Pharmaceutical Dosage forms

INtroduction to dosage forms, classification and their definitions

1. Presented By NARESH GORANTLA , M.Pharm .., ( Ph.D ) Assoc. Professor, Balaji college of Pharmacy, Anantapuramu PHARMACEUTICAL DOSAGE FORMS

2. What is a Dosage form? Pharmaceutical dosage form can be defined as a physical form of a drug such as a solid, liquid or gas by which it can be delivered in proper form to particular sites within the body.

3. What is the need of a dosage form ? Protection 1. Protection from external environment eg . coated tablets and sealed ampoules. 2. Protection from degradation because of gastric juice. To improve therapeutic activity 1.To provide optimal drug action directly to the site of action eg ointments. 2. To place the drug directly in to the orifices eg . Rectal and vaginal dosage forms 3. To provide optimal drug action in the blood stream eg Injections 4. To provide rate controlled drug action eg modified release dosage forms 5. To improve Bioavailability of drugs with narrow absorption window eg . Gastro retentive dosage forms

4. To improve patient compliance 1. To maintain accuracy of dose eg . Unit dosage forms 2. Reduction in frequency of dosing eg Sustained Release and Controlled Release. 3. To improve the physical properties of drugs eg coated dosage forms 4. Ease of handling & administration

5. Classification of Dosage forms Dosage forms can be classified according to Route of administration Physical form Oral Liquids Topical Semisolids Parenteral Solids Rectal Gases Vaginal Inhalational Opthalmic Otic Nasal

6. Classification of Liquids Liquid dosage forms can be classified into 2 major classes i.e. Monophasic liquids Biphasic liquids

7. Monophasic liquids (Solutions) Monophasic dosage form refers to liquid preparation containing two or more components in one phase system , it is represented by true solution.

8. Solutions are clear homogenous Liquid preparations intended for internal or external use containing one or more active ingredients dissolved in a suitable vehicle. The component of the solution which is present in a large quantity is known as “ SOLVENT ” where as the component present in small quantity is termed as “ SOLUTE ”.

9. Monophasic Liquid Dosage forms

10. SYRUPS Syrups are Aqueous preparations containing 60% to 85% sucrose with or without flavoring agents and medicinal substances. e.g. Chlorpheniramine maleate syrup, Chloral hydrate . Flavored syrups and medicated syrups

11. MIXTURES A Mixture is a liquid preparation meant for oral administration in which medicament or medicaments are dissolved or suspended in a suitable vehicle. Not used for long period of time. Prescribed for a cute conditions like cough, indigestion, diarrhoea, constipation etc.

12. ELIXIRS Elixirs are clear , aromatic, sweetened, hydro alcoholic solutions with or without medicinal substances, intended for oral use. Eg : Dexamethasone elixir . The vehicle may contain a high proportion of ethanol or sucrose together with antimicrobial preservatives which confers the stability of the preparation.

13. LINCTUSES Linctuses are viscous , liquid oral preparations that are generally prescribed for the relief of cough . Eg : Codeine Linctus. Linctus contain medicaments which have a demulcent, sedative and expectorant action on the membranes of the throat. The dose volume is small (5ml) and, to prolong the demulcent action, they should be taken undiluted, sipped and swallowed slowly .

14. LOTIONS Lotions are liquid preparations meant for external application without friction. Local action as cooling, soothing or protective purposes. Aqueous and non aqueous lotions (Alcoholic lotions). Cleansing, moisturizing and antiseptic lotions.

15. LINIMENTS Liniments are liquid preparations meant for external application on to the skin with friction and rubbing. Alcoholic or oily solutions and emulsions. Analgesic, Rubefacient , soothing and counter irritant actions.

16. COLLODIONS Collodions are liquid preparations for external use containing pyroxylin in a mixture of ethyl ether and alcohol. To protect the wounds and cuts.

17. G ARGLES Gargles are aqueous solutions used to prevent or treat throat infections . Available in concentrated form and are to be diluted with warm water before use.

18. MOUTH WASHES These are aqueous solutions with pleasant taste and odour used to make clean and deodorise the buccal cavity. Antibacterials , alcohol, glycerin , sweetening agents, flavoring agents and coloring agents.

19. THROAT PAINTS Throat paints are viscous liquid preparations used for mouth and throat infections to adhere to the mucous membranes for long period. Glycerin as base .

20. DOUCHES A Douche is a medicated solution meant for rinsing body cavity containing Antiseptic or Astringents. Vaginal cavity, eyes, ear or nasal cavity for cleaning or removing foreign particles or discharges from them. Powder or tablet form or concentrated solution form.

21. EAR DROPS Ear drops are the aqueous solutions that are instilled into the ear with a dropper. Cleaning the ear, softening the wax and for treating infections.

22. NASAL DROPS These are the aqueous solutions that are instilled into the nose with a dropper. No oily vehicles – lipoid pneumonia.

23. EYE DROPS Eye drops are the sterile aqueous preparations that are intended to be instilled into the eyes. Isotonic and suitable pH.

24. ENEMAS Enemas are aqueous or oily solutions or suspensions that are introduced into the rectum for cleansing, therapeutic or diagnostic purposes .

