body weight 6-7 kg.
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49. Slaty Color
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51. COCKER SPANIEL
•Origin - England
•Small sporting dog of compact body
•Head round with deep and broad muzzle
• Ears long, drooping and covered with fine hair;
• Coat flat, close, silky, soft and wavy of black, black and tan,
liver-red and roan colour
•Height 35-40 cm and body weight 11-13 kg
•The tail docked in early life and remains in line with the back.
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53. Great Dane
•The Great Dane, also known as the German Mastiff is a breed
of dog from Germany. The Great Dane descends from hunting
•Life expectancy: 8 – 10 years
•Origin: Germany
•Weight: Female: 45–59 kg, Male: 54–90 kg
•Colors: Black, Brindle, Fawn, Mantle, Blue, Harlequin
•Temperament: Friendly, Devoted, Reserved, Confident,
Gentle, Loving
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54. Brindle color pattern
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55. Fawn Color
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56. Mantle Coloured
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59. Draw a well labelled diagram of dog showing its
external parts
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62. •Normal parameters in Cats and Dogs:
Temperature:
• Dogs: 100-102.5 F
• Cats: 100-102.5F
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63. •Pulse:
• Normal for dogs varies:
– Large dogs: 60-100/min
– Medium dogs: 80-120/min
– Small dogs: 90-140/min
• Cats: 140-250/min
Respiratory rate:
• Dogs: 15-30/min
• Cats: 20-30/min

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64. Dr.Bimochan Poudel

65. How often does a female dog come into heat?

•Puberty or sexual maturity in the female dog usually occurs
around six months of age. The smaller breeds tend to go
into estrus or "heat" earlier and some females can have
their first "heat" cycle as early as four months of age. On the
other hand, the large and giant breeds can be up to two
years old before they come into heat for the first time.
•Most dogs come into heat twice per year, or about every six
months, although the interval can vary between breeds and
from dog to dog. Small breed dogs may cycle three times
per year, while giant breed dogs may only cycle once every
12 months.
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66. • When young dogs first begin to cycle, it is
normal for their cycles to be somewhat
irregular.
•There is no time of year that corresponds to
a breeding season for (domesticated) dogs
except for Basenjis and Tibetan Mastiffs
which typically tend to cycle in the spring.

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67. Estrus in Dogs (Heat Cycles)

•Estrus ("heat") is the mating period of female animals. Dogs generally
have their first estrous cycle at 6 to 12 months of age. The complete cycle
takes about 6 months, resulting in 2 estrous periods each year.
•The estrous cycle can be divided into four stages:
•Proestrus: This stage begins with the appearance of vaginal bleeding. It
normally lasts from 4 to 9 days. Male dogs become very interested in the
female however she will not yet mate with them.
•Estrus: This is the stage in which the female will accept the male and
conception can occur. The vaginal discharge is more yellowish than
bloody. Ordinarily, this stage lasts for 4 to 13 days.
•Female will stand still and hold her tail to the side when we touch her
back or a male dog tries to mount.

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68. •Metestrus and anestrus: These two stages are periods of
ovarian activity, but with no significant external signs. False
pregnancies frequently occur during metestrus.
( The anestrus phase is the nonbreeding portion of the cycle and is
marked by inactive ovaries and a small uterus. A female dog in this
phase is not attractive to male dogs and will not allow them to
mount. )
•Important consideration: You should consider your pet to be "in
season" for 21 days: 7 days coming into heat, 7 days in heat, 7
days going out. Though conception is most likely during the
middle 7 days.

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69. Mating in Dogs

•Female dogs generally have two estrous (heat) cycles each year.
This process begins at puberty. The average age at puberty is 7 to
10 months. After 4 to 9 days of bloody vaginal discharge, the
female will accept the male and stand for breeding. This receptive
stage may last a few days or as long as 2 weeks. The most
commonly used breeding dates are the 9th, 11th and 13th days
after the first vaginal discharge.
•The bitch is usually brought to the male for breeding. Mating
behaviour is initiated by the male dog, and the female either will
respond positively or will reject the male by showing avoidance or
aggression.
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70. •Courtship behaviour in the male include intense sniffing of the female‘s face, flank,
and urogenital area; licking of the vulva; and chasing or playing behaviours.
• If the female stands for mounting, the male will mount and clasp the flanks of the
female with his forelegs.
• In the dog the os penis allows intromission to occur prior to the development of an
erection.
•An erection develops immediately after intromission and is accompanied by rapid
stepping movement of the males, hind legs.
•The enlargement of the bulbus glandis occurs at this time and is eventually responsible
for the coital tie.
•The enlarged bulbus glandis of the male prevents withdrawal of the penis from the
female‘s vagina during the tie.

