Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms

Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms.
Pharmacy
Pharmaceutical Technology I

1. Mawlana Bhashani Science and TechnologyUniversity
Santosh, Tangail-1902
Department of Pharmacy
Assignment No:01
Assignment
on
Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms
Course Code: PHAR 2205
Course Tittle: Pharmaceutical Technology I
Submitted By Submitted To
Md. Shakil Sarker
Student ID: PHA-20008
2
nd
Year, 2
nd
Semester
Session: 2019-2020
Department of Pharmacy
Mawlana Bhashani Science and Technology
University
Santosh, Tangail-1902
Dr. Md. Mizanur Rahman Moghal
Professor
Department of Pharmacy
Mawlana Bhashani Science and Technology
University
Santosh, Tangail-1902
Date of Submission:November 14, 2022

2. Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms
Introduction to Pharmaceutical Dosage Form
Drugsarerarelydeliveredaspurechemicalentitiesbutareapproximatelyusually
providedaspreparedformulationsi.e.dosageform.Afterconvertingthemintoan
appropriatedoseformulation,theyaredeliveredinseveraldosageforms.Tocreate
analternativedosageform,non-medicinalchemicals(alsoknownaspharmaceutical
ingredientsorexcipients)areadded.Byaddingpharmaceuticalingredientsthat
solubilizeorsuspendorthickenordiluteoremulsifyorstabilizeorpreservethem,
drug dosage forms can be made more effective and appealing.
Definition of Dosage Form
Dosageformsarethemechanismbywhichdrugmolecules/APIsareadministered
toareasofactioninsidethebodytogeneratemaximumintendedbenefitsandthe
lowestunwantedeffects.ORTheDosageformisthecombinationofActive
Pharmaceutical Ingredients (API) and Excipients in the formulation.
Need Of Dosage Forms
Mainly depend on Patient Safety and Drug Safety/ Benefits.
1.Deliverprecisedosagesinasafeandeasymanner.Example–Tablets,capsules,
syrups
2.Coverbittertasteorodorofdrugsubstances.Example–Capsules,coated
tablets, flavored syrups
3.Insolubleorunstableintheselectedvehicle,providealiquidformulationofthe
insoluble or unstable medication. Example –Suspension
4.Controlled-releasemethodsprolongthedurationofmedicationeffect.Example–
Controlled release tablets, capsules, suspensions
5.Afteroraldelivery,adrugsubstanceisprotectedfromstomachacid.Example–
Enteric-coated tablets
6.Provideoptionaldrugactionfromtopicaladministrationsites.Example–
Ointment, cream, ear and nasal preparations
7. Drugs can be injected into the body's tissues. Example – Implants
8.Inhalationtreatmentisthemosteffectivewaytogetoptimummedicationactivity.
Example – Inhalants
9.Liquiddosageformsofchemicalssolubleinthevehicleofyourchoice.Example–
Solution
10.Providefortheintroductionofmedicationintothebody’sorifice.Example–
Rectal and vaginal suppositories
11.Protectionofadrugsubstancefromatmosphericoxygenormoisture.Example–
Coated capsules, sealed ampules.

3. Definition of Drug (Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients)
DrogueisanoldFrenchtermthatmeans"dryherb"andissometimesused
interchangeablywiththeword"drug".Chemicalcompoundsintendedforuseinthe
diagnosis,prevention,treatment,andmanagementofdisease(s)inhumansand
otheranimalsarereferredtoas"pharmaceuticalproducts"or"pharmaceuticals".
Chemical/organicsynthesis,molecularmodification,andbiotechnologyhaveallbeen
usedtoproducemedicinesinrecentyears.ORTheActivePharmaceutical
Ingredient (API) is the component of a medication that creates its action.
Definition of Excipients
Theydonotincreaseoraffectthetherapeuticactionoftheactivecomponents.They
arealsoknownasinactivecomponentsorexcipientsandhavenopharmacological
actioningeneral.Examplesofinactivecomponentsaredyes,preservatives,
sweetening agents, binding materials, coloring agents and flavoring agents, etc
Desirable properties of dosage form:
Should:
• Convenient to handle, use and store
• Stable during storage and use
• Withstand mechanical shock during transport
• Flexibility in different drug strength
• Provide expected therapeutic effect
• Extent, drug release, onset, intensity, duration of action predictable
• Economical and elegant
Classification of Dosage Forms
SOLID DOSAGE FORM:
1. UNIT DOSAGE FORM:
●TABLETS
○Lozenges
○Chewable Tablets
○Modified Release Tablets
○Effervescent Tablets etc
●CAPSULE
○Hard gelatin Capsule
○Soft Gelatin Capsule

4. 2. BULK
●INTERNAL
○Fine Powder
○Granules and Effervescent Granules
●EXTERNAL
○Dentifrices (Tooth Powder)
○Ear Powder
Liquid Dosage from
1. Biphasic
●Liquid in Liquid
○Emulsions
●Solid in liquid
○Suspensions
2. Monophasic
●Internal
○Syrups
○Elixirs
○Linctus
○Drops
●External
○Liniments
○Lotions
○Gargles
○Throat Paints
○Mouth Washes
○Sprays
○Eye Lotions
○Eye Drops
○Nasal Drops
●Parenteral
3. Semisolid Dosage from
●Internal
●External
●Ointments
●Creams
●Pastes
●Jellies

7. Solid dosage forms
Powders
Powdersarethesoliddosageformofmedicament,whicharemeantforinternalor
externaluse.Theyareavailableincrystallineandamorphousform.Incrystalline
powderstheconstituentatomsandmoleculesarepackedinaregularlyordered,
repeatingthree-dimensionalpattern.Amorphouspowdersarenon-crystalline
materialswhichpossessnolong-rangeorder.Anymaterialranginginparticlesize
from0.1to10000µmaybedescribedaspowder.Howeverpowdersusedin
pharmacy generally have a size between 0.1 to 10 µ.
The powders are generally used in the following forms:
1. Bulk powder for internal use, Eg: Fine powders or granules
2. Bulk powder for external use, Eg: snuffs, dusting powders and tooth powders.
3. Simple and compound powders for internal use.
4. Powders in the form of compressed tablets and tablet triturates.
5. Powders enclosed in cachets and capsules.
6.Insufflations:Micronizedpowdersmeantforbeingblowninthenasaltract,ears,
tooth
sokets, vagina etc.
7. Parenteral powders: Powders for dissolution into vehicles before injection.
Dusting Powder
Dusting powders are meant for application to the intact or broken skin.
They are meant for external applications.
Desired Property:
1. Ease of flow
2. Spreadability
3. The powder should adhere to the skin and possess good covering.
4. The dusting powder should protect the skin from drying and irritation.
5. Dusting powder should not have any irritant effect.
Types:
Dusting powders are of two types
1. MEDICAL
2. SURGICAL
•Medicaldustingpowdersareusedmainlyforsuperficialskinconditionswhereas
surgicaldustingpowdersareusedinbodycavitiesandalsoonmajorwoundsasa
result of burns.
•Surgicaldustingpowdersmustbesterile(freefrombacteriaorotherliving
microorganisms) before their use.

8. Formulation:
Itisgenerallypreparedbymixingtwoormoreingredientsoneofwhichmustbe
eitherstarch,kaolinortalc.Talcandkaolinaremostcommonlyusedbecausethese
are chemically inert.
Use:
Dustingpowdersaremainlyusedforantiseptic(preventingthegrowthof
disease-causingmicroorganisms.),astringent(amildproteinprecipitantsuitablefor
topicalapplicationtoshrinktissues),adsorbent(Substancethatbindstothedrug
surface),antiperspirant(asubstancethatisappliedtotheskin,especiallyunderthe
arms,topreventorreduceperspiration.)andantipruritic(usedtorelieve
itching.)Action.
Insufflations
•Insufflationsaremeantforpowdersbeingblowninvariousbodycavities,likenose,
throat, ears etc.
•Theyaregenerallyappliedwiththehelpofinsufflators.Itspraysthepowderintoa
stream of finely divided particles all over the site of application.
Desired Quality
1. It should be finely divided powder.
2. They should be absolutely free from irritation and sensitizing quality.
Disadvantages:
1. It is difficult to obtain a measured quantity of the drug as a uniform dose
2.Particlesadheretoeachotherandtothewalloftheinsufflatorsduetothe
electrostatic force.
Use:
Usedforlocaleffects,asinthetreatmentofear,noseandthroatinfectionswith
antibiotics (a
medicinesuchaspenicillinoritsderivativesthatinhibitsthegrowthofordestroys
microorganisms.).
Snuffs
Thesearefinelydividedsoliddosageformsofmedicamentwhichareinhaledinto
nostrils for its antiseptic, bronchodilator and decongestion action.

9. Dentifrices
Dentifricesortoothpowdersarehygienicproductsofeverydayuse.Theymayalso
bemedicatedinordertoexercisesomedefiniteactiononindividualperson.These
are applied with the help of tooth brush for cleaning the surface of the teeth.
Formulation:
Theycontainabrasiveagentssuchascalciumsulphate,magnesiumcarbonate,
sodiumcarbonateandsodiumchloride.Itmayalsocontainsomedetergentand
suitableflavor.Detergentactionisgivenbyincorporatingsurfactants.Flavourand
taste qualities are very significant in the formulation of dentifrices.
Granules
Theprimarypowderparticlesaremadetoadheretoformlarger,multiparticleentities
calledgranulesandtheprocessisknownasgranulation.Thebitter,nauseousand
unpleasantpowderscannotbegivenintabletformorinacapsulebecausealarge
numberofthemarerequiredtobetakenasasingledose.Theyalsocannotbe
givenasliquidformbecauseofstabilityproblem.Suchmedicamentsaregiveninthe
formofgranules.Thedrugismixedwithsugar,flavouringagentandagranulating
agenttoprepareacoherentmass,whichispassedthroughasievetoconvertitinto
granulesandthendried.Thesedriedgranulesaresuppliedinsingledosesachets
whicharedissolvedinwaterbeforetaking.Eg:Granulesofantibiotics,suchas
erythromycin, and penicillin salts.
Effervescent granules
Theeffervescentgranulesarethespeciallypreparedsoliddosageformof
medicaments,meantforinternaluse.Theycontainamedicamentmixedwithcitric
acid,tartaricacidandsodiumbicarbonate.Sometimessaccharinorsucrosemaybe
addedasasweeteningagent.Beforeadministration,thedesiredquantityis
dissolvedinwater,theacidandbicarbonatereactstogetherandproduce
effervescence.Thecarbonatedwaterproducedfromthereleaseofcarbondioxide
servestomaskthebittertasteofdrugs.Moreovercarbondioxidestimulatestheflow
of gastric juice and helps in the absorption of medicaments.
3NaHCO3 + C6H8O7.H2O = C6H5Na3O7 + 3CO2 + 3H2O
Sodium Bicarbonate + Citric Acid = Sodium Citrate
Tablet
Atabletisahard,compressedmedicationinround,ovalorsquareshape.Solid
dosageformcontainingunitdoseofoneormoremedicament.Preparedbymould
method or compression method.
The excipients include:
-Binders, glidants (flow aids) and lubricants to ensure efficient tabletting.

