Pharmacology defintion & source of drugs

Pharmacology defintion & source of drugs

1. 1

2. Pharmacology:
Pharmacologyisthestudyofinteractionofdrugs
withlivingorganisms.Italsoincludeshistory,
source,physicochemicalproperties,dosage
forms,methodsofadministration,absorption,
distributionmechanism of action
(biotransformation),excretion,clinicalusesand
adverseeffectsofdrugs.
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3. pharmacologyis the science of drugs
Greek:
Pharmacon-drug logos-discourse
3

4. Oswald Schmiedeberg
regarded as the
“Father of Modern Pharmacology”
Dr. Rama. NathChopra
Considered as
“Father of Indian Pharmacology”
4

5. Drug(French:Drogue-adryherb)
Drugisthechemicalsubstancepresentinamedicinethatis
usedfordiagnosis,prevention,treatmentofadisease.
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6. WHO
"Drug is any substance or product that is used or is intended to be used
to modify or explore physiological systems or pathological states for
the benefit of the recipient.”
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7. PHARMACOKINETICS
-Understanding of what the body does to the drug.
-It includes
–Drug absorption : It is the entry of drug into the blood from
the site of its administration
–Distribution : It is the delivery of drug from blood to the
various tissues
–Metabolism : It converts drug into inactive, polar, nontoxic
component for rapid excretion from the body
–Elimination : Excretion of drug from the body
7

8. PHARMACODYNAMICS
-It is the study of mechanism of drug action i.e. what drug does to the
body.
-It include effect of drug and its mechanism of action
-Modification of effect of one drug by another drug & by other factors is
also part of pharmacodynamics
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9. Adverse effects
Any response to the drug which is noxious or unintended
occurring in dose used in men for diagnosis, prevention,
control or cure of a disease.
example : Insulin : Hypoglycemia
Furosemide : Hypokalemia
Gentamicine : Nephrotoxicity
warfarin : Bleeding
Chloramphenicol : Aplastic anemia
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10. Indications:
These are the uses of the drug
Contraindications :
These are the conditions where drug should not be used
DRUG INDICATION CONTRAINDICATION
Aspirin Headache Peptic Ulcer
Warfarin Myocardial Infarction Hemophilia
Combined Pill Female contraception Thromboembolism
Methotrexate Rheumatoid Arthritis Pregnancy
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11. Pharmacovigilance
Pharmacovigilance has been defined by the WHO
(2002) as the
“science and activities relating to the detection, assessment,
understanding and prevention of adverse effects or any other drug
related problems.”
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12. ESSENTIAL DRUGS (WHO 1975)
“ The Essential Drugs are those drugs that
satisfy healthcare needs of the majority of population and
which should, therefore, be available at all time, in adequate
amounts and in appropriate dosage forms.”
Essential Drugs ----Essential Medicines
( WHO 2003 )
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13. WHO-first Model List of Essential Drugs
along with their dosage forms and strengths in
1977.
-This has been revised from time to time and the
current is the 17th list (2011).
Indiaproduced its National Essential Drugs List in 1996and has
revised it in 2011 with the title “National List of Essential
Medicines”.
-This includes 348 medicines
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14. Criteriatoguideselectionofanessentialmedicine.
(a)Adequatedataonitsefficacyandsafetyshouldbe
availablefromclinicalstudies.
(b)Itshouldbeavailableinaforminwhichquality,including
bioavailability,andstabilityonstoragecanbeassured.
(c)Itschoiceshoulddependuponpatternofprevalent
diseases;availabilityoffacilitiesandtrainedpersonnel;
financialresources;genetic,demographicand
environmentalfactors.
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15. (d) In case of two or more similar medicines, choice should
be made on the basis of their relative efficacy, safety,
quality, price and availability. Cost-benefit ratio should be a
major consideration.
(e) Most essential medicines should be single compounds.
(g) Selection of essential medicines should be a continuous
process.
(h) Recently, of select essential medicines based on rationally
developed treatment guidelines.
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16. Clinicalpharmacology
Itisthescientificstudyofdrugs(botholdandnew)inman.
Itincludespharmacodynamicandpharmacokinetic
investigationinhealthyvolunteersandpatients;
evaluationofefficacyandsafetyofdrugsand
comparativetrialswithotherformsoftreatment;
surveillanceofpatternsofdruguse,adverseeffects,etc.
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17. Pharmacotherapeutics
It is the application of pharmacological information together with
knowledge of the disease for its prevention, mitigation or cure.
Chemotherapy
It is the treatment of systemic infection/malignancy with specific drugs
that have selective toxicity for the infecting organism/malignant cell
with no/minimal effects on the host cells.
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18. Pharmacy
It is the art and science of compounding and dispensing drugs or
preparing suitable dosage forms for administration of drugs to man or
animals.
Toxicology
It is the study of poisonous effect of drugs and other chemicals
(household, environmental pollutant, industrial, agricultural, homicidal)
with emphasis on detection, prevention and treatment of poisonings.
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19. DRUG NOMENCLATURE
A drug generally has three categories of names:
(a)Chemical name
It describes the substance chemically,
e.g. 1-(Isopropylamino)-3-(1-naphthyloxy) propan-2-olfor
propranolol.
(b) Non-proprietary name
It is the name accepted by a competent scientific body/authority,
e.g.theUnited States Adopted Name (USAN) by the USAN council /
British Approved name (BAN)
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20. The non proprietary names of newer drugs are kept uniform by an
agreement to use the Recommended
International Non proprietary Name (rINN) in all member countries
of the WHO.
(c) Proprietary (Brand) name
It is the name assigned by the manufacturer(s) and is his property or
trade mark
One drug may have multiple proprietary names
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21. DRUGCOMPENDIA
Thesearecompilationsofinformationondrugsin
theformofmonographs;withoutgoingintothe
theoreticalconcepts,mechanismsofactionandother
aspectswhichhelpinunderstandingthesubject.
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22. Prescription and non-prescription drugs
majority of drugs including all antibiotics must be sold in
retail only against a prescription.
-These are called ‘prescription drugs’ and in India they
have been placed in the schedule Hof the Drugs and
Cosmetic Rules(1945)
few drugs like simple analgesics (paracetamol, aspirin),
antacids are considered relatively harmless, and can be
procured without a prescription.
-These are ‘non-prescription’ or ‘over-the-counter’ (OTC)
drugs; can be sold even by grocery stores.
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23. Orphan Drugs
These are drugs or biological products for diagnosis/treatment/
prevention of a rare disease or condition, or a more common disease
(endemic only in resource poor countries)
for which there is no reasonable expectation that the cost of
developing and marketing it will be recovered from the sales of that
drug.
sodium nitrite, fomepizole, liposomal amphotericin B,
miltefosine, rifabutin, succimer, somatropin, digoxin
immune Fab (digoxin antibody), liothyronine (T3)
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24. .