•The sperm-rich portion of the semen is ejaculated during the first 1-5 minutes of the
tie.
• Internal ties normally last between 5 and 60 minutes. The female and male should be
allowed to separate naturally, once the bulbus glandis has reduced in size sufficiently.



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72. Estrus cycle in cats

•When estrus occurs, animals are said to be "in heat“. Cats
normally have their first estrous cycle between 5 and 10 months
of age, with the average age around 6 months. The female cat
has 2 to 4 estrous periods every year, each lasting 15 to 22 days.
•If she is bred, estrus lasts for only 4 days. If successful mating
does not occur, estrus may last for 7 to 10 days and recur at 15
to 21day intervals. It is possible for an unmated female to cycle
every 3 to 4 weeks indefinitely. Cats also have an estrous period
1 to 6 weeks after giving birth, so a female may be nursing one
litter while pregnant with another.

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73. Behavior In Estrous

•No obvious vaginal discharge or swelling of the genitals during
estrus showed in cats as seen in dogs. A cat in estrus carries her
tail to one side, keeps her hindquarters elevated and seems
affectionate. She spends a good deal of time rolling on the floor
and seems much more restless than usual.
•The cat's voice seems more sharp and she may "call" for 1 to 2
days before she accepts the male.
•The gestation period is normally 63 to 65 days.


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74. Mating in Cats

•The queen will signal her willingness to mate with a unique
posture: chest down, forelegs bent, rear quarters raised with
the tail to the side to expose the vulva ( this posture is called
lordosis).
•The ​male cat will mount the female from the back, and insert
his penis through her vulva.
•Intact male cats have barbed penises, and upon withdrawal,
the female cat will often scream. It is believed that the barbed
penis stimulates ovulation.
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75. Barbed penis of cat
One purpose of the barbs on a cat's penis is to aid in a female's ovulation. Females do not ovulate before
sexual intercourse. Instead, the barbs stimulate the female cat's vulva during intercourse, which causes her
body to then release an egg. This is painful for the female, but part of the process.
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76. •Lordosis behavior, also known as mammalian lordosis (Greek lordōsis,
from lordos "bent backward" or presenting, is the naturally occurring
body posture for sexual receptivity to copulation present in most
mammals including rodents, elephants, and cats.
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77. Care and management of pregnant bitches (dog)
and queens (cat)
•Tips to be followed for good care and management:
•The pregnant bitch should be shifted to a clean quite area of the house about one week
prior to the whelping (giving birth) date. The normal pregnancy period is 63 days ± 2
days.
•Some bedding in the form of folded blankets and clean old news papers should be
provided after 40 days of pregnancy.
•Strictly avoid jumping, fighting and exercise during the pregnancy.
•Balanced nutrition is crucial and provided for health of pregnant dog as well as proper
fetal growth and development.
•Hairs present around mammary gland (teats) and vulva should be trimmed and the area
should whipped with some mild antiseptic solutions daily, during last week of
pregnancy.
•Recording the rectal temperature twice daily during last week of pregnancy is advisable.
•Usually rectal temperature falls abruptly to 97 to 98
0
f (normal is 101.5 to 102.5) before
24 hours of normal parturition (whelping).

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78. Care and management of puppies and kittens
•Caring for puppies and kittens from new born to four weeks.
•Keep them warm- As they do not have the warmth of their mother
to nestle up to, provide a box/container with warm bedding (e.g.
blanket/towel) and bulbs. Usually their eyes will open at two
weeks of age.
•Feeding- Feeding of very young animals with milk of dog and also
can be done with a syringe or bottle if necessary. Generally
kittens/puppies that have not yet opened their eyes will have to
be fed every three hours. They will usually wake up from sleep and
cry (like babies do) when they are hungry. If mother has deficient
in milk, use milk powder and bottle/syringe feeding. Care should
be taken during bottle feeding.


