Pharmacognosy evaluation of crude drug.pptx

Pharmacognosy evaluation of crude drug

1. Evaluation and adultration of crude drugs

2. Introduction The word pharmacognosy is derived from the Greek pharmakon , a" drug" and gignosco ," to acquire knowledge of" pharmacognosy is closely related to botany and plant chemistry and indeed both originated from the earlier scientific studies on medicinal plants.Pharmacognosy is the study of drugs from natural sources.

3. Pharmacognosy Pharmacognosy literally means a knowledge of drugs or pharmaceuticals. Pharmacognosy may be defined as “an applied science that deals with the biologic, biochemical and economic features of natural drugs and their constituents.”

4. TERMS RELATED TO PHARMACOGNOSY Drug A substance or mixture of substances used for the prevention, diagnosis, treatment and mitigation of disease.

5. Crude drug Crude drugs are vegetable or animal drugs that consist of natural substances that have undergone only the processes of collection and drying. The term “crude,” as used in relation to natural products, means any product that has not been advanced in value or improved in condition by shredding, grinding, chipping, crushing, distilling, evaporating, extracting, artificial mixing with other substances, or by other process or treatment beyond that which is essential to its proper packing and to the prevention of decay or deterioration pending manufacture.

6. Pharmacognostic description of a crude drug Botanical Origin Latin name of the plant consisting of genus and specie name. Local Name Name of the drug in particular local area. English Name Name of drug represented in English. Family Name Scientific name of family of plant. Part Used Part used to obtain the desire drug.

7. Habitat Original home of the plant which yields the drug. Indigenous Plants growing in their native countries. Naturalized Plants grown in a foreign land or in a locality other than their native home. Commercial Origin Commercial origin of a drug refers to its production and its channels of trade. Constituents Components extracted from the crude drugs. Chief principles are known as active constituents of the drug. Uses Use of active constituents of the drug.

8. Types of Crude Drugs Organized Drugs Crude drug directly obtained from plant organs comprising of cells and tissues. E.g. Cinnamon bark. Unorganized Drugs Crude drugs obtained from plants by some intermediate physical process like incision or extraction and do not comprise of cells. E.g. Aloe Advanced Crude Drugs Crude drugs prepared from plants by process like grinding which causes a physical change in drug. E.g. Ginger powder.

9. Official Drugs Drugs listed and described in a book recognized by government as a legal authority for standards. Un-official Drugs Drugs which have been recognized in official books but are not presently found in current issues. Non- official Drugs Drugs which have never appeared in either of the official books.

10. Evaluation of crude drugs To evaluate a drug means to identify it and to determine its quality and purity. Quality : It is the intrinsic value of the drug, i.e. the amount of medicinal principles or active constituents present.

11. Methods of Evaluation: Organoleptic Evaluation Refers to evaluation by means of the organs of sense. It includes shape and size of drug, fracture and internal color , external color and markings, odor and taste.

12. Chemical Evaluation Refers to the identification of crude drugs and determination of their purity. This include chemical assay and micro-chemical test.

13. Physical Evaluation Refers to the evaluation of physical contents of crude drugs. E.g. melting point, boiling point, refractive index and solubility.

14. Biologic Evaluation Evaluation of pharmacological activity and strength of drug by applying to living organism.

15. Microscopic Evaluation Microscopic examination and anatomical evaluation of section and powder drugs, aided by stains, help in identification of crude drugs and detection of adulterants.