10. -Disintegrants to ensure that the tablet breaks up in the digestive tract.
-Sweeteners or flavours to mask the taste of bad-tasting active ingredients.
-Pigments to make uncoated tablets visually attractive.
A coating may be applied to:
1- hide the taste of the tablet's components.
2- make the tablet smoother and easier to swallow .
3- make it more resistant to the environment.
4- extending its shelf life.
Types of tablets:
Compressed Tablets
●Dispersible tablets
●Chewable tablets
●Film coated tablets
●Enteric coated tablets
●Effervescent tablets
●Immediate release tablets
●Sustained release tablets
Molded tablets
●Hypodermic tablets
●Dispensing tablets
Special Tablets
●Sub-lingual tablets
●Buccal tablets
●Vaginal tablets
●Rectal tablets
BUCCAL AND SUBLINGUAL TABLET
Sublingualandbuccalmedicationsareadministeredbyplacingtheminthemouth,
eitherunderthetongue(sublingual)orbetweenthegumandthecheek(buccal).The
medicationsdissolverapidlyandareabsorbedthroughthemucousmembranesof
themouth,wheretheyenterintothebloodstream.Avoidtheacidandenzymatic
environmentofthestomachandthedrugmetabolizingenzymesoftheliver.
Examples of drugs administered by this route: e.g. vasodilators, steroidal hormones.
EFFERVESCENT TABLET
Effervescenttabletsareuncoatedtabletsthatgenerallycontainacidsubstances
(citricandtartaricacids)andcarbonatesorbicarbonatesandwhichreactrapidlyin

11. thepresenceofwaterbyreleasingcarbondioxide.Theyareintendedtobedissolved
or dispersed in water before use providing:
A- Very rapid tablet dispersion and dissolution. B- pleasant tasting carbonated drink.
CHEWABLE TABLET
Theyaretabletsthatchewedpriortoswallowing.Theyaredesignedfor
administration to children e.g. vitamin products.
HYPODERMIC TABLETS
Moldedtabletsmadefromcompletelyandreadilywater-solubleingredients;formerly
intendedforuseinmakingpreparationsforhypodermicinjection.Theymaybe
administered orally or sublingually when rapid drug substance availability is required.
MODIFIED-RELEASE TABLETS
Two categories of modified-release tablet formulations are recognized by USP.
Delayed-releasetablets:Tabletsaresometimesformulatedwithacid-resistantor
enteric(alsocalled“gastro-resistant”)coatingstoprotectacid-labiledrugsubstances
from the gastric environment or to prevent adverse events such as irritation.
Extended-releasetablets:Extended-releasetabletsareformulatedinsucha
mannerastomakethedrugsubstanceavailableoveranextendedperiodoftime
followingingestion.Requirementsfordissolutionaretypicallyspecifiedinthe
individual monographs.
ORALLY DISINTEGRATING TABLETS
Orallydisintegratingtabletsareintendedtodisintegraterapidlywithinthemouthto
provideadispersionbeforethepatientswallowstheresultingslurrywherethedrug
substanceisintendedforgastrointestinaldeliveryand/orabsorption.Someofthese
dosageformshavebeenformulatedtofacilitaterapiddisintegrationandare
manufacturedbyconventionalmeansorbyusinglyophilizationormolding
processes.FurtherdetailsmaybefoundintheCDERGuidanceforIndustry:Orally
Disintegrating Tablets.
SUBLINGUAL TABLETS
Sublingualtabletsareintendedtobeinsertedbeneaththetongue,wherethedrug
substanceisabsorbeddirectlythroughtheoralmucosa.Aswithbuccaltablets,few
drugsubstancesareextensivelyabsorbedinthisway,andmuchofthedrug
substance is swallowed and is available for gastrointestinal absorption.

12. TABLETS FOR ORAL SOLUTION
Beforeadministration,tabletsfororalsolutionareintendedtobesolubilizedina
liquiddiluent.Insomecases,tabletsfororalsolutionalsomaybechewedor
swallowed.
TABLETS FOR ORAL SUSPENSION
Tabletsfororalsuspensionareintendedtobedispersedinaliquidbefore
administrationasasuspension.Thedosageformistabletsfororalsuspensionwhen
eitherthedrugsubstanceortheexcipientsdonotdissolvewhendispersedina
liquid. In some cases, tablets for oral suspension also may be chewed or swallowed.
TABLET TRITURATES
Small,usuallycylindrical,moldedorcompactedtablets.Tablettrituratestraditionally
wereusedasdispensingtabletsinordertoprovideaconvenient,measuredquantity
ofapotentdrugsubstanceforcompoundingpurposes,buttheyarerarelyused
today.
Bolus Tablet
Large,usuallyelongated,tabletsintendedforadministrationtolargeanimals.
Conventionaltabletingprocessescanbeusedtomanufacturebolustablets,butdue
to their size higher compression forces may be necessary.
Dispersible Tablets
Tabletsthatdisintegrateswithinfewsecondsinliquidmakinghomogenousmixture
before administration to patient. e.g: Zinc DT 10
Capsules
Capsulesaresoliddosageformsinwhichthedrugsubstanceand/orexcipientsare
enclosedwithinasolublecontainerorshellorcoatedonthecapsuleshell.The
shellsmaybecomposedoftwopieces(abodyandacap),ortheymaybe
composedofasinglepiece.Two-piececapsulesarecommonlyreferredtoas
hard-shellcapsules,andone-piececapsulesareoftenreferredtoassoft-shell
capsules.Thistwo-pieceandone-piececapsuledistinction,althoughimprecise,
reflectsdifferinglevelsofplasticizersinthetwocompositionsandthefactthat
one-piececapsulestypicallyaremorepliablethantwo-piececapsules.Theshellsof
capsulesareusuallymadefromgelatin.However,theyalsomaybemadefrom
cellulosepolymers(e.g.,hypromellose)orothersuitablematerial.Mostcapsulesare
designedfororaladministration.Whennodeliberateefforthasbeenmadetomodify
the drug substance release rate, capsules are referred to as immediate-release.

13. TWO-PIECE OR HARD-SHELL CAPSULES
Two-piececapsulesconsistoftwotelescopingcapandbodypiecesinarangeof
standard sizes.
ONE-PIECE OR SOFT-SHELL CAPSULES
One-piececapsulestypicallyareusedtodeliveradrugsubstanceasasolutionor
suspension.Liquidformulationsplacedintoone-piececapsulesmayoffer
advantagesbycomparisonwithdry-filledcapsulesandtabletsinachievingcontent
uniformityofpotentdrugsubstance(s)oracceptabledissolutionofdrugsubstance(s)
withpooraqueoussolubility.Becausethecontactbetweentheshellwallandits
liquidcontentsismoreintimatethanindry-filledcapsules,undesiredinteractions
may be more likely to occur (including gelatin cross-linking and pellicle formation).
MODIFIED-RELEASE CAPSULES
Thereleaseofdrugsubstance(s)fromcapsulescanbemodifiedinseveralways.
Two categories of modified-release capsule formulations are recognized by USP.
Delayed-releasecapsules:Capsulesaresometimesformulatedtoinclude
enteric-coatedgranulestoprotectacid-labiledrugsubstancesfromthegastric
environmentortopreventadverseeventssuchasirritation.Enteric-coated
multiparticulatecapsuledosageformsmayreducevariabilityinbioavailability
associatedwithgastricemptyingtimesforlargerparticles(i.e.,tablets)andmay
minimizethelikelihoodofatherapeuticfailurewhencoatingdefectsoccurduring
manufacturing.Alternatively,acoatingmaybeappliedtothecapsuleshellto
achieve delayed release of the contents.
Extended-releasecapsules:Extended-releasecapsulesareformulatedinsucha
mannerastomakethecontaineddrugsubstanceavailableoveranextendedperiod
oftimefollowingingestion.Requirementsfordissolutionaretypicallyspecifiedinthe
individualmonograph.Methodsformodifyingdrugsubstancereleasefromcapsules
includecoatingthefilledcapsuleshellsorthecontents,inthecaseofdry-filled
capsules.
PILLS
Pillsaresmallroundedsoliddosageformscontainingmedicamentandareintended
tobeadministeredorally.Pillsaresphericalinshapeandsometimescoatedwith
varnish,silverleaf,andgoldleaftoimprovethefinish,masktheunpleasanttastes
andincreasestability.Inoldendayspillswerepreferredbecauseoftheirspherical
shapewhichcanbeeasilyswallowed.Butnowadaysitisnotusedbecauseofthe
following reasons:
1. Disintegration time of the pills is uncertain.
2. It is difficult to prepare pills of a uniform size.
3. It is difficult to prepare pills of uniform weight.

14. Cachets
Cachetsarethesolidunitdosageformsofmedicamentsinwhichdrugisenclosedin
tastelesssheetmadebypouringmixtureofriceflourandwaterbetweentwohot,
polished,revolvingcylinders.Waterisevaporatedandsheetofwaterformedis
known is cachet.
TYPES
Wet sheet cachet: Sealed by moistening the edges withwater.
Dry sheet cachet
Administration:Acachetshouldbeimmersedinwaterforfewsecondsandthen
placed on the toungue and swallowed with draught of water.
ADVANTAGE
* They are quite useful for administering the drugs with unpleasant taste
* A large dose can be enclosed in cachet than in a tablet or capsule.
Examples:
* Sodium amino salicylate cachet. * Isoniazid cachet.
Lozenges
Lozengesaresolidoraldosageformsthataredesignedtodissolveordisintegrate
slowlyinthemouth.Theycontainoneormoredrugsubstancesthatareslowly
liberatedfromthetypicallyflavoredandsweetenedbase.Theyarefrequently
intendedtoprovidelocalactionintheoralcavityorthethroatbutalsoincludethose
intendedforsystemicabsorptionafterdissolution.Thetypicaltherapeuticcategories
of drug substances delivered in lozenges are antiseptics, analgesics, decongestants,
antitussives,andantibiotics.Moldedlozengesarecalledcoughdropsorpastillesbut
thesetermsarenotusedinofficialarticletitles.Lozengespreparedbycompression
orbystampingorcuttingfromauniformbedofpastearesometimesknownas
troches(atermnotusedinofficialarticletitles).Compressedorstampedlozenges
areoftenproducedinacircularshape.Lozengescanbemadeusingsugarssuchas
sucroseanddextrose,orcanprovidethebenefitsofasugar-freeformulationthatis
usuallybasedonsorbitolormannitol.Polyethyleneglycolsandhypromelloseare
sometimes included to slow the rate of dissolution.
Suppositories
Suppositoryisanotherwaytodeliverdrugs.It’sasmall,roundorconeshapedobject
thatputinbodyorifice,oftenintobottom.Onceitsinside,itsmeltanddissolvesand
releases the medicine and exert local or systemic effects.

