pharmacognosy sample question & answer paper .pdf

Pharmacognosy question paper
Pharmacognosy sample question paper
Pharmacognosy

1. Pharmacognosy

Qu no 1 > write the history and
scope of pharmacognosy.

Ans. :-
1. the history of herbal medicine continuous

since human civilization

2. in ancient time plants were used for medicinal
purpose in India China Egypt.

3. Papyrus Ebers (very famous scroll ) contains
more than 800 formulas and 700 different

drugs.
4. Shennong wrote the oldest herbal document

pentaso in 3000. B. C
5. at that time in India also efforts were made
up for examination in classification of drugs.

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2. 6. in India Charaka divided medicinal plants into 50
groups 10 herbs in each for particular illness.

7. sushruta divided into 760 in 7 groups based
on their common properties.
8. Sydler coined the term pharmacognosy

in the title of his work Analecta
Pharmacognostica while he was studying

Sarsaparilla.
9. Galen is the first pharmacist and
father of pharmacognosy.

3. Scope of pharmacognosy

1. who has accepted that 80% of the world
population depends on herbal medicine for their
treatment.

2. the people have realised that the use of
natural drugs are economical and safer than
the other (there is no side effect on less)

3. medicinal plants are found almost all parts of
India this and it is easy to use them.

4. the chemicals obtained from plants are used
in pharmaceuticals is a active pharmaceutical
ingredients. (API)

5. the evolution of novel medicine depends
on pharmacognosy.

4. Qu. no:°2 :-

discuss various system of classification of crude drugs.
Ans.

. alphabetical classification
morphological classification

. taxonomical classification

. chemical classification

. pharmacological classification.

. chemotoxonomical classification.

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in this type of classification the crude drugs are
arranged according to the alphabetical order
of their English or Latin name example Acacia,

Belladonna,Cinchona some Pharmacopoeia's are
in this pattern. eg. I.PR B. P.

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2. morphological classification
in this type of classification the crude drugs are
arranged according to the part of plants in use.
examples rhizomes, root bark .
3: toxonomical aurbiologieal classification
in this type of classification the crude drugs are

arranged according to their kingdom, sub kingdom,
class, sub class , order , family, and genus .

4<chemical classification.
in this type of classification recruit drugs are
arranged on the basis of chemical nature of
most active constituent present in it example.
1. glucoside :- digitalis, senna
2. Alkaloids :- cinchona, datura
3. volatile oil :- clove , cinnamon

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6. 5. pharmacological or therapeutical
classification.

in this type of classification recruit drugs

are arrange on the basis of pharmacological
action of their active constituent.

examples.

a.drugs acting on gastro intestinal system.
coriander, fennel,

b. drugs acting on respiratory system:-
opium, ephedra

c. drugs acting on cardiovascular
system. Digitalis, cinchona.

7. Qu.

describe adulteron and evaluation of drugs
Ans: adulteration.

adulteration is defined is adding or substitute

of spurious,inferior, defective,useless, harmful
substances with the genuine drugs.

purpose of adulteration:- generally

adulteration is done by corrupt dealers when

the supply of drugs become limited or price of
drug becomes high.

types of adulteration

TS

Intentional Unintentional

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8. ————————————————É—É—É£—£—ÉÁÉ—É—
1. intentional adulteration.

a. adulteration using manufactured

substance. paraffin wax is give any yellow

colour and used to substituted these wax.

b. adulteration using exhausted drugs e g.clove .

Cc. adulteration using similar seeing inferior

in nature things . e. g. papaya seed in black
pepper.

d. adulteration using vegetative parts of same plant.
clove

e. adulteration using powders

9. 2. unintentional adulteration.
a. name confusion
b. lake of knowledge about authentic source.
c. similarity in morphology.
d. similarity in colors
e. careless collection.

10. a
Evaluation of Drugs

evaluation of drug means confirmation of its
identity determination of its quality and purity
and detection of adulteration.
1. organoleptic or. morphological evaluation
2. microscopic evaluation
3.physical evaluation
4. chemical evaluation
5. biological evaluation

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11. Qu no. 4.
write-à Short note on merphological

evaluation.

Ans.

in this method we determine drug's colour,
odour, taste, size, shape, etc in this method
sensory characters of drugs are studied.

in this method there is no need of any
equipment to check it we analyse the drug
by naked eye.

organised morphological groups are
classified as: bark, underground structure,
leaves, flower ,fruits ,seed.

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12. Qu. no. 5.
write a short note on pharmaceutical
Aids

Ans. herbal pharmaceutical Aids:
these are the substances which have a little or zero
therapeutic value but are used in manufacturing for
other purpose like sweating, colouring, emulsifying

thickening agents.
Examples. 1.Kaolin 2. lanolin 3. Beeswax
4. Acacia 5. tregacanth etc.

