Philippine-architecture-Influences-and-Pre-Colonial-Era.pdf

Philippine Architecture (Pre-Colonial)

1. PHILIPPINE
ARCHITECTURE

2. A. GEOGRAPHICAL
•Strategic position in relation to Asia
•Trade Center of the Orient
•Citadel of Democracy and
Christianity in East Asia
•Melting pot of the World Races
•Home to many Active Volcanoes
•Pacific Ring of Fire
•Divided into Three Main Island Groups
•Luzon
•Visayas
•Mindanao
Influences
WEST
PHILIPPINE
SEA

3. A. GEOGRAPHICAL
•Luzon and Visayas
•Have tenaciously hung unto the
Christian Heritage of the Spaniards
•Mindanao
•Home of unconquered Muslims
Influences
CASA MANILA TOROGAN HOUSE
MIAGAO CHURCH

4. B. GEOLOGICAL
•Indigenous Materials
•bamboo
•Coconut trees
•Palm
•Cogon
•Grass
•Rattan
•Nipa
Influences
Philippines is rich in natural resources that are yet largely undeveloped
as compared to other Asian countries.
•Trees used for Building Construction
•Sturdiest/could withstand weather
and dampness (for posts and
structural parts):
•Molave
•Yakal
•Guijo
•Exposed balconies for Framing:
•Molave
•Yakal
•Mountain in Provinces:
•Pine Trees used for panelings
•Lowlands
•Narraused for panelingsand
furniture
44% of land area is covered with
forest

5. B. GEOLOGICAL
•Indigenous Materials
•bamboo
•Coconut trees
•Palm
•Cogon
•Grass
•Rattan
•Nipa
Influences
Philippines is rich in natural resources that are yet largely undeveloped
as compared to other Asian countries.
•Trees used for Building Construction
•Sturdiest/could withstand weather
and dampness (for posts and
structural parts):
•Molave
•Yakal
•Guijo
•Exposed balconies for Framing:
•Molave
•Yakal
•Mountain in Provinces:
•Pine Trees used for panelings
•Lowlands
•Narraused for panelingsand
furniture
44% of land area is covered with
forest

6. C. CLIMATIC
•FOUR CLIMATIC TYPES
•TYPE I
•Two pronounced seasons:
•Dry (Nov-Apr)
•Wet (Rest of the Year)
•TYPE II
•No dry season
•Very pronounced
maximum rain period from
November to January
•TYPE III
•Seasons are not very
pronounced. Relatively dry
from November to April. Wet
during the rrst of the year.
•TYPE IV
•Rainfall more or less evenly
distributed throughout the
year
Influences
All regions on the western part of the Islands
of Luzon, Mindoro, Negros and Palawan.
Catanduanes, Sorsogon, eastern part of Albay,
eastern and northern part of Camarines
Norte and Camarines Sur, and a great
portion of eastern Mindanao.
Western Parts of Cagayan, Isabela, Nueva
Vizcaya, eastern portion of the Mountain
Province, Southern Quezon, Masbate,
Romblon, Northern Mindanao and most of
Eastern Palawan
Batanes Province, Northeastern Luzon,
southwestern part of Camarines Norte,
western part of Camarines Sur and Albay,
eastern and southern Mindanao.

7. D. ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER
•Tropical
Architecture
•Light
•Open and
Transparent
Influences

8. E. HISTORICAL
•PRE-COLONIAL
•First Inhabitants: Immigrants of Malay origin, food gatherers and hunters
•3000 BC, joined by advanced agricultural race from Indonesia
•Tribal system: Barangays
•13
th
Century AD, Filipinos were converted to Islam
Influences

9. E. HISTORICAL
Influences
•SPANISH COLONIAL RULE
•Ferdinand Magellan landed in
the Philippines on 1521.
•1564: Miguel Lopez de Legazpi
brought Christianity.
•Within 20 years established
Spanish Control over all
inhabited areas with the
exception of the Muslim Areas
of Mindanao and Sulu.
•Spanish rule lasted until the
end of 19
th
Century.

10. E. HISTORICAL
Influences
•AMERICAN RULE
•Islands were ceded to the
United States for 20 million
Dollars
•Fighting soon broke out
between the United States and
Philippines which lasted for
two years before the
resistance was finally
suppressed.
•US Gave the islands self
government

11. E. HISTORICAL
Influences
•JAPANESE INVASION
•December 1941: Japanese
launched a surprise attack
•Puppet Government
•July 1945: Liberation led by
General Douglas McArthur

12. E. HISTORICAL
Influences
•INDEPENDENCE IN 1946
•3
rd
largest English-speaking
country in the world
•Citadel of Christianity and
democracy in East Asia
•Mixture of races: Malay,
Chinese, and Spanish

13. EARLY PHILIPPINE INDIGENOUS DWELLINGS

14. PRE-COLONIAL ERA
•Caves were the earliest form of
human habitation
•The use of natural caves
predates the emergence of
Homo Sapiens Sapiens
•Not much construction were
needed
CAVES