15. Type of suppository
There are three type of suppository
Rectal Suppository– into the rectum.
Vaginal Suppository– into the vagina.
Urethral Suppository– into male urethra.
ADVANTAGES OF SUPPOSITORIES
Over Oral Drug Administration:
• Avoid first pass metabolism
• Introduce drugs into the body
• Does not cause nausea and vomiting due to gastric irritation in case of oral therapy
• Used before surgery since oral therapy is restricted
• Beneficial for patients suffering from severe vomiting
• Can be administered to unconscious patients
• Can be used as targeted drug delivery system
• Localized action with reduced systemic distribution
• Get to site of action with lower dose reducing systemic toxicity
• Highly beneficial in haemorrhoids or vaginal infections
• Prolonged drug action achieved
Over parenteral drug administration:
• Self-medication
• No systemic side effects
• No pain or site of action related issues
Over Vaginal Tablets:
• Suppositories dissolves faster
• Total bioavailability achieved
• No residue remains like tablet
• No need of applicator
• Non staining
• Non itching
DISADVANTAGES OF SUPPOSITORIES:
• Mucosal irritation
• Patient compliance
• Erratic and undesired absorption
• Placement too high into rectum may lead to first pass metabolism
• Installation may trigger defecation reaction
• GI state affects absorption, Diarrhoea & disease states affect absorption

16. Poultices
Soliddosageformconvertedtopastelikepreparationusedexternallyintheskinto
reduceinflammation.APoulticeisasoft,moistmassthatisspreadonaclothand
thanappliedontheskintotreatvariousailments.Ailmentssuchasinsectbites,
arthritis , boils, infections and more ...... It is also called CATAPLASM.
FORMATION OF POULTICES
Ahomemadepoulticeismadebymashingherbs,plantmaterial,oranother
substancewithwarmornaturaloilstomakeapaste.Thepasteisapplieddirectlyon
skin and covered with a piece of clean cloth.
TYPES OF POUTICES
• Some major types of poultices are:
• Onion poultice
• Potato poultice
• Mustard poultice
• Plantain poultice
• Comfrey poultice
• Tumeric poultice
USES
• POULTICES are used to cure arthritis.
• POULTICES are used to cure inflamation.
• To relief itching.
• To relief muscle pain muscle spasm
• For desalination
• In horses to treat joints pain.
Liquid dosage forms
Theliquiddosageforms,whetherforinternal,parenteralorexternalusemaybe
eithermonophasicorbiphasicproducts.Monophasicproductsarerepresentedby
trueorcolloidalsolutionsandsolubilisedpreparations.Theyareappearedtobe
similarinphysicalappearanceandconsistsofonlyonephase.Theymayhavewater
asthesolventormaybeoccasionallybasedonsomeotherliquids.Thebiphasic
productsareexemplifiedbyemulsionsorsuspensionsandconsistsoftwophases.
Inemulsionsgenerallyboththephasesareliquids,whileinsuspensionsthe
continuousphaseisliquidandthedispersedphaseisfinelydividedsolids.Liquid
preparationsareeasytoswallowandthusmoreusefulforpediatricsandgeriatrics.
Ontheotherhanddruginsolublestateischemicallylessstablethanitsinsoluble
state.

17. Monophasic dosage forms are available as:
1. Liquid for internal use, Eg: Syrups, Elixirs, Linctus, drops and draughts.
2. Liquids for external use, which are of two types:
A. Liquid to be applied to the skin, eg: liniments and lotions.
B.Liquidsforbodycavities.Eg:Gargles,throatpaints,mouthwashes,eyedrops,
eye lotions, ear drops, nasal drops, spray and inhalations.
Liquid for internal use:
Thelargestproportionoftheliquidformulationsareliquidforinternaluse.Drug
should have sufficient solubility in commonly used solvent, like water.
Liquid Formulations for External Use:
Monophasic liquids for external use may be categorised into following classes
a. Liquids for application to the intact skin, such as liniments, lotions etc
b.Liquidsfortheuseinoneortheotherbodycavitiessuchasgargles,throatpaints,
eye drops, eye lotions, ear drops, ear douches, nasal drops, enemas etc.
c. Liquids meant to be inhaled into or sprayed in nasal or respiratory tracts.
Biphasic Liquid Dosage form:
Liquidswhichconsistoftwophasesareknownbiphasicliquids.Eg:Emulsionsand
suspensions.
Collodions
Liquidpreparationsforexternalusehavingnitrocelluloseusedtoprotecttheskin.
Collodionisasolutionofnitrocelluloseinetheroracetone,sometimeswiththe
additionofalcohols.Itsgenericnameispyroxylinsolution.Itishighlyflammable.As
thesolventevaporates,itdriestoacelluloid-likefilm.CompoundWartRemover
consistsofaceticacidandsalicylicacidinanacetonecollodionbaseusedin
Treatment of warts by keratolysis.
Droughts
Liquidpreparationsfororalcontainingmedicamentsavailableinsingleoseor
multipledose.Adraughtisanoldertermusedtodescribealiquidpreparation
formulatedasasingledose,inavolumewhichislargerthangenerallyutilised
intraditionalmixturebformulations.Eachdraughtwasusuallysuppliedina50mLunit
dosecontainer.Example:Ipecacuanhaemeticdraughts-BPC(treatmentofpoison).
Thenormalis10or15mlandthereforemultipledosevolumeisprescribed.Malefern
draught emulsion. Paraldehyde draughts- oxidized to acetic acid and cause death
Precautions: Do not use, if the solution is discolored.

18. Elixirs
Liquidpreparationfororalcontainingmedicamentswithsuitableexcipients.Elixirs
areclearsweetenedandflavouredhydroalcoholicsolutionsfororaluse.Non
medicatedelixierssuchasaromaticelixiraremainlyusedasflavouredvehicle.
Medicatedelixiershavetheirowntherapeuticvalue.Alcoholcontentinelixiersvaries
from 3 to 40%. Due to high alcohol content, elixirs are not the
choiceofdosageformsforpediatrics.Themainingredientsofelixirsareethyl
alcohol,water,glycerin,propyleneglycol,flavouringagent,colouringagentand
somepreservative.Themedicatedelixirsusuallycontainapotentdrugsuchas,
antibiotics,antihistaminesorsedatives.Eg:PiperazineCitrateElixirsI.P(Piperazine
Citrate)
Emulsions
Biphasicliquiddosageformfororalcontainingmedicamentsinwhichfineoil
globulesdispersedincontinuousphase.Emulsionsarethermodynamicallyunstable
heterogeneousbiphasicsystemconsistingoftwoimmiscibleliquids,oneofwhichis
dispersedasminuteglobulesintotheothers.Thistypeofformulationsarestabilized
byusingemulsifyingagent.Internalphasedropletsaregenerallyrangedindiameter
of0.1µmto100µm.Emulsionsaremostlyclassifiedasoilinwater(o/w)emulsions
and water in oil (w/o) emulsions.
Emulsions are used for
1. Oral administration, Eg: Liquid Paraffin Emulsion IP
2. Intravenous administration, Eg: Emulsion of vitamin A,D and K and
3. For external use, Eg: Emulsions for topical administration.
Oral emulsion
Oralemulsionsarestabilizedoil-in-waterdispersions,eitherorbothphasesofwhich
maycontaindissolvedsolidseitheroilisdispersedinfinelydividedforminwateror
vice versa
Suspensions
Biphasicliquiddosageformfororalcontainingmedicamentsinwhichfinesolid
particlessuspendedincontinuousphase.Suspensionsareheterogeneousbiphasic,
thermodynamicallyunstableliquiddosageformofmedicamentsinwhichinsoluble
solidparticles(asinternal,discontinuousordispersedphase)isuniformlydistributed
inliquidphase(External,continuousordispersionphase).Insuspensionsfinely
dividedparticlesrangingfrom0.5to5micronsaredispersedinaliquidvehicle.
Suspensionsareusedfororal,parenteralandexternalapplications.Suspensions
whicharemeantforexternalapplicationsshouldhavesmallparticlesizetoavoid

19. grittyfeelingtotheskinandtocoveralargerareaoftheskin.Smallerparticlesalso
helps in the penetration of drug through the skin.
Oral suspension
Liquidpreparationsfororalusecontainingoneormoreactiveingredientssuspended
inasuitablevehicle.mayshowasedimentwhichisreadilydispersedonshakingto
giveauniformsuspensionwhichremainssufficientlystabletoenablethecorrect
dose to be delivered
Enemas
Liquidpreparationforrectalcontainingmedicaments.Anenemaistheprocedureof
introducing liquids into the rectum and colon via the anus.
Types of enema:
1- Evacuant enema: used as a bowel stimulant to treatconstipation. E.g. soft
soap enema & Mgso4 enema
-The volume of evacuant enemas may reach up to 2 liters.
- They should be warmed to body temperature before administration.
2- Retention enema:
- Their volume does not exceed 100 ml.
- No warming needed.
- May exert:
A-Localeffect:e.g.abariumenemaisusedasacontrastsubstanceinthe
radiological imaging of the bowel.
B-Systemiceffect:e.g.theadministrationofsubstancesintothebloodstream.This
may be done in situations where it is impossible to deliver a medication
bymouth,suchasantiemetics.e.g.nutrientenemawhichcontainscarbohydrates,
vitamins &minerals.
Gargles
Concentratedaqueoussolutionsforexternaluseusedtotreatthroatinfections.
Garglesareclearaqueoussolutionsusedintheposteriorregionofmouthby
agitatingthesolutionwithexhaledairtoproducelocaleffectinthroatandtheseare
nottobeswallowedinlargeamount.Theyareusuallyavailableinconcentratedform
withdirectionfordilutionwithwarmwaterbeforeuse.Theyarebroughtintointimate
contactwiththemucousmembraneofthethroatandareallowedtoremainin
contactwithitforafewsecondsbeforetheyarethrownoutofthemouth.Theyare
usedtorelievesorenessinmildthroatinfection.Phenolorthymolisgenerally
presentinsmallconcentrationforitsantibacterialactivity.Potassiumchlorateisalso
includedingarglesforitsweakastringenteffecttotoneuparelaxedthroat.Italso

