Petroleum

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1. Friday, May 06, 2016 Wednesday ,01, 2016

2. Introduction What is the petroleum Origin of petroleum Petroleum Formation Conclusions References

3. Introduction The word petroleum comes from the Latin  petra , meaning “rock,” and oleum , meaning “oil.” Petroleum is the product of natural changes in organic materials over millions of years ago. . Petroleum is formed by hydrocarbons with the addition other substances, primarily sulphur. Originally the primary use of petroleum was as a lighting fuel.

4. What is petroleum ? it is flammable, yellow-to-black color mixture of gaseous, liquid, and solid hydrocarbons that happen naturally under the earth's surface, can be divided into fractions including natural gas, gasoline, oil , kerosene, fuel and , paraffin wax, and asphalt. Refrences:2 :Standard handbook of petroleum natural gas engineering ,Elsevier ,second edition,USA,2005

5. Origin of petroleum To be considered are these 3 stages:

6. FORMATION OF PETROLEUM : There are 2 theories concerning the formation of petroleum

7. Organic theory 95% on scientist believe this theory : crude oil contains chlorophyll (Chlorophyll derivatives) and derivatives ( Alhman ) that Chlorophyll is the green pigment found in plants either the ( Hemin ) is the animal's blood pigment. In 1934 he found the world ( Treibs ) that chlorophyll derivatives more than thirty times the derivative ( Alhman ) has therefore been suggested to create a plant-based oil and to the large number of chlorophyll derivatives in the crude oil. In (1962) could the world ( Mair ) from isolated nuclei and this nucleus are found in living organisms only, it means that the oil may be out of living organisms came the discovery. Refrences:2 :Standard handbook of petroleum natural gas engineering ,Elsevier ,second edition,USA,2005

8. Inorganic theory Many scientists believe that the origin of the oil is not a living organism, but its origin element carbon and certain carbon compounds inorganic compound calcium carbide for CaC2 example where he gripped the element carbon and its compounds, which were filled land of old, chemical changes have resulted in such a huge mixture of hydrocarbons and other organic compounds constituent Petroleum . CaC 2 + 2H 2 O  C 2 H 2 + Ca(OH )2 Refrences:2 :Standard handbook of petroleum natural gas engineering ,Elsevier ,second edition,USA,2005

9. Migration of Petroleum There are 2 stages of migration: Side Migration : is the migration of oil from the rocks of origin to the storage rocks under the impact of increased pressure. Vertical migration : is the oil movement vertically to the highest possible due to (vertical) and the presence of cleft .(figure:1)

10. figure:1 : Migration of Petroleum

11. Accumulation of Petroleum Accumulation and storage happen when the migrating fluids encounter an impermeable shale or dense layer of rock .(figure 2 )&( figure 3) After accumulation, the fluids tend to stratify according to their relative densities: Gas Oil Water

12. Figure3:Accumulation of Petroleum Figure(2) :earth structures

13. Types of traps : There are three basic types of traps 1-Anticlinal traps : result of compression of strata and are the most common traps. The largest oil and gas fields of the world are in anticline and dome. Anticline trap

14. 2-Faults . These traps are formed when rocks subjected to tensile strength, pressure, and thus crack the rocks and crevasses do this on a non-permeable layers in the face of oil-bearing layers, which leads to lack of movement and stored in the trap . Fault trap

15. 3-Stratigraphic traps : those where impermeable strata seal the permeable reservoir. It is formed by changes in rock type unconformity, or sedimentary features such as reefs. stratigraphic trap, different within the rock layer themselves (e.g., a change in the local porosity and permeability of the reservoir rock, a change in the kinds of rocks laid down, or a termination of the reservoir rock) play the important role. The stratigraphic variations associated with the reservoir rocks are the main influence on the areal extent of the reservoirs in these traps.

