phenolic acid,gallic acid , ellagic acid

phenolic acid , gallic acid ,ellagic acid and its isolations and therapeutic effects with refernces

1. Central University of Punjab Under Guidance Dr. Priyanka Sharma Presented by Akanksha Raghuvanshi Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Natural Products Phenolic Acid, Ellagic Acid and Quercetin Presentation

2. Phenolic Ring Structure : Phenolic acids have a benzene ring at their core, which consists of six carbon atoms (C6) arranged in a hexagonal ring. The benzene ring is highly stable due to its aromatic nature. 2. Hydroxyl Groups (OH ): One or more hydroxyl groups (-OH) are attached to the benzene ring. The number and position of these hydroxyl groups vary among different phenolic acids and determine their specific properties. 3.Solubility : Phenolic acids are generally soluble in polar solvents like water and ethanol due to the presence of hydroxyl groups Phenolic Acid Chemical nature

3. Sources of phenolic acids: 1. Fruits : Many fruits are rich sources of phenolic acids. Examples include: Berries: Blueberries, strawberries, raspberries, and blackberries are particularly high in phenolic acids like ellagic acid and anthocyanins. Apples : Apples contain chlorogenic acid and other phenolic compounds. Citrus fruits: Oranges, lemons, and grapefruits contain various phenolic acids, including flavonoids like hesperidin and naringin. Grapes: grapes are a source of phenolic acids like resveratrol, quercetin, and catechins. 2. Vegetables : Various vegetables contain phenolic acids, including: -Onions: Onions contain quercetin and other phenolic compounds. -Tomatoes: Tomatoes are a source of chlorogenic acid and other phenolic acids. -Potatoes: Potatoes contain chlorogenic acid and caffeic acid. 3. Whole Grains : Whole grains such as oats, wheat, barley, and rice contain phenolic acids primarily in their bran and germ portions. 4. Nuts and Seeds : Some nuts and seeds are good sources of phenolic acids, including almonds, walnuts, flaxseeds, and sunflower seeds. Phenolic Acid

4. 5. Herbs and Spices : Many herbs and spices are rich in phenolic compounds. Examples include thyme, rosemary, sage, oregano, cinnamon, and cloves. 6. Beverages : Phenolic acids can also be found in certain beverages, such as: - Tea: Tea leaves, especially green tea, contain catechins, which are a type of phenolic acid. - Coffee :Coffee beans contain chlorogenic acid, which is a well-known phenolic acid. 7. Legumes : Some legumes, like lentils and chickpeas, contain phenolic acids, including p-coumaric acid and ferulic acid. 8. Cereals :Cereal grains like corn and sorghum also contain phenolic acids, with variations in the types and amounts depending on the specific grain. 9. Wine :Red wine, in particular, contains phenolic compounds such as resveratrol, which is believed to have health benefits. Phenolic Acid

5. Isolation Of Phenolic Acid

6. Conventional isolation Of Phenolic Acid The conventional extraction techniques of phenolic compounds are maceration, decoction, percolation, infusion, digestion, serial exhaustive extraction, and soxhlet extraction A separation process is applied to separate the solid parts from the solvent. This is usually achieved by either filtration, decantation, or clarification. Although this is an easy technique, it has the demerit of being time-consuming and requiring solvents in large volumes

7. Non-Conventional isolation Of Phenolic Acid Microwave-assisted extraction involves the use of  microwave radiation  energy to heat-up the solute-solvent mixture The diffusion of the solvent through the sample increases the disruption of  hydrogen bonds  holding the sample, thereby allowing the target compounds to dissolve into the extraction fluid Solvent diffusion and extraction kinetics are favoured when using higher temperatures and small sample volumes in microwave-assisted extraction process  Besides, these solvents have no serious influence on thermolabile compounds

8. Non-Conventional isolation Of Phenolic Acid This type of method is an easy extraction technique that utilizes the induced mechanical influence through micro-sized bubbles explosion to give quick tissue disorganization which facilitates the diffusion of phytochemicals from substance into the solvent It is a simple and low-cost method which can be used in both small and large-scale settings T he yield of anthocyanin from purple  sweet potato  was reported to be higher when the UAE was employed ( Cai et al., 2016 )