25. Biphasic Liquids EMULSIONS & SUSPENSIONS Emulsions are the biphasic liquid dosage forms containing two immiscible liquids that are made miscible by the addition of a surfactant. o/w emulsions w/o emulsions

26. SUSPENSIONS Suspensions are the biphasic liquid dosage forms of medicaments in which the finely divided solid particles are dispersed in a liquid vehicle. Oral Parenteral Topical Opthalmic

27. Semisolid Dosage forms Ointments Creams Pastes Jellies Suppositories

28. OINTMENTS Ointments are semisolid preparations meant for external application to the skin or mucous membrane. They usually contain medicament or medicaments dissolved, suspended or emulsified in an ointment base.

29. CREAMS Creams are viscous semi solid emulsions which are meant for external application. Softer consistency and light in weight. Aqueous creams and Oily creams

30. PASTES Pastes are semisolid preparations intended for external application to the skin. Usually very stiff and thick. Protective, absorptive and antiseptic.

31. JELLIES Jellies are transparent or translucent non greasy, semi solid preparations meant for external application to the skin. Medicated, Lubricating jellies.

32. SUPPOSITORIES Suppositories are semi solid shaped dosage forms of medicaments intended for insertion into body cavities other than mouth. Dissolves at body temperature. Rectum, vagina, nose and ear.

33. POULTICES Poultices are soft, viscous wet masses of solid substances applied to the skin for their fomentation action in order to provide relief from pain or reduce inflammation or to act as counter irritant. Applied to affected part after heating with occasional stirring.

34. SOLID DOSAGE FORMS Tablets and Capsules Powders and Granules Tablets: A tablet is a solid unit dosage form containing medicament or medicaments compressed to form round, oval or square shape . Uncoated or coated tablets Buccal and Sublingual tablets Effervescent tablets Chewable tablets Lozenges and Pastilles Pills

35. COATED TABLETS Sugar coated tablets Film coated tablets Enteric coated tablets Sugar-Coated Tablets Film Coated Tablets Enteric Coated Tablets

36. BUCCAL AND SUBLINGUAL TABLETS Sublingual and buccal medications are administered by placing them in the mouth, either under the tongue (sublingual) or between the gum and the cheek( buccal ). The medications dissolve rapidly and are absorbed through the mucous membranes of the mouth, where they enter into the blood stream .

37. EFFERVESCENT TABLETS Effervescent tablets are uncoated tablets that generally contain acid substances(citric and tartaric acids)and carbonates or bicarbonates and which react rapidly in the presence of water by releasing carbon di oxide. They are intended to be dissolved or dispersed in water before use providing : Very rapid tablet dispersion and dissolution . Pleasant tasting carbonated drink .

38. CHEWABLE TABLETS They are tablets that chewed prior to swallowing. They are designed for administration of drugs to children e.g. vitamin products. Antacid formulations.

39. LOZENGES Lozenges are solid preparations consisting of sugar and gum, the latter giving strength and cohesiveness to the lozenge and facilitating slow release of the medicament. It is used to medicate the mouth and throat for the slow administration of indigestion or cough remedies .

40. PASTILLES Pastilles are solid medicated preparations designed to dissolve slowly in the mouth. They are softer than lozenges and their bases are either glycerol and gelatin , or acacia and sugar .

41. PILLS Pills are solid oral dosage forms of spherical shape prepared from one or more medicaments incorporated with inert excipients . Pills are now rarely used.

42. CAPSULES Capsules are self contained solid oral dosage forms in which the medicament or medicaments along with suitable excipients is enclosed in a empty gelatin shell. Hard and Soft gelatin capsules

43. POWDERS Pharmaceutical powders are intimate mixtures of dry finely divided drugs or chemicals intended for internal or external use . The mixed powders may be stored in dry form and mixture prepared by the pharmacist when required for dispensing, by suspending the powders in the appropriate vehicle .

44. GRANULES Granules are free flowing powder aggregates consisting of drugs and suitable excipients and often supplied in single dose sachets. Some granules are placed on the tongue and swallowed with water, others are intended to be dissolved in water before taking . Effervescent granules evolve carbon di oxide when added to water .

45. GASES Pharmaceutically gaseous dosage forms can be defined as any elastic aeroform fluids in which the molecules are separated from one another and so have free paths. Pressurized Aerosols Inhalers

46. AEROSOLS A product that is packaged under pressure and contains therapeutically active ingredients that are released upon activation of an appropriate valve system in the form of spray, mist, foam etc. These are intended for topical application to the skin as well as local application into the nose (nasal aerosols), mouth (lingual aerosols), or lungs (inhalation aerosols)

47. INHALERS A special class of dosage forms consisting of a drug or combination of drugs, that by virtue of their high vapor pressure can be carried by an air current into the nasal passage where they exert their effect. Anti asthmatics & steroidal drugs

48. PARENTERALS “ Introduced other than by way of the intestine”

49. PARENTERALS Cont … Parenterals are defined as sterile dosage forms meant for administration into body by means of injection, infusion or implantation. Majorly through Intravenous, Intra muscular and Subcutaneously subcutaneously intramuscularly intravenously

50. SVP – Small Volume Parenterals lVP – Large Volume Parenterals Dosage forms like Powders Solutions Suspensions Emulsions

51. THANK YOU