16. Refining petroleum Refining petroleum is the process of converting crude oil into more useful produce . Crude oil comes out of the ground with impurities, from sulfur to sand. These components have to be separated. This is done by heating the crude oil in a distillation tower that has trays and temperatures set at different levels. Oil’s hydrocarbons and metals have different boiling temperatures, and when the oil is heated, vapors from the different elements rise to different levels of the tower before condensing back into a liquid on the tiered trays.  Propane, kerosene, and other components condense on different tiers of the tower, and can be individually collected. They are transported by pipeline, ocean vessels, and trucks to different locations . Refrences 3: Handbook of petroleum refining process , meyers . A. Robert. third edition.2005

17. Petroleum composition : petroleum contain many elements the key compounds are carbon (83% – 87%), hydrogen (10% - 14%), nitrogen (0.1% - 2%), oxygen (01.% - 1.5%) and sulphur (0.5% - 6%) with a few metals making up a very small percentage of the petroleum composition. Refrences 4 : Standard handbook of petroleum natural gas engineering ,Elsevier ,second edition,USA,2005

18. Petroleum-composition The exact molecular composition varies widely from formation to formation but the proportion of chemical elements vary over fairly narrow limits as follows: Composition by weight Element Percent range Carbon 83 to 87% Hydrogen 10 to 14% Nitrogen 0.1 to 2% Oxygen 0.1 to 1.5% Sulfur 0.06 – 2% Metals 0.1% Refrences:4 : Standard handbook of petroleum natural gas engineering ,Elsevier ,second edition,USA,2005

19. Advantages of petroleum :  High Energy Density  oil has one of the highest energy densities which means that a small amount of oil can produce a large amount of energy. Constant Power Source and Reliability - Unlike solar and wind energy, oil can produce power 24/7  and is highly reliable. Oil engines are a mature technology and highly reliable to work with. We use petroleum in different industry (Dyes - Pharmacy-Agriculture) ect …

20. Disadvantages of petroleum :   Pollution of Water and Earth : Oil Spills have caused massive pollution of water bodies as huge oil supertankers lead oil. This leads to the death of thousands of animals and fishes every year beside damage the local ecology.. (figure 4) Greenhouse Gas Emissions :  One of the biggest Disadvantages of Oil  is that it emission Carbon Dioxide. (figure5) Figure 4 : Pollution of Water and Earth Figure 5 : Greenhouse Gas Emissions

21. Growth in Terrorism and Violence due to the desire of powerful countries to obtain more oil and control the largest oil reservoirs in the world . Emission of Harmful Substances like Sulfur Dioxide, Carbon Monoxide, Acid Rain  such as Sulfur Dioxide which cause health danger among the population (figure 6) Emission of Harmful Substances

22. Transportation of petroleum Pipelines Oil pipelines are made from steel. They usually have an inner diameter of about 10 to 120 cm (about 4 to 48 inches) and can run for hundreds or thousands of kilometers. Advances in technology are constantly improving the size and strength of these pipelines.

23. Transportation of petroleum by Pipelines

24. Roads and railway Oil products are also transported from storage centres to distribution areas on specialized railway tankers and trucks. These are large, long and have special storage units to protect against accidents .

25. Transportation of petroleum by Roads and railway

26. Ocean tankers Oil tankers are large, specialized ocean going ? ships specifically built to carry unrefined? Crude oil from one part of the world to another. They ? usually carry oil from where it is produced to ? where it is refined and consumed? Oil tankers are? classified by their size, which can ? range from small coastal tankers to ultra large ? crude carrier The largest ? tankers often travel from the Gulf region and West ?Africa to Japan and other Asian countries. Other ? tankers travel to the northeastern United ? States and to countries across the ? Mediterranean region.

27. Transportation of petroleum by Ocean tankers

28. Conclusions Petroleum is one of the most important natural sources of different industry and sources economy Crude oils are complex mixtures containing many different hydrocarbon compounds that vary in appearance and composition from one oil field to another petroleum and gas accumulation are found between the surface and depth levels of about 6000 to 7000 meters and deeper. petroleum and gas must move through pores saturated with water at fluid pressures ranging between 100 bar and 1400 bar and at temperatures from about 50 C° to about 250 C°. a trap is geological feature which enables migration petroleum to accumulate and be preserved for a certain time interval . a traps occur in fundamentally different forms. the petroleum is the source of non- renewable,we consume can not be compensated quickly,need to configure a period of time ranging from 5 to 100 million years old,so you must economize in consumption so as not to lose it

29. References Stone,j,petroleum : what is petroleum company new , Feb 11,2016 : www.eia.gov Standard handbook of petroleum natural gas engineering ,Elsevier ,second edition,USA,2005 Handbook of petroleum refining process,meyers . A. Robert. third edition.2005 Advance in petroleum geochemistry, Academic press . harcourt brace jovanovanovich,London,1984 Chemical analysis: series of monographs on analytical chemistry and its applications , Mark F.Vitha,series editor ,handbook of petroleum. Product analysis ,James G.seight .

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