9. Phenolic Acid Therapeutic effect

10. 1.Ellagic acid consists of a central core composed of two benzene rings (C6 rings). Each benzene ring contains three hydroxyl groups (-OH). 2. Two lactone groups, which are cyclic esters 3. Lactone groups can undergo hydrolysis 4. Hydroxyl Groups: hydroxyl (-OH) groups make polar in nature Ellagic acid Chemical nature

11. biological sources of ellagic acid 1. Fruits: Ellagic acid is commonly found in various fruits, including: - Strawberries - Raspberries - Blackberries - Cranberries - Pomegranates - Apples - Grapes 2. Nuts: Certain nuts contain ellagic acid, including: - Walnuts - Pecans 3. Vegetables: Some vegetables also contain ellagic acid, such as: - Spinach - Red cabbage Ellagic acid

12. 4. Beverages: Ellagic acid can be found in beverages like: - Red wine - Green tea 5. Herbs and Spices: Certain herbs and spices contain ellagic acid, including: - Cloves - Cinnamon 6. Seeds: Ellagic acid is present in some seeds, such as: - Raspberry seeds Ellagic acid

13. Isolation of Ellagic acid

14. Therapeutic effects of ellagic acid: 1. Antioxidant : Ellagic acid acts as an antioxidant, combating oxidative stress. 2. Anti-Inflammatory : It may have anti-inflammatory properties. 3. Anticancer Potential : Ellagic acid is studied for its potential to inhibit cancer cell growth. 4. Cardiovascular Health : It may support heart health by reducing risk factors. 5. Antimicrobial : Ellagic acid exhibits antimicrobial properties. 6. Skin Health : It is explored for its benefits in skin health. 7. Antiviral : Some studies suggest antiviral properties. 8. Immune Support : It may boost the immune system. 9. Wound Healing : Ellagic acid may aid in wound healing. 10. Gastrointestinal Health : It could benefit the digestive system. 11. Liver Protection : Some research indicates potential liver-protective effects. 12. Bone Health : It may support bone health. Ellagic acid

15. Quercetin C hemical formula is C15H10O7 A central flavone core: Quercetin's core structure is composed of three rings (two benzene rings and a central pyrone ring ), forming a tricyclic structure . Hydroxyl Groups (-OH): Quercetin contains multiple hydroxyl groups (-OH ) attached to its aromatic rings and the central pyrone ring. These hydroxyl groups are responsible for its antioxidant activity and make it highly soluble in polar solvents like water. Ketone Group (C=O): Quercetin has a ketone group (C=O) on its central pyrone ring. Double Bonds (C=C): It contains several double bonds, which contribute to its aromatic character and overall chemical stability. Chemical nature

16. sources of quercetin include: 1. Fruits: - Apples - Berries (such as strawberries, blueberries, and cranberries) - Citrus fruits (such as oranges and grapefruits) - Cherries - Grapes 2. Vegetables: - Onions - Shallots - Garlic - Kale - Spinach - Tomatoes - Broccoli - Red and green peppers Quercetin

17. 3. Herbs and Spices: - Dill - Cilantro - Capers 4. Tea: - Green tea, black tea, and white tea all contain quercetin. 5. Red Wine: - Red wine contains quercetin, although it's important to consume it in moderation. Quercetin

18. Quercetin Isolation

19. Therapeutic effects:- Quercetin

20. 1.Phenolic acids: Natural versatile molecules with promising therapeutic applications Naresh Kumara , Nidhi Goelb , * a.Discipline of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Simrol Campus, Indore, Madhya Pradesh-453552, India b.Department of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh-221005, India 2.Isolation of ellagic acid from the aqueous extract of the roots of Decalepis hamiltonii : Antioxidant activity and cytoprotective effect Anup Srivastava a , L. Jagan Mohan Rao b , T. Shivanandappa a 3.Therapeutic Potential of Quercetin: New Insights and Perspectives for Human Health Bahare Salehi, Laura Machin, Lianet Monzote , Javad Sharifi-Rad,* Shahira M. Ezzat,* Mohamed A. Salem, Rana M. Merghany , Nihal M. El Mahdy , Ceyda Sibel Kılıc , Oksana Sytar , ̧ Mehdi Sharifi-Rad, Farukh Sharopov , Natalia Martins, ́ * Miquel Martorell,* and William C. Cho* References

21. “EAT HEALTHY, BE HEALTHY”