25. Source of Drugs
Natural
Plants
Animal
Micro organisms
Mineral
Semi synthetic
Synthetic

26. Source Plant Drug Use
Leaf Digitalis Digoxin CHF
Bark CinchonaQuinine Malaria
Fruit Opium Morphine Analgesic
Seed Eserin Anticholinestrase M.G
PLANT SOURCE

27. Nicotiana tabacum
Nicotinic receptor
stimulant
Atropa belladonna
Anti cholinergic drug
used in OP Poision
Opium seed
Morphine Analgesic

28. Morphine preparation

29. Vinca roseaVinka alkaloids
Anti cancer
Digitalis purpurea(foxglowe)
Digitalis CHF
Cinchona pubescens
Quinine Malaria
Rauwolfia serpentina (INDIA)
Reserpidine Antihypertesive agent

30. Important Pharmacological active principles in plants are:
1) Alkaloids
2)Glycosides
3)Oils
4)Resins
5)Gums
6)Tannins

31. ANIMAL SOURCE
Obtained from animal
Drug Animal
Heparin Leech
Insulin Pork pancreas
Thyroxin Thyroid
Vit. B12 Liver extract
Cod liver oil Anti toxic sera

32. MICROORGANISM SOURCE
Bacterial,Fungi,Mouldsimpsourceofmanylifesaving
drugs.
TheseobtainedfromMOandusedtokillMicroorganisms.
Drug Microorganism
Penicillin Peniciliumnotatum
Chloramphenicol Streptomycesvenezuelace
Griseofluvin Pencillingrisofullivum
Streptomycin Streptomycesgriseus
Neomycin Streptomycesfradiae

33. MINERAL SOURCE
Use in pharmacotherapy
Mineral Use
Ferrous sulfate(FeSo4) Anaemia
Magnesium sulfate(MgSo4) Purgative
Sodium bicarbonate (NaHco3) Antacid
Aluminum Hydroxide Antacid

34. SYNTHETIC
Presentlymajorityofdrugsareobtainedsynthetically
Someofdrugswhichareearlierobtainedfromplanttoday
synthesizedinlab.
Advantage
Qualitycanbecontrolled
Processiseasierandcheaper
Morepotentandsafer
Largescaleproduction

35. Example Trade Name Classification
Meperidine Demerol Analgesic
DiphenoxylateLomotil Antidiarrheal
Co-TrimoxazoleSeptra Used in the
treatment of
UTI’s

36. Semi Synthetic
Thesearemainlyobtainedbychangingthechemical
structureofnaturalobtainingdrugs.
Ex:Atropinebromide
Penicillinsubstrates.(bychanging–Rsidechain)

37. Human Source
HCG Pregnant women
Menotrophin Post Menopausal women urine
Regular insulinHuman
Urokinase Human kidney cells
rh GH Human

38. GENTICALLY ENGINEERING
Relativelynewmethodologyinvolvestheblendingof
discoveriesfrommolecularbiology,rDNAtechnology,
DNAalteration,Genesplicing,immunopharmacology.
Ex:-
Hepatitis-B
Insulin (Human insulin of rDNA techniques)