15. PRE-COLONIAL ERA
ROBERT BRADFORD FOX
•A famous distinguished
American Anthropologist who
made substantive and enduring
contributions to Philippine
Anthropology
•Excavated the TabonCaves in
Palawan which led to the
discovery of the late
Pleistocene human fossil
remains
•“TabonMan”
TABON CAVES, PALAWAN
CAVES

16. PRE-COLONIAL ERA
TABON CAVES
LIPUUN POINT, PALAWAN
•Earliest evidence of Man
(Homo Sapiens Sapiens) were
found in the TabonCaves in
Palawan and nearby areas.
•138-hectares of rugged cliffs
and deep slopes
•Named after the large-footed
bird that lays eggs in huge
holes it digs into cave floors,
many of which have been found
in the cave.
TABON CAVES, PALAWAN
CAVES

17. PRE-COLONIAL ERA
TAU’T BATO
•Indigenous Filipinos/Tribe who
still continue the primeval
practice of living in caves to
present.
•Often referred to as People of
the Rock
•Recently discovered and has
been living in isolation
•Today, only about 100 families
are comprising the tribe
TAU’T BATO
CAVES

18. PRE-COLONIAL ERA
•Consisted of a simple, single
pitched roof resting on the
ground and the other end
resting horizontal wooden lintel
supported by tree trunks and
roofed with grass.
LEAN-TO

19. PRE-COLONIAL ERA
PINANAHANG
•Lean-to of the Agta of Palanan
HAWONG
•Used by the Pinatubo Aeta
•Has no living platform
•Forms two sloping sides with
one or both ends left open.
LEAN-TO

20. PRE-COLONIAL ERA
•Small houses were built on top
of trees to prevent animal and
enemy attacks.
•Mostly found in Luzon and
Mindanao.
TREE HOUSES
KALINGA TREE HOUSE

21. PRE-COLONIAL ERA
Other examples of tree houses:
•Small houses were built on top
of trees to prevent animal and
enemy attacks.
•Mostly found in Luzon and
Mindanao.
TREE HOUSES

22. VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE
Exemplifies the commonest building techniques based on the forms and materials
of a particular historical period, region or group of people.

23. PRE-COLONIAL ERA
DOMESTIC STRUCTURES
Archetypal tropical characteristics :
•Elevated Living floor
•Buoyant rectangular volume
•Raised pile foundation
•Voluminous Thatched Roof
Vernacular Architecture

24. PRE-COLONIAL ERA
Features of Vernacular Architecture:
•The builders are non-professional
architects or engineers
•There is a constant adaptation,
using natural materials, to the
geographical environment.
•The actual process of
construction involves intuitive
thinking and is open to later
modifications.
•There is balance between
social/economic functionality and
aesthetic features.
•Styles are subject to the evolution
of traditional patterns specific to
an ethnic domain.
Vernacular Architecture

25. PRE-COLONIAL ERA
BAHAY KUBO (balai+cube)
•Supported by stilts or posts
•Wallswere made up of Nipa
•Flooringwere made up of
bamboo slats and with spaces
in between
•Stairswere made from bamboo
creating a bamboo ladder.
•Located inlowlands in all parts
of our country.
NIPA HUT

26. PRE-COLONIAL ERA
BAHAY KUBO (balai+cube)
•Passively-cooled house
•Porous surfaces
•Horizontality of Windows
•Roof and window overhangs
•Surrounding gardens
NIPA HUT

27. PRE-COLONIAL ERA
TYPICAL PARTS OF BAHAY KUBO
•BULWAGAN
•SILID
•GILIR or PAGLUTUAN
•Dapoganor Kalan
•Bangahanor banggera
•Batalan
•Silong
•Kamalig
NIPA HUT

28. PRE-COLONIAL ERA-Vernacular Architecture
•Expressed in the Bahay Kubo style of
dwellings which was cool and cozy and well
adapted to tropical climate.
•Houses were constructed of wood,
bamboo and palm leaves (nipa shingles).
•Characteristics:
•Elevated
•Rectangular
•Raised Pile Foundation
•Thatched Roof
Samal
Maranao
Badjao
Bahay Kubo
Isneg
Kalinga
KankanaiIfugaoBontoc

29. PRE-COLONIAL ERA
•Traditional Isneg House
•Appears to have been
influenced by boat design
•Gable Type Roof: Resembles
Inverted Hull
•Annex on both ends
•Removable Sidings for special
occasions
ISNEG
BINURON
BINURON

30. PRE-COLONIAL ERA
•8.00m long x 4.00m wide
and 5.50m high from gound
level to the roof ridge.
•15 posts: 8 inner posts (for
floor support)
•Floor is 1.20m above
ground
•6 posts supports the roof
•ATOBTOBO: 1 post support
the end of thr ridge
ISNEG
ELEVATION
PLAN
BINURON