20. stimulatessecretionofsalivawhichrelievesdryness,eg:Phenolgargles,Potassium
chloride and phenol gargles.
Gels
Aqueouscolloidalsuspensionscontainingmedicamentsusedasantacids.Gelsand
jelliesaretransparenttoopaquesemisolidpreparationsmeantforexternal
applicationtotheskinormucousmembrane.Consideredtobemorerigidthan
jellies.Jelliescontainmorefluidandlesscross-linkingagent.Theyarenon-greasy
andpreparedfromNaturalgums,eg:Tragacanth,Pectin,SodiumAlginateetc.
Syntheticderivativesofnaturalsubstances,eg:Methylcellulose,Sodium
carboxymethyl cellulose.
Linctuses
Viscous,liquidoralpreparationsusedtoreliefcough.Linctusesareviscousliquid
andoralpreparationsthataregenerallyprescribedforthereliefofcough.Mostlyit
containsingredientwithsedativeactionandsomecontainsexpectorants.Simple
syrupisgenerallyusedasavehicleformostofthelinctuses.Thisgivesoothingto
thesoremucousmembraneofthethroat.Toobtainandprolonglocalaction,
linctusesshouldbetakenundilutedandsippedandswallowedslowly.Eg:Codeine
Linctus B.P.C (API: Codeine Phosphate)
Lotions
Liquidpreparationsforexternalapplicationusuallyappliedwithoutfriction.Lotions
aresuspensions,emulsions,combinationofemulsion-suspensionoraqueousor
non-aqueoussolutionsdesignedtobeappliedtotheunbrokenskinwithoutfriction.
Lotionsareanemulsifiedliquiddosageformintendedforexternalapplicationtothe
skin.Historically,sometopicalsuspensionssuchascalaminelotionhavebeen
calledlotionsbutthatnomenclatureisnotcurrentlypreferred.Lotionssharemany
characteristicswithcreams.Thedistinguishingfactoristhattheyaremorefluidthan
semisolidandthuspourable.Duentotheirfluidcharacter,lotionsaremoreeasily
appliedtolargeskinsurfacesthansemisolidpreparations.Lotionsmaycontain
antimicrobialagentsaspreservatives.Theyareusedfortheirepidermiceffect,such
aslocalcooling,soothing,protective,dryingormoisturizingpropertiesdepending
upontheingredientsused.Theyaredirectlyappliedtotheskinwiththehelpof
some adsorbent material, such as, cotton wool. Eg: Calamine Lotion I.P
Liniments
Liquidpreparationsforexternalapplicationusuallyappliedwithfriction.Theliniments
areliquidorsemi-liquidpreparationsmeantforapplicationtotheskin.Theliniments
areusuallyappliedtotheskinwithfrictionandrubbingoftheskin.Theyaresolutions
oremulsionsinanaqueousoroilyvehicles.Theyareusedascounterirritant,
rubefacientandsoothing.Alcoholsarealsousedinthepreparationofliniments.
Alcoholinthelinimentshelpsinthepenetrationofmedicamentsintotheskinand

21. alsoincreasesitscounterirritantandrubefacientaction.Inoilylinimentsarachisoil
isusedcommonly,whichspreadmoreeasilyontheskin.Alinimentshouldnotbe
appliedtothebrokenskinbecauseitmaycausesexcessiveirritation.Eg:Linimentof
Camphor.
Mixtures
Liquid oral preparations containing one or more
medicaments.Amixtureisaliquidpreparationmeantfororaladministrationinwhich
medicamentormedicamentsaredissolved,suspendedordispersedinasuitable
vehicle.
CLASSIFICATION OF MIXTURES
1. Simple mixture containing soluble substances
2. Mixture containing diffusible solids
3. Mixture containing indiffusible solids
4. Mixture containing Precipitate forming liquids
5. Mixture containing Slightly soluble liquid
SIMPLE MIXTURE CONT AINING SOLUBLE SUBST ANCES
Itcontainsonlysolubleingredients.Itisrepresentedbytruesolution.Itisaclear
homogenous mixture. E.g. Carminative mixture, Expectorant mixture etc.
MIXTURE CONTAINING DIFFUSIBLE SOLIDS
Diffusiblesolidsareinsolubleinwater.Uniformlydispersedinthevehicleonshaking.
Noneedofsuspendingagent.Ex.Bismuthcarbonate,Bismuth
subnitrate,Magnesium carbonate.
MIXTURE CONTAINING INDIFFUSIBLE SOLIDS
Indiffusiblesolidsareinsolubleinvehicle.Notevenlydistributethroughoutthe
vehicleonshakingornotdistributeinvehicleforsufficientlylongtime.So
suspendingagentsareaddedinformulation..Ex.Acetylsalicylicacid,Phenacetin,
chalk powder.
MIXTURE CONTAINING PRECIPITATE FORMING LIQUIDS
Theseliquidsarenotonlyinsolubleinwaterbuttheyformindiffusibleprecipitates
particularlywhensaltsarepresent.Theycontainresinousmatterandwhenitis
mixedwithwateritleadstoprecipitationofresinandmaysticktothesidesofthe
bottlewhichwillbedifficulttorediffusebyshaking.Topreventthis,aprotective
colloid is dispersed in the vehicle before tincture is added.
MIXTURE CONTAINING SLIGHTLY SOLUBLE LIQUIDS

22. Theinsolubleportionofslightlysolubleliquidsisnotreadilydiffusible.Soa
suspendingagentsuchastragacanthpowderortragacanthmucilageareneededto
dispense such mixtures. Ex. Paraldehyde liquid
Mouth washes
Concentratedaqueoussolutionsforexternaluseusedtotreatmouthinfectionsand
oralhyginic.Theseareaqueoussolutionswithapleasanttasteandodourusedto
makecleananddeodorisethebuccalcavity.Generallytheycontainantibacterial
agents,alcohol,glycerin,sweeteningagents,flavouringagentsandcolouring
agents. Eg: Sodium Chloride Mouth Wash, Compound B.P.C.
Nasal drops
Liquidpreparationscontainingmedicamentsthatareinstilledintothenosewitha
dropperusedtotreatnoseinfectionsandblockageofnose.Drugsinsolutionmaybe
instilledintothenosefromadropperorfromaplasticsqueezebottle.Thedrugmay
havealocaleffect,e.g.antihistamine,decongestant.Alternativelythedrugmaybe
absorbedthroughthenasalmucosatoexertasystemiceffect.Theuseofoilynasal
dropsshouldbeavoidedbecauseofpossibledamagetotheciliaofthenasal
mucosa.
Paints
Liquidpreparationsforexternalapplicationtotheskinormucousmembranewith
softbrush.Paintsareliquidsforapplicationtotheskinormucousmembranes.Skin
paintscontainvolatilesolventthatevaporatesquicklytoleaveadryresinousfilmof
medicament.Throatpaintsaremoreviscousduetoahighcontentofglycerol,
designed to prolong contact of the medicament with the affected site.
Throat Paints
Throatpaintsareviscouspreparationsofmedicamentsforlocalactioninthe
pharynx.Glyceriniscommonlyusedasabasebecause,beingviscous,itadheresto
mucousmembraneforalongperiodanditpossessessweettaste.Theyareapplied
tothethroatwithabrush.Throatpaintsareusedintreatmentofinflammationsof
various areas of the mouth and throat.
Solutions
Clearliquidpreparationcontainingwithorwithoutmedicamentsusedtointernalor
externalpreparations.Asolutionisapreparationthatcontainsoneormoredissolved
chemicalsubstancesinasuitablesolventormixtureofmutuallymisciblesolvents.
Becausemoleculesofadrugsubstanceinsolutionareuniformlydispersed,theuse
ofsolutionsasdosagebformsgenerallyprovidesassuranceofuniformdosageupon
administrationandgoodaccuracywhenthesolutionisdilutedorotherwisemixed.
Substancesinsolutionsaremoresusceptibletochemicalinstabilitythantheyarein

23. thesolidstateand,dose-for-dose,arengenerallyheavierandmorebulkythansolid
dosageforms.Thesefactorsincreasethecostofpackagingandshippingrelativeto
thatofsoliddosageforms.Somesolutionsarepreparedandreadyforuse,and
othersarepreparedaspowdersorothersolidsintendedforreconstitutionwithan
appropriatevehiclejustbeforeuse.Solutiondosageformscanbeadministeredby
injection,inhalation,andthemucosal,topical,andgastrointestinalroutes.Asolution
administeredbyinjectionisofficiallytitled“injection”.Somesolutionsaredesignedto
formamassinsitu.Thesesolutionscomprisepolymer,drugsubstance,andsolvent
forthepolymer.Thepolymersolventcanbewateroranorganicsolvent.After
administrationofthesolutiontoapatientbysubcutaneousorintramuscular
administration,itformsagelorasolidpolymericmatrixthattrapsthedrug
substanceandbextendsthedrugsubstancereleasefordaysormonths.Solutions
intendedfororaladministrationusuallycontainflavoringsandcolorantstomakethe
medicationmoreattractiveandpalatableforthepatientorconsumer.Whenneeded,
theyalsomaycontainstabilizerstomaintainchemicalandphysicalstabilityand
preservativestopreventmicrobialgrowth.Solutionsaresometimesplacedon
devicessuchasswabs,cloths,orsponges,thataidapplication.Asolutionthat
needstobedilutedpriortoadministrationpreviouslyhasbeencalledaconcentrate.
The term “concentrate” is no longer preferred.
Oral solution
OralsolutionsareclearLiquidpreparationsfororalusecontainingoneormore
active ingredients dissolved in a suitable vehicle.
Syrups
Sweet,viscous,concentratedliquidpreparationscontainingwithorwithoutsugar
andmedicaments.Syrupsaresweetandviscousaqueouspreparations.Simple
syrupisasaturatedsolutionofsucroseinpurifiedwater.Theconcentrationof
sucroseusedis66.7%w/w(asperIndianPharmacopoeia,IP).Theyareeither
flavoringsyrups(syrupscontainingaromaticorflavoredsubstances)andmedicated
syrups(Syrupcontainingmedicinalsubstances).Syrupsareusedforformulating
antibiotics,antitussives,antihistaminic,sedatives,vitaminsetc.Mostsyrupsare
aqueous solutions of sucrose or dextrose. Artificial syrups are also in the
market,whereartificialsweeteningagents(Eg:saccharineandsodiumcyclamate)
are used.
The artificial syrups are having two points in their favour
1. They are free from carbohydrates and suitable for diabetics.
2. They have lesser stability problems as compared to sugar based syrups.
Syrups are commonly used for the following reasons:
1. They are palatable

24. 2.Syrupshavehighosmoticpressurewhichpreventsgrowthofbacteria,fungiand
preventdecompositionofmanyvegetablesubstances.Duetothissyrupshavethe
self-preservative activity.
3.Syrupsretardsoxidationbecauseitispartlyhydrolysedintoreducingsugars,such
as lavulose and dextrose.
Semisolid dosage forms
Semisoliddosageformsaredermatologicalproductsofsemisolidconsistencyand
appliedtoskinfortherapeuticorprotectiveactionorcosmeticfunction.Semisolid
dosageformsusuallyareintendedforlocalizeddrugdelivery.Inthepastfewyears,
however,theseformsalsohavebeenexploredforthesystemicdeliveryofvarious
drugs. Semisolids constitute a significant proportion of pharmaceutical dosage forms.
Theycanbeappliedtopicallytotheskin,cornea,rectaltissue,nasalmucosa,
vagina,buccaltissue,urethralmembrane,andexternalearlining.Eg:Ointments,
creams, jellies and pastes etc.
Advantages of semi-solid dosage form:
• It is used externally
• The probability of side effects can be reduced
• First, pass gut and hepatic metabolism is avoided.
• Local action and Site-specific action of the drug on the affected area.
•Convenientforunconsciouspatientsorpatientstohavedifficultyinoral
administration.
• Suitable dosage form for bitter drugs.
• More stable than a liquid dosage form.
Disadvantages of semi-solid dosage form:
• The accuracy can’t be measured, for the semisolid dosage form.
• May cause staining.
• They are bulky to handle.
• Application with a finger may cause contamination.
• Physico-chemical is less stable than a solid dosage form.
• May cause irritation or allergy to some patients
Ideal properties of semisolid dosage forms:
• Smooth texture
• Elegant in appearance
• Non-dehydrating
• Non-gritty
• Non-greasy and non-staining