1. kaolin
it found from earth surface

chemicals :- silicon dioxide iron oxide

Uses
itis used as a pharmaceutical aids

it is used for softing skin

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Lanolin:-
lanolin is a fat like substance obtained from
sheep
biological source is Ovis Aries
chemical is lanolin
uses. 1. itis used as a pharmaceutical aids .
2. to treat sore and credit nipples caused by
breastfeeding

Bees Wax Apis Melifera chemical myricin .
Uses:-

1. itis used as a pharmaceutical aids

2. itis used in ointment for hardening
purpose.

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14. Acacia:- acacia arabica arabin .

Uses:”
it is used as a pharmaceutical aids
it is used as a binder in tablet formulation.

Tragacanth:-
Astragalus Gummifer ,. tragacanthin

uses,:-
itis used as a demulcent in cough and
cold preparation.

it is used as a thickening agent.

15. U
Qu. no 6.

discuss the fibres used in sutures or in
dressing.

Ans. these are some fibres used in sutures
1. cotton.
it is used in surgical dressing to absorb blood mucus
and pus.

it prevents the wound from infections.
2.Wool itis used as a bandage.

it is used as a filtering media

3. regenerated fibre

it is used as a bandage

it is used to absorb blood mucus and pus.

4. Silk :- itis used as a sieve

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16. _—_—......…...
Qu. no 7.
Write the biological source and active
chemical constituents of following drugs.

clove, digitalis, agar, cinchona, Rauwolfia,
cinnamon, Tulsi, garlic, belladona, Senna.

Ans.

Clove :- Eugenia Caryophyllus , volatile oil
Digitalis :- Digitalis purpuria , glucoside A, B.
Agar:- rhodopjyceae, agar

Cinchona:- Cinchona succirubra , cinchonidine.

Rauwolfia:-
Rauwolfia serpentina , reserpine

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17. Cinnamon:-

cinnamomum zeylanicum , Volatile oil
Tulsi :-

Ocimum sanctum , volatile oil
Garlic:-

allium sativam linn , volatile oil, amino
acid , vitamins.

Belladonna :-

atropa belladonna, atropine
Senna :-

senna arabica , senoside A € B

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18. Qu. no. 8 :-
write the uses of following drugs.
1. cinchona 2. Gymnema 3. tragacanth
A. podophyllum 5. vasaka 6. coriander
7. digitalis 8. opium 9. Aloe 10. myrobalan

Ans.

cinchona :- it an antimalarial drugs
itis an antiseptic

Gymnema :- itis an antidiabetic
it is a stomachic

Tregacanth =
it is a pharmaceutical aids
it is used as a demal sent in cough and
cold preparation.

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19. A
podophyllum:- itis an anti tumor drug
Vasaka:- it is used as an expectorant

it is a bronchodilator.
Coriander ;- it lowers blood sugar level
it make easy digestivediscomfort
it decrease blood pressure
Digitalis:- itis a cardiotonic
it increase the contraction force

of heart.
oplum:- itis analgesic, antitussive
it has sedative and hypnotic effect
Aloe :- it has laxative effect

it is used in mouth and stomach ulcer
Myrobalan:-; itis an astringent
it is a brain tonic

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20. Qu no. 9:-
right identification test and application of

alkaloids and turpenoids

Ans. alkaloids are heterocyclic nitrogenous
compounds generally their basic in nature.

identification test of alkaloids

Mater's reagent :-
it gives white yellow coloured precipitate.

Wagner's Reagent:-
it gives brown or reddish brown coloured

precipitate. „oplication of alkaloids
it is used as analgesic:- morphine
it is used for eye dilation:- atropine

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21. SS a ee
identification test of terpenoids

1 :-Ina test tube, the plant extract (0.5gm) is
taken along with chloroform (2ml) conc .

2:- H2SO4 (5ml) is added carefully

at the junction of tow layers appear reddish brown
colour

application of terminodes.

it is in analgesic anti inflammatory and
antibiotic

itis an antioxidant

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22. Qu no 10.
write a short note on neutraceuticals .

Ans. .
neutraceuticals are those foods or food

ingredients that provide medical and health
benefits.

examples antioxidant, probiotic, prebi-
otic, dietary fibres, Omega 3
fatty acid, carotenoids.

Therapeutic Applications
1.cardiovascular agents:- olive, almond , peanut

2. anti-cancer agents:- grapes
3.immune booster:- wheat, eggs ,
4. anti-inflammatory agents:- soybean oil.

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