pharmacy practice lecture notes PDF.ugan

Health education

1. PHARMACY PRACTICE Dr YATESA DONALD JONATHAN(MPS)

2. HISTORY OF PHARMACY PRACTICE

3. Trends in pharmacy practice Introduction Over the past four decades there has been a trend for pharmacy practice in Uganda to move away from its original focus on medicine supply (compounding and dispensing) towards a more inclusive focus on patient care (drug therapy managers). The role of the pharmacy professionals has evolved from that of a compounder and supplier of pharmaceutical products towards that of a provider of services and information and ultimately that of a provider of patient care

4. Increasingly, the pharmacist’s task is to ensure that a patient’s drug therapy is appropriately indicated, the most effective available, the safest possible, and convenient for the patient. With out excluding, quality products are selected, procured, stored, distributed, dispensed and administered

5. The new approach has been given the name pharmaceutical care. The most generally accepted definition of this new approach is: “Pharmaceutical care is the responsible provision of drug therapy for the purpose of achieving definite outcomes that improve a patient’s quality of life”

6. In order to fulfil this obligation, the pharmacist needs to be able to assume many different functions . The concept of the seven-star pharmacist, introduced by WHO and taken up by FIP in 2000 in its policy statement on Good Pharmacy Education Practice, sees the pharmacist as a caregiver, communicator, decision-maker, teacher, life-long learner, leader and manager. we have added the role of researcher

7. Policy makers Regulatory Research Education

8. Standards : A statement that describes the qualities required for a service to be provided at the desired level of performance or results Pharmacy Practice : A practice that responds to the needs of the people who use the pharmaceutical services to provide optimal, evidence-based care Standards of pharmacy practice : describes the desired level of performance required for provision of medications and other health care products and services to people and society so as to make the best use of them

9. Standards for Pharmacy Practice Standards for human resources Standards for premises Standards for equipment and materials Standards for services Standards for quality assurance Standards for dress codes

10. SCOPE OF PHARMACY

11. Community Pharmacy A pharmacy professional having an aptitude for business can open a retail drug store to serve the community . Some big drug store engages a number of pharmacy professionals, So as to run them smoothly.

12. Wholesale Pharmacy The wholesale offers opportunities to a limited number of pharmacists to run a wholesale business of drug and medicines.

13. Industrial Pharmacy Pharmaceutical industry offers the opportunity to the pharmacist to all educational leaves. Industrial pharmacy provide job to a pharmacist in the following fields. i . Production ii. Analytical and Quality Control iii. Research and Development iv. Marketing and Sales

14. Health System Pharmacy It is the practice of pharmacy in private and government-owned hospitals, health maintenance organization (HMOs), clinics, walk-in health centers and nursing homes. In these, pharmacists dispense medication, prepare the sterile solution, advise other professionals and patients on the use of the drug, monitors drug regiment and evaluate drug use.

15. Nuclear Pharmacy Nuclear pharmacy applies the principles and practice of pharmacy and nuclear chemistry to produce radioactive drug used for diagnosis and therapy.

16. Pharmaceutical Education Due to a rapid growth of pharmaceutical industry and expansion of health service in the country, the demands of pharmacist have increased many a time

17. Pharmaceutical Journalism Pharmaceutical journalism offers rewarding experiences for a limited number of pharmacists with editing skills.

18. Drug Control Administration Run both at the level of central government as well as the state governments.

19. Organization Management This management available for those with pharmacy education who wish to serve in national and state association and on board of pharmacy.

20. role of a pharmacy professionals in health care a) Ensuring appropriate therapy and outcomes Ensuring appropriate pharmacotherapy Ensuring patient’s understanding/adherence to his or her treatment plan Monitoring and reporting outcomes

21. b) Dispensing medications and devices Processing the prescription or medicine order Preparing the pharmaceutical product Delivering the medication or device

22. c) Health promotion and disease prevention Delivering clinical preventive services Surveillance and reporting of public health issues Promoting safe medication use in society

23. d) Health systems management Managing the practice Managing medications throughout the health system Managing the use of medications within the health system Participating in research activities Engaging in interdisciplinary collaboration

24. END

25. New dimensions of pharmacy practice Pharmaceutical care Evidence-based pharmacy Meeting patients’ needs Chronic patient care – HIV/AIDS Self-medication Quality assurance of pharmaceutical care services Clinical pharmacy Pharmacovigilance

26. Pharmaceutical care It stipulates that all practitioners should assume responsibility for the outcomes of drug therapy in their patients Pharmaceutical care does not exist in isolation from other health care services . It must be provided in collaboration with patients, physicians, nurses and other health care providers. Pharmacists are responsible directly to patients for the cost, quality and results of pharmaceutical care

27. Evidence-based pharmacy In an increasingly complex health care environment, it has become difficult to compare the effectiveness of different treatments. Health care interventions can no longer be based on opinion or individual experience alone. Scientific evidence, built up from good quality research , is used as a guide, and adapted to each individual patient’s circumstances.

28. Meeting patients’ needs In patient- centred health care, the first challenges are to identify and meet the changing needs of patients. Pharmacists need to ensure that people can access medicines or pharmaceutical advice easily and, as far as possible, in a way and at a time and place of their own choosing

29. Chronic patient care – HIV/AIDS Throughout history the world has never faced a health challenge like the HIV/AIDS pandemic . In order to respond adequately, health systems, especially in resource-limited settings , are undergoing a shift in health care provision from acute health care services to chronic patient care In 2004, the world’s nursing, medical and pharmacy leaders issued a resolution stating that all health professionals should commit the necessary funds and resources to rise to the challenge of HIV/AIDS. Health professionals, including pharmacists, should also act as strong advocates and social leaders.

30. Quality assurance of pharmaceutical care services A basic concept which should underlie all health care services and pharmacy practice is that of assuring the quality of patient care activities. Donabedian defined the three elements of quality assurance in health care as being structure, process and outcome

31. Quality assurance is that set of activities that are carried out to monitor and improve performance so that the health care provided is as effective and as safe as possible Quality assurance can also be defined as “all activities that contribute to defining, designing , assessing, monitoring, and improving the quality of health care”. These activities can be performed as part of the accreditation of pharmacies, supervision of pharmacy health workers , or other efforts to improve the performance and the quality of health services.

32. The Quality Assurance Project of the Center for Human Sciences in Bethesda, USA, lists four core principles which have emerged to guide quality assurance in health care: 1. Focus on the client/patient 2. Focus on systems and processes 3. Focus on measurement 4. Focus on teamwork

33. Clinical pharmacy The term “clinical pharmacy” was coined to describe the work of pharmacists whose primary job is to interact with the health care team, interview and assess patients, make specific therapeutic recommendations , monitor patient responses to drug therapy and provide medicines information. Clinical pharmacists work primarily in hospitals and acute care settings and provide patient-oriented rather than product-oriented services

34. Pharmacovigilance Medicines safety is another important issue. Because of intense competition among pharmaceutical manufacturers, products may be registered and marketed in many countries simultaneously . As a result, adverse effects may not always be readily identified and so are not monitored systematically. Pharmacovigilance is a structured process for the monitoring and detection of adverse drug reactions (ADRs)

35. Pharmacovigilance PV is the science and activities dealing with the detection, assessment, understanding and prevention of adverse effects or any other medicine-related problems (WHO, 2004).