Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms - Classification

Pharmaceutical dosage forms and there classification with graphical examples.

1. PHARMACEUTICAL DOSAGE FORMS: Concept and Classification PRESENTED BY: MD ALTAMASH AHMAD PHARM. D 3 RD YEAR 1850951001 CHITKARA COLLEGE OF PHARMACY, CHITKARA UNIVERSITY

2. TERMINOLOGIES Drug (API) – Drug is defined as a chemical compound or Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient (API) intended for use in diagnosis, treatment or prevention of diseases. Excipients – They are chemical compounds also known as inactive pharmaceutical ingredient used as diluents, binders, lubricants, disintegrants , coatings, preservants , stabilizers, colorants and flavouring agents Dosage form = Drugs(API) + Excipients Dosage form comprises of API and suitable excipients prepared in any of solid, semi-solid, liquid or gaseous form

3. PHARMACEUTICAL DOSAGE FORM Pharmaceutical dosage forms refers to pharmaceutical preparations or formulations in which one or more Drugs ( active pharmaceutical ingredients - API ) and Excipients (inactive components) are presented in a particular configuration or form (solid, semi-solid, liquid or gaseous form) to facilitate easy and accurate administration and delivery of active drug substances through various routes into the body

4. SOLID DOSAGE FORM

5. 1. UNIT DOSAGE FORM - TABLET - CAPSULE - LOZENGES 2. BULK DOSAGE FORM - POWDER TWO TYPES :

6. TABLETS They are unit solid dosage forms consisting of Active Pharmaceutical I ngredient (API) and suitable excipients They are prepared by compression or moulding methods and intended for oral administration for local and systemic effects They may vary in shape, size and weight depending upon the medicament and excipients used and also on its mode of administration 1. UNIT SOLID DOSAGE FORM

7. TYPES OF TABLETS COMPRESSED TABLETS EFFERVESCENT TABLETS ENTERIC-COATED TABLETS CHEWABLE TABLETS FILM-COATED TABLETS SUGAR-COATED TABLETS

8. CAPSULES They are unit solid dosage forms containing Active Pharmaceutical I ngredient (API) enclosed in a water soluble gelatin shell or envelope. The drug is released when capsule is swallowed and shell breaks open after reaching specific area in GIT. There are two types of capsule- Soft gelatin capsule Hard gelatin capsule

9. Soft gelatin capsule – They are soft and made from gelatin , glycerine and sorbitol. Drug in liquid form is filled in body and then it is sealed over with heat. Eg . – fat soluble vitamins Hard gelatin capsule – They are hard and are made from gelatin and titanium dioxide and comprises of cap and body. Drug in powdered or granular form is placed in body and then cap is placed over it.

10. LOZENGES Lozenges are tablets formed from hardened base of sugar and water containing drug (API) and other flavors . They are designed to dissolve slowly in the mouth and release the drug topically to the tissues of mouth and throat T hey are not to be swallowed

11. 2. BULK SOLID DOSAGE FORM POWDER Powders are bulk solid dosage form containing two or more medicament in dry and finely divided powdered form intended for oral, parenteral or external administration They can be intended for single dose use or can be used for topical application The size of particle range from 10,000 microns to 0.1 microns . Size of the powder determine the effectiveness of physiological properties .

12. GRANULES Granules are aggregations of fine particles of powders in a mass of about spherical shape They are prepared to enhance the flow of powder as higher flowability gives better filling of the dies or containers, during a volumetric dosage

13. SEMI-SOLID DOSAGE FORM Semisolids contain both semi-liquids and semi-solid. D osage forms that are too soft in structure to qualify for solids but too thick to be considered liquid. They are meant for topical application.

14. CREAMS Creams are semi-solid preparations , containing one or more medicinal agents dissolved in either an oil in water or water in oil emulsion or in another type of water-washable base They have low viscosity and appears “creamy white” due to the scattering of light . They are of two types- Oil in water Water in oil

15. TYPES OF CREAMS Oil-in-water creams are composed of small droplets of oil dispersed in a continuous aqueous phase They are used in cosmetics as they are less greasy and more easily washed off using water. Water-in-oil creams are composed of small droplets of water dispersed in a continuous oily phase They are moisturising as they provide an oily barrier which reduces water loss from the stratum corneum , the outermost layer of the skin

16. OINTMENTS An ointment is a viscous semisolid preparation used topically on a variety of body surfaces Medicated ointments primarily consist of a drug and a vehicle called a base. They are used as – Emollients to make skin more pliable Protective barriers Vehicles in which to incorporate medication

17. A semisolid dispersion systems containing a gelling agent in sufficient quantities to impart a 3- dimensional polymeric matrix They provides a cooling sensation when applied to the skin, usually translucent and non-greasy. They are used for medication and lubrication . GELS/JELLIES

18. Suppositories are semi-solid dosage forms intended for insertion into body orifices (rectum, vagina, urethra) where they melt, soften, or dissolve and exert a local or systemic effect The suppository may be ideally used in: Babies or old people who cannot swallow oral medication. Post operative people who cannot be administered oral medication Drugs inactivated by the pH or enzymatic activity of the stomach or intestine. SUPPOSITORIES

19. LIQUID DOSAGE FORM

20. Solution is a liquid preparations that contain one or more soluble chemical substances dissolved in a specified solvent. They are useful for hygroscopic drugs which must be administered as a solution They are useful in children and patients who cannot tolerate a solid dosage form . SOLUTIONS

21. Syrups are concentrated aqueous preparations of a sugar or sugar substitute with or without flavouring agents and medicinal substances. Types of syrup – Medicated syrup – syrups containing medicinal agents Flavored syrup - syrups containing medicinal agents and flavors to mask the unpleasant taste of medicine SYRUP

22. Elixir are clear, sweetened hydro-alcoholic solution. These are Intended for oral use and are usually flavored to enhance palatability. They are usually less sweet than syrups and less viscous. They are classified into two classes , Non medicated elixirs – vehicles Medicated elixir – used for therapeutic effects ELIXIRS

23. EMULSIONS An emulsion is a mixture of two or ore liquids that are normally immiscible. Emulsions are two-phase systems consist of liquid drug substances. They are classfied as: oil-in-water emulsion (O/W) water- in-oil emulsion ( W/O Emulsions can be administered topically , orally, and I.M.

24. SUSPENSION A suspension is a heterogeneous mixture containing solid particles that are sufficiently large for sedimentation. A suspension consists of a dispersion of relatively coarse particles, usually in aqueous vehicle. Suspensions may be used for oral and topical administration. Like solutions, oral suspensions are useful in children and patients who cannot tolerate a solid dosage form.

25. GASEOUS DOSAGE FORM

26. INHALANTS Inhalants are finely powdered drug substances , solutions, or suspensions of drug substances administered by the nasal or oral respiratory route for local or systemic effects Special device are used to facilitate administration called as Inhaler

27. Aerosol is defined as a system that depends on the power of a compressed gas or liquefied gas to expel the contents from the container. Pharmaceutical Aerosol is defined as aerosol product containing active ingredients dissolved ,suspended or emulsified in a propellant or a mixture of solvent and propellant and intended for oral or topical administration or for administration into the eye, nose ,ear, rectum and vagina AEROSOLS

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