25. • Non-hygroscopic
Ingredients needed for semisolid dosage form:
• Bases
• Preservative
• Humectants
• Antioxidants
• Emulsifier
• Gelling agent
• Permeation enhancer
• Buffers
Bases used in semisolid dosage form:
Itisoneofthemostimportantingredientsusedintheformulationofthesemisolid
dosageform.Ointmentbasesdonotmerelyactasthecarriersofthemedicaments,
but they also control the extent of absorption of medicaments incorporated in them.
Ideal characterization of bases used in semisolid dosage form:
They should be:
• Inert, non-irritating, and non-sensitizing.
• Compatible with skin pH and the drug.
• Good solvent and/or emulsifying agent.
• Emollient, protective, non-greasy and easily removable.
• Release medicament readily at the site of application.
• Pharmaceutically elegant and possess good stability
Classification of Bases:
According to USP ointment bases are classified into four general groups:
• Hydrocarbon bases (oleaginous bases) (Petrolatum, Paraffin, Lanolin, etc.)
• Absorption bases (cold cream, anhydrous lanolin, etc.)
• Water-removable bases ( oil in water)
• Water-soluble bases (polyethylene glycol)
Antioxidants used in semisolid dosage form:
Oxygenhasthecapabilitytobecomeapartofpotentiallydamagingmoleculescalled
“freeradicals.”Freeradicalscanattackthehealthycellsofthebody.Itcanbreak
theirstructureandthat’swhythefunctionisalsoaffected.Example:Butylated
hydroxyanisole, Butylated hydroxytoluene
Ingredients that increase permeation:
Skincanactasabarrier.Therearevariouspenetrationenhancersthatcanhelpthe
drug to penetrate through the skin.

26. Theemulsifierusedinsemisoliddosageform:Emulsifiersareusedtoimprove
thestabilityofanemulsionbyincreasingitskineticstability.Itreducessurface
tensionandpreventscoalescence.Ithelpstoincreasetheviscosityatlow
concentration.
Emulsifying agents used in semisolid dosage form:
Sodiumlaurylsulfate:Oil/Wateremulsion–Sodiumstearateandcalciumstearate.
Glycerylmonostearate:ThisisaweakWater/Oilemulsifyingagentanditisusedas
a stabilizer and emollient in the Oil/Water emulsion.
Humectant used in semisolid dosage form:
Thehumectantisahygroscopicsubstanceusedtoincreasethesolubilityofthe
activeingredienttoincreaseskinpenetration.It’salsousedtoimprovethehydration
of the skin.
Buffers used in semisolid dosage form:
Buffers are added for various purposes. Such as
• Compatibility with skin.
• Drug solubility.
• Drug stability.
• Influence the ionization of drugs.
Preservatives used in semisolid dosage form:
Preservativesareusedtoinhibitthegrowthofcontaminationofmicroorganisms.
Example: Para-hydroxybenzoate (parabens), phenols, benzoic acid, sorbic acid, etc.
Ointments
Semisoliddosageformsforexternalusecontainingwithorwithoutmedicaments
withsuitableointmentbase.Ointmentsaresemisolidpreparationswithorwithout
medicamentsintendedforapplicationtotheskin.Medicamentsusedinthe
formulationisdissolved,suspendedoremulsifiedinanointmentbase.Ointment
basesrecognizedforuseasvehiclesfallintofourgeneralclasses:hydrocarbon
bases, absorption bases, water-removable bases, and water-soluble bases.
HYDROCARBON BASE
• The ointments are mainly used as protective or emollient for the skin.
• Ointments may be used as-
1. Antibiotic ointments. Drug used: Neomycin.
2. Antifungal ointment. Drug used: Benzoic acid, salicylic acid, nystatin.
3. Anti-inflammatory ointment. Drug used: hydrocortisone, etc
ENVIRONMENT Temperature: 20-300 C, Humidity: 30-60 %,
DOCUMENTS:

27. 1. Standard Operating Procedure (SOP)
2. Batch Manufacturing Record (BMR)
3. Batch Packaging Record (BPR)
4. In House specification
Creams
Semisoliddosageformsforexternalusecontainingwithorwithoutmedicaments
withsuitablefattybase.Theseareviscoussemisolidemulsionswhicharemeantfor
externaluse.Theyusuallycontainawatersolublebaseduetowhichtheycanbe
easilyremovedfromtheskin.Theyareofsofterconsistencyandhavelightweightin
comparisontotrueointmentswhenappliedtotheskin.Creamleavenovisible
evidence of their presence on the skin.
They are of mostly two types
a. Aqueous cream, Eg: Cetrimide Cream B.P
b. Oily cream, Eg: Proflavine cream BPC
Creamsaresemi-solidemulsions,thatismixturesofoilandwater.-Theyare
divided into two types:
A-oil-in-water(O/W)creams:whicharecomposedofsmalldropletsofoil
dispersedinacontinuousaqueousphase.Oil-in-watercreamsaremorecomfortable
andcosmeticallyacceptableastheyarelessgreasyandmoreeasilywashedoff
using water.
B-water-in-oil(W/O)creams:whicharecomposedofsmalldropletsofwater
dispersedinacontinuousoilyphase.Water-in-oilcreamsaremoredifficulttohandle
butmanydrugswhichareincorporatedintocreamsarehydrophobicandwillbe
releasedmorereadilyfromawater-in-oilcreamthananoil-in-watercream.
Water-in-oilcreamsarealsomoremoisturisingastheyprovideanoilybarrierwhich
reduces water loss from the stratum corneum, the outermost layer of the skin.
Paste
Semisoliddosageformsforexternalusecontaininghighproportionoffinely
powderedmedicamentswithsuitablefattybase.Pastesarebasicallyointmentsinto
whichahighpercentageofinsolublesolidhasbeenadded.Theextraordinary
amountofparticulatematterstiffensthesystem.Pastesarelesspenetratingand
lessmaceratingandlessheatingthanointment.Pastesmakeparticularlygood
protectivebarrierwhenplacedontheskin,thesolidtheycontaincanabsorband
therebyneutralizecertainnoxiouschemicalsbeforetheyeverreachtheskin.Like
ointments,pasteformsanunbrokenrelativelywater–impermeablefilmunlike
ointmentsthefilmisopaqueandthereforecanbeusedasaneffectivesunblock
accordingly.

28. There are two types of paste:
a) Fatty pastes (e.g: leaser's paste) .
b) Non greasy pastes (e g: - bassorin paste).
Fattypastesthathaveahighproportionofhydrophilicsolidsappearlessgreasyand
aremoreabsorptivethanointments.Theyareusedtoabsorbseroussecretionsand
areoftenpreferredforacutelesionsthathaveatendencytowardcrusting,
vesiculation,oroozing.Dentalpastesareappliedtotheteeth.Otherorally
administeredpastesmaybeindicatedforadhesiontothemucousmembranefora
localeffect.Althoughrare,pastescanbeadministeredorally,forexampleto
evaluatepharyngealfunction.Inveterinarymedicine,pastesaretypically
administeredorallyandareintendedforsystemicdeliveryofdrugsubstances.The
pasteissqueezedintothemouthoftheanimal,generallyatthebackofthetongue,
or is spread inside the mouth.
Gels
Transparentsemisoliddosageformsforexternalusecontaininghydrophilicor
hydrophobic base with gelling agents
Poultices
Semisoliddosageformsforexternalusecontainingmedicamentsappliedtotheskin
to hold the dressing and protective.
Gaseous dosage forms
Aerosols
Suspensionoffinesolidorliquidparticleswithgasusedtoapplydrugtorespiratory
tracthavingatomizerwithindevice.Aerosolsaredosageformspackagedunder
pressureandcontaintherapeuticagent(s)andpropellant(s)thatarereleasedupon
actuationofanappropriatevalvesystem.Uponactuationofthevalvesystem,the
drugsubstanceisreleasedasaplumeoffineparticlesordroplets.Only1doseis
releasedfromthepreparationuponactuationofameteredvalve.Inthecaseof
topicalproductsanddependingonthenatureofthedrugsubstanceandthe
conditionsbeingtreated,actuationofthevalvemayresultinameteredreleaseofa
controlledamountoftheformulationorthecontinuousreleaseoftheformulationas
longasthevalveisdepressed.Theaerosoldosageformrefersonlytothose
productspackagedunderpressurethatreleaseafinemistofparticlesordroplets
whenactuated.Otherproductsthatproducedispersionsoffinedropletsorparticles
will be covered in subsequent sections (e.g., Sprays and Powders).

29. TYPES OF AEROSOL DOSAGE FORMS
Aerosoldosageformscanbedeliveredviavariousroutes.Thecontainer,actuator,
andmeteringvalve,aswellastheformulation,aredesignedtotargetthesiteof
administration.Inhalationaerosols,commonlyknownasmetered-doseinhalers
(MDIs),areintendedtoproducefineparticlesordropletsforinhalationthroughthe
mouthanddepositioninthepulmonarytree.Thedesignofthedeliverysystemis
intendedtoreleasemeasuredmassandappropriatequalityoftheactivesubstance
with each actuation.
Nasalaerosols,commonlyknownasnasalMDIs,producefineparticlesordroplets
fordeliverythroughthenasalvestibuleanddepositioninthenasalcavity.Each
actuationofthevalvereleasesameasuredmassofthedrugsubstancewith
appropriate quality characteristics.
Lingualaerosolsareintendedtoproducefineparticlesordropletsfordepositionon
thesurfaceofthetongue.Thedesignofthedeliverysystemreleases1dosewith
each actuation.
Topical aerosolsproduce fine particles or dropletsfor application to the skin.
Inhalations
Internalliquidpreparationscontainingmedicamentsdissolvedinsuitablesolventorif
insoluble suspended in the propellent.
Inhaler
Theyaresolutions,suspensionsoremulsionofdrugsinamixtureofinertpropellants
heldunderpressureinanaerosoldispenser.Releaseofadoseofthemedicament
intheformofdropletsof50umdiameterorlessfromthecontainerthrougha
springloadedvalveincorporatingameteringdevice.Thepatienttheninhalesthe
releaseddrugthroughamouthpiece.Insometypes.thevalveisactuatedbyfinger
pressure,inothertypesthevalveisactuatedbythepatientbreathinginthroughthe
mouthpiece. It is commonly used to treat asthma and other respiratory problems.
Nebulizer or (atomizer)
Anebulizerisadeviceusedtoadministermedicationtopeopleinformsofaliquid
misttotheairways.Itiscommonlyusedintreatingasthma,andotherrespiratory
diseases.-Itpumpsairoroxygenthroughaliquidmedicinetoturnitintoavapor,
which is then inhaled by the patient.
Asageneralrule,doctorsgenerallyprefertoprescribeinhalersfortheir
patients, because:

30. 1-These are cheaper
2- more portable
3-carrylessriskofsideeffects.Nebulizers,forthatreason,areusuallyreserved
only for serious cases of respiratory disease, or severe attacks.
Sprays
Gaseouspreparationsofdrugscontainingalcoholappliedtomucousmembraneof
noseorthroatwithatomizerornebulizer.Spraypreparationsmaydelivereither
accuratelymeteredornonmeteredamountsofformulation.Aspraydrugproductisa
dosageformthatcontainsadrugsubstanceintheliquidstateasasolutionor
suspensionandisintendedforadministrationasamist.Spraysaredistinguished
fromaerosolsinthatspraycontainersarenotpressurized.Mostofthespraysare
generatedbymanuallysqueezingaflexiblecontaineroractuationofapumpthat
generatesthemistbydischargingthecontentsthroughanozzle.Dependingonthe
designoftheformulationandthevalvesystem,thedropletsgeneratedmaybe
intendedforimmediateinhalationthroughthemouthanddepositioninthepulmonary
tree,orforinhalationintothenoseanddepositioninthenasalcavity.The
mechanismfordropletgenerationandtheintendeduseofthepreparation
distinguishvarioustypesofspraydrugproducts.Aspraydrugproductmaybe
composedofapump,container,actuator,valve,nozzle,ormouthpieceinadditionto
theformulationcontainingthedrug(s),solvent(s),andanyexcipient(s).Thedesignof
eachcomponentplaysarolefortheappropriateperformanceofthedrugproduct
andindeterminingthecriticalcharacteristicsofthedropletsizedistribution.Droplet
andparticlesizedistributions,delivereddoseuniformity,plumegeometry,and
dropletvelocityarecriticalparametersthatinfluencetheefficiencyofdrugdelivery.
Whenthepreparationissuppliedasamultidosecontainer,theadditionofasuitable
antimicrobialpreservativemaybenecessary.Sprayformulationsintendedforlocal
orsystemiceffecttypicallyhaveanaqueousbaseandmaycontainexcipientsto
controlpHandviscosity.Inaddition,dependingontherouteofadministration,the
formulation may be isotonic.
Others Dosage Forms
Magmas
Two-phasesystemwithlargeparticlesizeorflocculesofsmalldistanceparticles.
Thesewaterinsolubleparticles.Thickandviscous.Commonlyknownasmilk
magnesia .Magma is semi-solid dosage form. Route administration of magma: oral
Plasters
Aplasterisasemisolidsubstanceforexternalapplicationthatissuppliedona
supportmaterial.Plastersareappliedforprolongedperiodstoprovideprotection,
support, or occlusion (maceration). This term is not preferred and should not be used

31. fornewdrugproducttitles.Plastersconsistofanadhesivelayerthatmaycontain
activesubstances.Thislayerisspreaduniformlyonanappropriatesupportthatis
usuallymadeofarubberbaseorsyntheticresin.Unmedicatedplastersaredesigned
toprovideprotectionormechanicalsupporttothesiteofapplication.Plastersare
availableinarangeofsizesorcuttosizetoeffectivelyprovideprolongedcontactto
thesiteofapplication.Theyadherefirmlytotheskinbutcanbepeeledofftheskin
without causing injury.
Douches
Douchesareaqueoussolutionsintendedtoclean,deodorise,sootheormedicate
bodycavities.Eyedouches,oftentermedaseyewashes,areusedtoremoveforeign
particlesanddischargesfromtheeyes.Douchesaregenerallydispensedintheform
ofapowderortabletwithaspecificdirectionsfordissolvingitinaspecificquantityof
warm water. Vaginal douches must be sterile.
They are used for:
a. Cleansing agents: Isotonic sodium chloride solution
b. Antiseptics. Eg: Mercuric chloride (0.001%)
c. Astringent, Eg: Alum (1%
Tooth Paste
Toothpasteisapasteorgeldentifriceusedwithatoothbrushtocleanandmaintain
theaestheticsandhealthofteeth.Toothpasteisusedtopromoteoralhygiene:itis
anabrasivethataidsinremovingdentalplaqueandfoodfromtheteeth,assistsin
suppressinghalitosis,anddeliversactiveingredients(mostcommonlyfluoride)to
helppreventtoothdecay(dentalcaries)andgumdisease(gingivitis).Owingto
differencesincompositionandfluoridecontent,notalltoothpastesareequally
effectiveinmaintainingoralhealth.Thedeclineoftoothdecayduringthe20th
centuryhasbeenattributedtotheintroductionandregularuseoffluoride-containing
toothpastesworldwide.Largeamountsofswallowedtoothpastecanbetoxic.
Commoncolorsfortoothpasteincludewhite(sometimeswithcoloredstripesor
green tint) and blue.
Hand creams
Theyareahigh–viscosityproductspecificallydesignedtobeusedonthehands,to
softenandmoisturisedryandcrackedhands.Thehighviscosityofthehandcream
meansthattheyhaveahigherpercentageofoilascomparedtowater.Asaresult,
handcreamsdon’thavetherunnytextureoflotionsandarethicker.Theseare
recommendedforpeoplewithdryskinasithelpsingivingthemextracoverage.
Hand creams are used most commonly in winter.

32. Hand Washings
liquidsoapforwashingone'shands.Handwashisformulatedwithasynthetic
surfactants,orfoamingbases,likeSLS(sodiumlaurylsulfate),SDS(sodiumdodecyl
sulfate),ALS(ammoniumlaurylsulfate)orSLES(sodiumlaurylethersulfate).These
surfactantsarederivedfrompetroleumormadesynthetically.Eitherway,theyare
heavilyprocessed.Syntheticsurfactantsaredetergentsthatcanbeusedasabase
forhandwash,bodywash,dishwashingdetergent,laundrydetergentandcar
cleaning detergent.
Hair cream
Commonlytermedasstylingcream,addsnaturalshinetoroughhair.Itsmoothens
thetamedhairandholdsthemwellsothattheydon'tfall.Insimplewords,itremoves
frizzandfly-awayswithoutmakingthemheavy.acosmeticpreparationusedto
improve the condition of, and/or to style the hair.
Hair dyes
Anaturalorsyntheticsubstanceusedtochangethecolourofaperson'shair.Hair
coloring,orhairdyeing,isthepracticeofchangingthehaircolor.Themainreasons
forthisarecosmetic:tocovergrayorwhitehair,tochangetoacolorregardedas
morefashionableordesirable,ortorestoretheoriginalhaircolorafterithasbeen
discoloredbyhairdressingprocessesorsunbleaching.Haircoloringcanbedone
professionallybyahairdresserorindependentlyathome.Today,haircoloringisvery
popular,with75%ofwomen[1]and18%ofmenlivinginCopenhagenhaving
reported using hair dye.
Hair lotion
Itisahairstylingproductthatisgenerallyappliedtothehairandlefton.Itspurpose
istypicallytomoisturizethehair,althoughhairlotioncanalsobeusedtotreatdry
scalp,eczema,dermatitis,andotherskinconditionsaffectingthescalp.Medicated
hairlotionsmayalsoplayapartinmanyhair-retentionandhair-regeneration
programsmarketedforthosesufferingfromhairloss.Whileawiderangeofhair
lotionsandoilsareavailableforsale,itisalsofairlyeasytomaketheseproductsat
home.Theyoftencontainsimple,readily-availableingredientssuchaseggs,sugar,
and vegetable oil.
Soaps and Shampoos
Soapsandshampoosaresolidorliquidpreparationsintendedfortopicalapplication
totheskinorscalpfollowedbysubsequentrinsingwithwater.Soapsandshampoos
areemulsions,suspensions,orsurface-activecompositionsthatreadilyform
emulsions,micelles,orfoamsupontheadditionofwaterfollowedbyrubbing.
Incorporationofdrugsubstancesinsoapsandshampooscombinesthe

33. cleansing/degreasingabilitiesofthevehicleandfacilitatesthetopicalapplicationof
thedrugsubstancetoaffectedareas,evenlargeareas,ofthebody.The
surface-activepropertiesofthevehiclefacilitatecontactofthedrugsubstancewith
theskinorscalp.Medicatedsoapandshampooformulationsfrequentlycontain
suitableantimicrobialagentstoprotectagainstbacteria,yeast,andmold
contamination.
Throat Paints
Throatpaintsareviscouspreparationsofmedicamentsforlocalactioninthe
pharynx.Glyceriniscommonlyusedasabasebecause,beingviscous,itadheresto
mucousmembraneforalongperiodanditpossessessweettaste.Theyareapplied
tothethroatwithabrush.Throatpaintsareusedintreatmentofinflammationsof
various areas of the mouth and throat.
Eye drops
Eyedropsaresaline-containingdropsusedasavehicletoadministermedicationin
theeye.Dependingontheconditionbeingtreated,theymaycontainsteroids,
antihistaminesortopicalanesthetics.Eyedropssometimesdonothavemedications
inthemandareonlylubricatingandtear-replacingsolutions.Thesearesterile
solutionsorsuspensionsofdrugsthatareinstilledintotheeyewithadropper.The
eyedropsareusuallymadeinaqueousvehicle.Itshouldbesterile,isotonicwith
lachrymalsecretionsandfreefromforeignparticlestoavoidirritationtotheeye.A
suitablepreservativelikephenylmercuricnitrate(0.002%),Benzalkoniumchloride
(0.01%)maybeusedtopreventbacterialorfungalgrowth.Eyedropsusually
containsubstanceshavingantiseptic,anti-inflammatory,anestheticandmiotic
properties.
Ophthalmic ointment & gel
Thesearesterilesemi-solid.Preparationsintendedforapplication.Tothe
conjunctiva or eyelid margin.
Ear Drops
Eardropsaresolutions,suspensionsoremulsionsofdrugsinwater,glycerinor
propyleneglycolintendedforinstillationintotheear.Theseareusedforremovalof
excessivecerumen,totreatinfection,inflammationorpainandforcleaningand
dryingofear.Eardropsaresolutions,suspensionsoremulsionsofdrugsthatare
instilledintotheearwithadropper.Itisusedtotreatorpreventearinfections,
especially infections of the outer ear and ear canal.