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79. •Normally a mother dog or cat will lick its newborn to aid it to do
these things, but in the absence of their mother, a person must be
the one to take charge of this duty. If the stool is watery and
persists, consult a vet as soon as possible. If stool is soft, this is
normal.
•Cleaning up- It is important to clean up any milky messes (usually
around their mouth area), or any ‘toilet mess’ before putting the
animals on their warm bedding to sleep.
•Weaning kittens and puppies generally can be weaned at 4 to 5
weeks old when they can be fed solids.
•Health Check If you are keeping the animal as a pet, it is advisable
to take the animals for de-worming at around five weeks of age.
Vaccinations against major feline/canine diseases will need to be
done at around eight weeks of age.

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80. FEEDING BEHAVIOUR OF DOGS

•Due to cooperative hunting behaviour, the dog‘s ancestors (wolf) can prey
on large prey species and they eat the hunt as quick as possible. The same
behaviour still present in domestic dog species which leads to rapid eating
of their food.
• The tendency to eat rapidly can be a problem for some dogs because it
may predispose them to choke or swallow large amounts of air.
•Dog while feeding with other dogs or other livestock species tends to eat
more rapidly.
•Changing the food less palatable or make the food difficult to eat rapidly
(semi moist food are consumed more quickly than dry food) or large pieces
of food are possible approaches to slow down the feeding in dogs.

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81. •Adding water to the dog‘s food immediately before feeding decreases the rate of
eating and minimizes the chance of swallowing large amounts of air. Other
approaches include adding a large ball to the bowl or purchasing a feeding bowl
that includes a center hub that functions to slow eating rate.
•Many dogs readily consume garbage, carrion, insects, and feces that they
encounter in the yard or while out walking. Plant eating, in particular grass
eating, is also frequently reported by owners. Contrary to popular beliefs, there
is no evidence that grass/plant eating in dogs is a sign either of illness or nutrient
deficiency.
• Rather, grass eating appears to be a normal Candi behavior as it is widespread
among wolves and has not been shown to be associated with gastrointestinal
upset or the onset of vomiting. It has been suggested that plant eating in canid
and felid species may play a role similar to that described in chimpanzees, who
consume entire leaves from various plants, which then function to purge
intestinal parasites as they travel through the gastrointestinal tract.


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82. •It is possible that plant eating evolved in dogs and cats to serve the same function.
Although scavenging garbage and coprophagy are considered to be normal behaviors in
dogs, these behaviours can present a health and sanitation risk and generally should be
prevented.
•Keeping the yard picked up, using supervision, and teaching dogs a reliable ―leave it‖
command are the best approaches to controlling scavenging and stool-eating behaviors.
• The dog‘s ancestry suggests that an intermittent feeding schedule consisting of large
meals interrupted by periods of fasting is the most natural way to feed dogs.
• However, when dogs are given free access to food, they will consume many small meals
frequently throughout the day.
• This pattern is similar to that seen in cats, with the exception that dogs tend to eat only
during the day time. The domestic dog is quite capable of adapting to a number of
different feeding regimens. These regimens include portion-controlled feeding, time-
controlled feeding or free-choice (ad-libitum) feeding.

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83. •FEEDING

• It is difficult to suggest a hard and fast feed plan for the feeding of dogs.
•It is always better for the individual dog owners to maintain the dogs on the
food materials normally prepared in the house rather than preparing special
food for dogs.
•Pups are separated (weaned) from the mother at six to eight weeks of age.
• After weaning, a combination of cow's milk (250 ml), water (125 ml), egg
yolk (one), glucose (half teaspoon) fed at intervals would be a good substitute
for the dam's milk. Goat' s milk is good for pups.
• For two to three days after weaning, the pus will be crying, may be because
of the separation from its dam.
• With the impression that the pup is crying due to hunger never overload
them with 'milk and biscuits (as often done) resulting indigestion.

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84. •The feed shall contain at least 30 % meat and the rest shall be
cereals, vegetables, milk, egg, bread, etc.
•There are at least 15 known minerals that are required for the
dog.
•The role of calcium and phosphorus is very important in growing
and lactating animals, so also the requirement of vitamins.
• It is necessary to supplement minerals and vitamins, even from
the pre-weaning period.
• It is a good practice to provide a large bone for the pup to gnaw.
• It provides calcium and phosphorus as supplement and helps to
keep the teeth clean and may prevent indiscriminate biting
tendency till the permanent teeth erupt. Leather bone is a good
substitute

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