31. PRE-COLONIAL ERA
ISNEG
BINURON
BINURON (INTERIOR)

32. PRE-COLONIAL ERA
•FINARYON: Traditional
Kalinga House
•Roofing: Shows the status
of the household
•Thicker roofs belong to the
rich
Roofing System
KINIMPAL: roof system using
several bamboo layers
TINALOB: only 2 layers of
bamboo
KALINGA
BINAYON
BINAYON

33. PRE-COLONIAL ERA
•Octagonal plan
•Posts: 4 main core; 8
columns surrounding the
house
•Floor is 1.20m above
ground due to heavy rains
and flood
•Wooden locks instead of
nails
•DATAGGON: Central
section
KALINGA
PLAN
BINAYON

34. PRE-COLONIAL ERA
•FALE. A traditional Ifugao
house for the affluent
•A house as a womb
•ABONG: dwelling for the poor
•Support System: four posts,
two girders, three joists or
beams
IFUGAO
BALE/FALE
BALE/FALE

35. PRE-COLONIAL ERA
•An enclosed structure resting
on four tree trunks supported
by stilts or walls.
•Square in Plan
•Steep thatched roof
•A ladder can be drawn and
kept from the ground for
protection
•1.50 to 2.00 meters elevation
•Can be found in the mountains
of Cordillera
IFUGAO
ELEVATION
•Three level Structure:
•Stone Pavement
•House Cage
•Roof
•Roof extends up to floor level
•Halipan: Rat guard
•Hagabi: Bench under the house for socialization
BALE/FALE

36. •Traditional Bontoc House for the
affluent
•KATYUFONG: dwelling for the poor
•KOL-LOB: residence for widows and
unmarried women; can also be called
Katyufong.
•INAGAMANG: Traditional Bontoc
House in Sagada
*Agamang: upper level granary
PRE-COLONIAL ERA
BONTOC
BONTOC HOUSE IN SAGADA
FAY-U

37. Other building types:
▪Afong, family residence.
▪Ato, council house and dormitory of
the young and old unmarried males.
▪Ulog or olog, female dormitory.
▪Al-kang, storage for food, jewelry and
wine jars.
▪Akhamang, rice granary.
▪Falinto-og, pig pens
PRE-COLONIAL ERA
BONTOC
BONTOC HOUSE IN SAGADA
FAY-U

38. PRE-COLONIAL ERA
DIVIDED INTO THREE PARTS:
•FALIG: Granary. Storehouse for grains
•CHALANAN: space under the granary
•ANG-AN: Sleeping compartment
BONTOC
ELEVATION
PLAN

39. PRE-COLONIAL ERA
BONTOC
INTERIOR

40. PRE-COLONIAL ERA
•Traditional Kankanai House for the wealthy
•APA or INAPA, for poorer families,
temporary abode
•ALLAO: more temporary
KANKANAI
BINANGIYAN

41. PRE-COLONIAL ERA
•High, steep, hipped roof
•Walls are made up of Narra or pine
•No rat guards
•Living quarters consist of main area
where the fireplace is located and a
small room at the rear
•Has only one entrance, door is decorated
with fluting.
KANKANAI
BINANGIYAN

42. •Traditional Ivatan House
•Made of thick lime and stone walls
•Made up of two houses:
•Living and sleeping areas
•Kitchen
•Has 2 doors and 2 windows built on 3
walls
PRE-COLONIAL ERA
IVATAN
RAKUH
RAKUH

43. •Traditional Badjao Boat House
•LEPA has no outriggers, roofed, loose
and detachable structure
•DJENGING has outriggers, roofed,
walled in all sides by wooden boards
•DAPANG or VINTA not roofed, only
used for fishing and short trips.
PRE-COLONIAL ERA
BADJAO
LEPA
LEPA
VINTA
BOAT HOUSE

44. •Made from hardwood-Yakal
•Has OKIL –Woodcarvings
•10.7m x 1.8m x 1.6m
•Has detachable plaited nipa roof
PRE-COLONIAL ERA
BADJAO
LEPA
LEPA
BOAT HOUSE

45. •Traditional Badjao Landhouse
•HARUN: stairs where women wash
clothes and utensils.
PRE-COLONIAL ERA
BADJAO
LUMA
ELEVATION

46. •“House of the Sea”
•House building can be construed
as corresponding to the birth of a
human
•9 posts: major parts of the body
•Tadyuk Pasung Finials
PRE-COLONIAL ERA
TAUSUG
BAY SINUG

47. •Traditional Maranao House,
ancestral residence of the datu
and his extended family.
•MALA-A-WALAI: Traditional large
house
•LAWIG: a small house
•PANOLONG (decorative beam
ends): are often with pako rabong
and naga carvings
•LAMIN, lady’s dormitory tower
PRE-COLONIAL ERA
MARANAO
TOROGAN