34. Nasal Drops
Theseareaqueoussolutionsofdropsthatareinstilledintothenosewithadropper.
Nasaldropsshouldbeisotonicwith0.9%sodiumchloridehavingneutralpHand
viscositysimilartonasalsecretionsbyusing0.5%methylcellulose.Drugsinsolution
maybeinstilledintothenosefromadropperorfromaplasticsqueezebottle.The
drugmayhavealocaleffect,e.g.antihistamine,decongestant.Alternativelythedrug
maybeabsorbedthroughthenasalmucosatoexertasystemiceffect.Theuseof
oilynasaldropsshouldbeavoidedbecauseofpossibledamagetotheciliaofthe
nasal mucosa.
EYE LOTIONS
Eyelotionarethesterileaqueoussolutionsusedforwashingoftheeyes.Theeye
lotionsaresuppliedinconcentratedformandarerequiredtobedilutedwithwarm
waterimmediatelybeforeuse.Theyareusuallyappliedwithacleaneye-bathor
sterilizedfabricdressingandalargevolumeofsolutionsisallowedtoflowquickly
overtheeye.oEyelotionsshouldbeisotonicandfreefromforeignparticlestoavoid
irritationtotheeye.Theyarerequiredtobepreparedfreshandshouldnotbestored
for more than two days as the lotion may get contaminated.
Films
Filmsarethinsheetsthatareplacedintheoralcavity.Theycontainoneormore
layers.Alayermayormaynotcontainthedrugsubstance.Typically,thesethin
sheetsareformedbycastingorextrusionthatresultsinadispersionofthe
componentsthroughthefilm.Filmsareclassifiedbythesiteofapplication.“Oral
films”canbeformulatedtodelivermedicationtothemouthsuchasoralhygiene
productsortodelivermedicationtothegastrointestinaltractforabsorption.“Buccal
films”and“sublingualfilms”areformulatedtofacilitateabsorptionthroughthe
proximalmucosalmembranesavoidingfirstpassmetabolismordegradationinthe
gastrointestinaltractandprovidingaquickonsetofaction.Filmscanbeformulated
withediblepolymerssuchaspullulanorwithwater-solublepolymerssuchas
modifiedcellulose,ediblegums,andcopolymers.Thedissolutionrateofthefilmis
controlledtofacilitateincorporationofthemedicationintosalivaorforabsorptionby
theproximalmucosa.Thesefilmsmustbesubstantialenoughtomaintaintheir
integrityduringmanufactureandpackaging,andpermithandlingbythepatient.
Because of the rapid dissolution, taste and mouth feel are important considerations.
Foams
Foamsaredispersionsofgasinaliquidorsolidcontinuousphasewhereintheliquid
orsolidcontainsthedrugsubstanceandsuitableexcipients.Typicalexcipients
intended for foam dosage forms include surfactants to ensure distribution of the gas/
propellantintheformulation,aqueousornonaqueousvehicles,andpropellants(for
pressurizedsystems).Foamsareproducedbymechanicalmeansorviainteraction

35. ofpropellantgasandtheformulationunderpressure.Foamsdispensedfrom
nonpressurizedcontainersusemechanicalforcetomixtheformulationandair
resultinginfoamgeneration.Foamsdispensedfrompressurizedcontainersusethe
propellant(s)presentinthegasphasetoincreasepressureinsidethecontainer.
Whenthenozzleoftheactuatorisopened,theliquidphaseispushedoutthrough
specificactuatorsresultinginfoamgeneration.Foamsareprimarilyintendedfor
applicationtotheskinormucousmembranes.Foamscanalsobedeliveredbythe
injectionroute.Foamscanbeformulatedtoquicklybreakdownintoliquidorto
remainasafoamtoensureprolongedcontact.Medicatedfoamsintendedtotreat
severely injured skin, open wounds, or administered by injection must be sterile.
Gases
Medicalgasesareproductsthatareadministereddirectlyasagas.Amedicalgas
hasadirectpharmacologicalactionoractsasadiluentforanothermedicalgas.
Gasesusedasexcipientsforadministrationofaerosolproducts,asadjuvantsin
packaging, or produced by other dosage forms, are not included in this definition.
COMPONENTS
Medicalgasesmaybesinglecomponentsordefinedmixturesofcomponents.
Mixtures also can be extemporaneously prepared at the point of use.
ADMINISTRATION
Medicalgasesmaybeadministeredtothepatientusingseveralmethods:nasal
cannulas,facemasks,atmospherictents,andendotrachealtubesforthepulmonary
route;hyperbaricchambersforthepulmonaryandtopicalroutesofadministration;
jettedtubesthataredirectedatdentaltissuetopromotedryinginpreparationfor
fillingsandcrowns;tubesforexpandingtheintestinestofacilitatemedicalimaging
duringcolonoscopy;tubesforexpandingthepelvisviatransuterineinflationin
preparation for fallopian tubal ligation; and tubes for expanding angioplasty devices.
Gums
Medicatedgumisapliabledosageformthatisdesignedtobechewedratherthan
swallowed.Medicatedgumsreleasethedrugsubstance(s)intothesaliva.Medicated
gumscandelivertherapeuticagentsforlocalactioninthemouthorforsystemic
absorptionviathebuccalorgastrointestinalroutes(e.g.,nicotineoraspirin).Most
gumsaremanufacturedusingtheconventionalmeltingprocessderivedfromthe
confectionaryindustryoralternativelymaybedirectlycompressedfromgumpowder.
Medicatedgumsareformulatedfrominsolublesyntheticgumbasessuchas
polyisoprene,polyisobutylene,isobutyleneisoprenecopolymer,styrenebutadiene
rubber,polyvinylacetate,polyethylene,estergums,orpolyterpenes.Plasticizersand
softenerssuchaspropyleneglycol,glycerin,oleicacid,orprocessedvegetableoils
areaddedtokeepthegumbasepliableandtoaidintheincorporationofthedrug
substance(s),sweeteners,andflavoringagents.Sugarsaswellasartificial

36. sweetenersandflavoringsareincorporatedtoimprovetaste,anddyesmaybeused
toenhanceappearance.Somemedicatedgumsarecoatedwithmagnesium
stearatetoreducetackinessandimprovehandlingduringpackaging.Apreservative
may be added.
Implants
Implantsarelong-actingdosageformsthatprovidecontinuousreleaseofthedrug
substanceoftenforperiodsofmonthstoyears.Theyareadministeredbythe
parenteralrouteandaresterile.Someimplantsapprovedasanimaldrugstobe
administeredsubcutaneouslytotheearsarenotrequiredtobesterile.Typicallyfor
systemicdelivery,theymaybeplacedsubcutaneously,orforlocaldeliverytheycan
beplacedinaspecificregioninthebody(e.g.,inthesinus,inanartery,intheeye,
inthebrain).Implantsareusuallyadministeredbymeansofasuitableinjectororby
surgicalprocedure.Polymerimplantscanbeformedasasingle-shapedmasssuch
asacylinder.Thepolymermatrixmustbebiocompatible,butitcanbeeither
bioabsorbableornonbioabsorbable.Shapedpolymerimplantsareadministeredby
meansofasuitablespecialinjector.Releasekineticsaretypicallynotzero-order,but
zero-orderkineticsarepossible.Drugsubstancereleasecanbecontrolledbythe
diffusionofthedrugsubstancefromthebulkpolymermatrixorbythepropertiesofa
rate-limitingpolymericmembranecoating.Polymerimplantsareusedtodeliver
potentsmallmoleculeslikesteroids(e.g.,estradiolforcattle)andlargemolecules
likepeptides[e.g.,luteinizinghormone-releasinghormone(LHRH)].Example
durationsofdrugsubstancereleaseare2and3monthsforbioabsorbableimplants
andupto3yearsfornonbioabsorbableimplants.Anadvantageofbioabsorbable
implantsisthattheydonotrequireremovalafterthereleaseofalldrugsubstance
content.Nonbioabsorbablepolymerimplantscanberemovedbeforeorafteradrug
substancereleaseiscompleteormaybeleftinsitu.Animplantcanhaveatabwith
aholeinittofacilitatesuturingitinplace(e.g.,foranintravitrealimplantforlocal
oculardelivery).Suchimplantsmayprovidetherapeuticreleaseforperiodsaslong
as2.5years.Drugsubstance-elutingstentscombinethemechanicaleffectofthe
stenttomaintainarterialpatencywiththeprolongedpharmacologiceffectofthe
incorporateddrugsubstance(toreducerestenosis,inhibitclotformation,orcombat
infection).Asanexample,ametalstentcanbecoatedwithanonbioabsorbableor
bioabsorbablepolymer-containingdrugsubstance.Theresultantcoatingisa
polymeric matrix that controls the extended release of the drug substance.
Injections
Aninjectionisaninfusionmethodofputtingliquidintothebody,usuallywithahollow
needleandasyringewhichispiercedthroughtheskintoasufficientdepthforthe
material to be forced into the body.There are several methods of injection, including:

37. Intravenous injection
Itisaliquidadministereddirectlyintothebloodstreamviaavein.Itisadvantageous
when a rapid onset of action is needed.
Intramuscular injection
Itistheinjectionofasubstancedirectlyintoamuscle.-Manyvaccinesare
administeredintramuscularly.Dependingonthechemicalpropertiesofthedrug,the
medicationmayeitherbeabsorbedfairlyquicklyormoregradually.Intramuscular
injectionsareoftengiveninthedeltoid,vastuslateralis,ventroglutealand
dorsoglutealmuscles.-Injectionfibrosisisacomplicationthatmayoccurifthe
injections are delivered with great frequency or with improper technique.
Subcutaneous injection
Subcutaneousinjectionsaregivenbyinjectingafluidintothesubcutis,thelayerof
skindirectlybelowthedermisandepidermis.Subcutaneousinjectionsarehighly
effective in administering vaccines and such medications as insulin.
Inserts
Insertsaresoliddosageformsthatareinsertedintoanaturallyoccurring
(nonsurgical)bodycavityotherthanthemouthorrectum.Thedrugsubstancein
insertsisdeliveredforlocalorsystemicaction.Vaginalinsertsareusuallyglobularor
oviformandweighabout5geach.Insertsintendedtodissolveinvaginalsecretions
areusuallymadefromwater-solubleorwater-misciblevehiclessuchaspolyethylene
glycol or glycerinated gelatin.
Irrigations
Thesearesolutionsofmedicamentsusedtotreatinfectionsofthebladder,vaginal
andlessoftenthenose.Thinsoftrubbertubesusedforirrigationsolutions
administrationareCatheter.(Bladder)Avulcaniteorplasticpipe(Vagina),Special
Glass Irrigator (nose). e.g: sterile water for irrigation.
Liquids
Asadosageform,aliquidconsistsofapurechemicalinitsliquidstate.Examples
includemineraloil,isoflurane,andether.Thisdosageformtermisnotappliedto
solutions.
Pellets
Theuseoftheterm“pellet”forimplantabledosageformsisnolongerpreferred.In
veterinarymedicine,medicatedarticlesandfeedsmaybepelletizedbutarenot
considereddosageforms.Pelletsaresmallsoliddosageformsthatcanbedesigned
assingleormultipleentities.Theycanhaveasphericalornearlysphericalshape,

38. althoughsuchashapeisnotrequired.Sphericalpelletsaresometimesreferredto
asbeads.Pelletsusedinveterinarymedicinemayinsteadbecylindricalinshape.
Pelletscanprovideseveraladvantages,includingphysicalseparationforchemically
orphysicallyincompatiblematerialsandforcontrolofthereleaseofdrugsubstance.
Pelletsmaybedesignedwiththedrugsubstancedispersedinamatrixorthepellets
maybecoatedwithanappropriatepolymer.Pelletsmaybeadministeredbytheoral
(gastrointestinal) route.
Depending on the design, pellets for oral administration can:
1. Protect stomach tissues from irritation
2.Sometimesminimizevariabilityassociatedwithgastricretentionoflargerdosage
forms
3. Solely extend the release of the drug substance
4. Solely delay the release
5. Both extend and delay the release of the drug substance
Somepelletscanbesprinkledonfood.Inthecaseofdelayed-releaseformulations,
thecoatingpolymerischosentoresistdissolutionatthelowerpHofthegastric
environmentbuttodissolveinthehigherpHoftheintestinalenvironment.Pellets
maybeadministeredbyinjection.Oneorseveralpelletscanbeinjectedorsurgically
administeredtoprovidecontinuoustherapyforperiodsofmonthsoryears.In
veterinarymedicine,pelletsmaybeusedtoimprovepalatabilityofthedrugproduct
andpelletsfororaladministrationmaybedeliveredontopofanindividualanimal’s
food or feed.
Rinses
Aflavoredormedicatedsolutionswirledinthemouth,usedtotreathalitosis,oral
infections, apthous ulcers, stomatitis, or dental biofilm (plaque).
Strips
Astripisadosageformordeviceintheshapeofalong,narrow,thin,absorbent,
solidmaterialsuchasfilterpaper.Typicallyitissterileanditmaybeimpregnated
with a compound or be gauged to allow measurements for diagnostic purposes, such
asinmeasuringtearproduction.Theterm“strip”shouldnotbeusedwhenanother
term such as “film” is more appropriate.
Systems
Systemsarepreparationsofdrugsubstance(s)incarrierdevices,oftencontaining
adhesivebacking,thatareappliedtopicallyorinsertedintobodycavities.Thedrug
substanceisdesignedtobereleasedinacontrolledmanneroveraspecifiedperiod
oftimeorthedrugsubstanceisreleasedbasedonitsconcentrationinthe
formulation.Unlessotherwisestatedinthelabeling,thecarrierdeviceisremoved
afteruse.Theterm“system”shouldnotbeusedwhenanotherdosageformtermis

39. moreappropriate(e.g.,insertsandimplants).Thenotationofstrengthiseither
definedintermsoftheamountofthedrugsubstancereleasedfromthesystemover
aspecificperiodoftimeorasthedrugconcentrationwithintheformulation(e.g.,the
percentageofthedrug).Variousroutesofadministrationarepossible,sotheroute
mustalwaysbeindicatedinthecompendialnamewhenaspecificlocationfor
applicationisessentialforproperuse(e.g.,“intrauterine”,“ocular”,or“periodontal”
astherouteofadministration).Forexample,systemsappliedtotheeyearecalled
ocularsystems.Therouteisnamed“transdermal”when,forexample,systemic
absorptionofthedrugsubstancemaytakeplacethroughthedermiswithout
specifying the region of the body to which the system is applied.
Theterm“patch”hassometimesbeenusedbutisnotpreferredforuseindrug
product monograph nomenclature when referring to a system.
Intrauterinesystemsareintendedforplacementintheuterus.Releaseofthedrug
substance can be up to 5 years.
Ocularsystemsareintendedforplacementinthelowerconjunctivalfornixfrom
which the drug diffuses through a membrane at a constant rate.
Periodontalsystemsareintendedforplacementinthepocketbetweenthetooth
andthegum.Insomecases,periodontalsystemsmaybeformedinsituinthe
periodontal pocket and release the drug substance(s) for several weeks.
TDSsareplacedontointactskintodeliverthedrugtothesystemiccirculation.They
aredesignedforprolongedrelease(upto7days).SpecificqualitytestsforTDSare
found in (3).
InjectableemulsionsEmulsionsintendedforparenteraladministrationcanbe
formulatedusingthesameprinciplesascreamsandlotions.Theformulationshould
bedesignedforeaseofadministration.Theparticlesizeofthedispersedphasecan
varybyrouteofadministration.Forexample,emulsionsintendedforintravenous
administrationshouldcomplywithGlobuleSizeDistributioninLipidInjectable
Emulsions.Theproceduretoassuresterilityshouldbevalidatedbymediafills.
Preservatives are generally not used in injectable emulsions.
Tapes
Atapeisadosageformsuitablefordeliveringdrugsubstancestotheskin.It
consistsofadrugsubstance(s)impregnatedintoadurableyetflexiblewovenfabric
orextrudedsyntheticmaterialthatiscoatedwithanadhesiveagent.Typicallythe
impregnateddrugsubstanceispresentinthedrystate.Theadhesivelayeris
designedtoholdthetapesecurelyinplacewithouttheaidofadditionalbandaging.
UnlikeTDSs,tapesarenotdesignedtocontrolthereleaserateofthedrug
substance.Theterm“tape”isnotpreferredandshouldnotbeusedfornewofficial
articletitles.Thedrugsubstancecontentoftapesisexpressedasamountper

40. surfaceareawithrespecttothetapesurfaceexposedtotheskin.Theuseofan
occlusivedressingwiththetapeenhancestherateandextentofdeliveryofthedrug
substancetodeeperlayersoftheskinandmayresultingreatersystemicabsorption
of the drug substance.
PASTILLES
Theyaresolidmedicatedpreparationsdesignedtodissolveslowlyinthemouth.
Theyaresofterthanlozengesandtheirbasesareeitherglycerolandgelatin,or
acacia and sugar.
DENTAL CONES
Atabletformintendedtobeplacedintheemptysocketfollowingatoothextraction,
for preventing the local multiplication of pathogenic bacteria associated with tooth
extractions. The cones may contain an antibiotic or antiseptic.
Pessary
Pessariesaresolidmedicatedpreparationsdesignedforinsertionintothevagina
wheretheymeltordissolve.Therearethreetypes:A-Mouldedpessaries:theyare
coneshapedandpreparedinasimilarwaytomouldedsuppositories.B-
Compressedpessaries:madeinavarietyofshapesandarepreparedby
compressioninasimilarmannertooraltablets.C-Vaginalcapsules:aresimilarto
soft gelatin oral Capsules differing only in size and shape.
Inhalation Powders
InhalationPowders,commonlyknownasdrypowderinhalers(DPIs),consistofa
mixtureofAPI(s)andtypicallythecarrier;andallformulationcomponentsexistina
finelydividedsolidstatepackagedinasuitablecontainer-closuresystem.Thedose
isreleasedfromthepackagingbyamechanismandismobilizedintoafine
dispersion upon oral inhalation by the patient.
Nasal suppositories
Called nasal bougies or buginaria meant for introduction in to nasal cavity.
Ear cones
Aurinaria and meant for introduction into ear. It is rarely used.

41. NASAL POWDERS
Thisdosageformmaybedevelopedifsolutionandsuspensiondosageformscannot
bedevelopede.g.duetolackofdrugstabilityTheadvantagestothenasalpowder
dosageformsaretheabsenceofpreservativeandsuperiorstabilityofthe
formulation.However,thesuitabilityofthepowderformulationisdependentonthe
solubilityparticlesize,aerodynamicpropertiesandnasalirritancyoftheactivedrug
and/orexcipients.Localapplicationofdrugisanotheradvantageofthissystembut
nasalmucosairritancyandmetereddosedeliveryaresomeofthechallengesfor
formulationGenerally,theabsorptionenhancersactviaoneofthefollowing
mechanisms:Inhibitenzymeactivity:Reducemucusviscosityorelasticity:Decrease
muco-ciliaryclearance;Opentightjunctions:Solubilizeorstabilizethedrug.
Absorptionenhancersaregenerallyclassifiedasphysicalandchemicalenhancers.
Chemical enhancers act by destroying.
Transdermal patch
Atransdermalpatchorskinpatchisamedicatedadhesivepatchthatisplacedon
theskintodeliveraspecificdoseofmedicationthroughtheskinandintothe
bloodstream.Anadvantageofatransdermaldrugdeliveryrouteoverothertypes
suchasoral,topical,etcisthatitprovidesacontrolledreleaseofthemedicament
intothepatient.Thefirstcommerciallyavailablepatchwasscopolamineformotion
sickness.
Ear Powder
EarPowderisanantibacterialandantifungalmultiusepowder,whichworksgreat
notonlyformoistoryeast-infectedearsbutalsoonhotspots.Itcanbeusedonany
moist,yeast-infectedorscratchedpartofadog’sbodyasatreatmentorforfaster
healing.Ontopofthat,it’sagreattoolforpulling-outearhair.Thisremedyisusedto
cleansetheearofexcesshairthatcouldcontainbacteria,andmakecleaningeasier.
EarPowderkeepsearscleanandodor-freewhilereducingwaxybuildupleavingthe
ear canal open and clear.
Colloids
Colloidsarethepreparationsofbiphasicsysteminwhichonephaseisdispersedas
minuteparticlesthroughouttheotherphase.Thesearepreparationsforexternal
use.Theseareappliedwiththehelpofabrushorrod.Afterapplicationvolatile
solventevaporatesleavingflexible,protectivefilmcoveringthesite.e.g:aerosols,
paints, etc

42. INTERMEDIATE PRODUCTS USED IN COMPOUNDING
Extracts
Theseareconcentratedpreparationscontainingtheactiveprincipalsofvegetableor
animaldrugswhichhavebeenextractedwithsuitablesolventsandconcentratedto
form liquid, soft or dry extract.
Glycerins
These are solutions of medicaments in glycerol with or withoutthe addition of water.
Infusions
Thesearedilutesolutionscontainingthereadilysolubleconstituentsofcrudedrugs
andpreparedbydiluting1partofconcentratedinfusionwith10partsofwater.
Concentratedinfusionsarepreparedbycoldextractionofcrudedrugswith25%
ethanol.
Oxymels
These are preparations in which the vehicle is a mixture of acetic acid and honey.
Spirits
Theyarealcoholicoraqueousalcoholicsolutionsofvolatilesubstancesusedas
flavouring agents.
Tinctures
Thesearealcoholicpreparationscontainingtheactiveprincipalsofvegetabledrugs.
They are relatively weak compared to extracts.
Aromatic waters
Theseareaqueoussolutions,usuallysaturatedofvolatileoilsorothervolatile
substances. Used as flavoring agents.

43. References
1.Ansel'sPharmaceuticalDosageFormsandDrugDeliverySystemsbyLoydV.Allen,
‎Nicholas G. Popovich, ‎ Howard C. Ansel
2.Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms - Tablets By Larry L. Augsburger, ‎Stephen W. Hoag
3.Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms: Capsules by Larry L. Augsburger, ‎Stephen W. Hoag
4.PharmaceuticalDosageFormsandDrugDelivery:RevisedandExpandedbyRamI.
Mahato, ‎Ajit S. Narang
5.PharmaceuticalDosageForm:BasicsandBeyondbyKamleshJWadher,‎UmekarJ
Milind, ‎ Mishra R Mahesh ·
6.Internetsources:https://en.m.wikipedia.org/;https://www.britannica.com/;
https://www.webmd.com/;https://www.rxlist.com/