Philippine Literature - CHAPTER 1.2.pptx

Phil Lit

1. CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY OF PHILIPPINE LITERATURE (Continuation) PREPEARED BY: JOHN LUIS M. BANTOLINO, LPT

2. TOPIC 3: TYPES OF PROSE Prose comes from the Latin “ prosa ” which means “straightforward ”. 1. Novel It is an extended fictional prose narrative, often including the psychological development of the central characteristics and of their relationship with a broader world. E.g. Without Seeing the Dawn by Stevan Javellana 2. Short Story It is an artistic form of prose fiction that is usually written in a narrative format which is centered on a single main incident whose aim is to produce a single dominant impression. E.g. The Laughter of My Father by Carlos Bulosan

3. 3. Play It is a piece of creative work presented on stage. E.g. Thirteen Plays by Wilfredo M. Guerrero 4. Legend It is traditional or undocumented story about famous people, commonly religious in character and frequently posing problems of authenticity . E.g . The Bikol Legend by Pio Duran 5. Fable It is a story in either verse or prose, in which animals or inanimate objects are given the mentality and speech of human beings to point out a lesson. E.g. The Monkey and the Turtle TOPIC 3: TYPES OF PROSE

4. 6. Anecdote It is a product of the writer’s imagination whose aim is to bring out lesson to the readers . E.g. The Moth and the Lamp 7. Essay It is a short piece of nonfiction dealing with a particular subject from a personal point of view. The best example of this is the editorial page of a newspaper. 8. Biography It is an account of a person’s life. E.g. Cayetano Arellano by Socorro O. Albert TOPIC 3: TYPES OF PROSE

5. 9. News It is a report of daily events in society, government, or in science and industry. 10. Oration It is a piece of work relative to speech whose aim is to arouse the listener’s interest and emotion. TOPIC 3: TYPES OF PROSE

6. TOPIC 4: ELEMENTS OF A SHORT STORY Setting Plot Characters Theme Point of View Conflict The preceding basic elements of a short story can be expanded as follows: (source: The Literatures of the Philippines by Ferdilyn C. Lacia et. al.)

7. TOPIC 4: ELEMENTS OF A SHORT STORY 1. Setting It is an element that reveals where/when the story happened .

8. TOPIC 4: ELEMENTS OF A SHORT STORY 2. Plot It refers to the storyline/sequence in a novel, play, film, or other work of fiction. It is traditionally a scheme of connected events. ELEMENTS OF PLOT: EXPOSITION The introductory material, creates the tone, presents the characters, and presents other facts necessary to understand the story.

9. ELEMENTS OF PLOT : RISING ACTION This is a series of events that builds from and during conflict. It begins with the inciting forms and ends with the climax . CRISIS The conflict reaches a turning point wherein the opposing forces of the story meet and the conflict becomes most intense . CLIMAX The climax is the result of the crisis. It is the highest point of the story for the reader.

10. ELEMENTS OF PLOT: Crisis Rising Action FALLING ACTION These are the events after the climax which close the story. RESOLUTION/DENOUEMENT This is the ending of the story which rounds out and concludes the action.

11. TOPIC 4: ELEMENTS OF A SHORT STORY 3. Characters They are the performers of a story. It may refer to the hero or to the heroin of the story. It includes people playing important roles in a given story aside from the principal characters.

12. CATEGORIES : a. Major Characters These are almost always round or three-dimensional characters. They have good and bad qualities. Their goals, ambitions, and values change. Protagonist - the main character at the center of the story. Antagonist - the character or force that opposes the protagonist. Foil - a character that provides a contrast to the protagonist. b. Minor Characters They often provide support and illuminate the protagonist. These characters are flat or two-dimensional and have only one or two striking qualities. A usually all-good or all-bad.

13. TOPIC 4: ELEMENTS OF A SHORT STORY 4. Point of View pertains to who tells the story and how it is told. It can sometimes indirectly establish the author’ or the person telling the story. He could be classified as : First Person. The narrator is a character in the story who can reveal only personal thoughts and feelings and what he or she sees and is told by other characters. Objective or Third person. The writer uses “He/she”. The narrator in unnamed or unidentified (a detached observer). All-knowing Narrator or Omniscient. The narrator is an all-knowing outsider who can enter the minds of more than one of the characters.

14. TOPIC 4: ELEMENTS OF A SHORT STORY 5 . Conflict the essence of fiction. It creates plot. The conflicts we encounter can usually be identifies as one of four kinds : Man vs Man. This conflict pits one person against another.

15. b. Man vs Nature. This conflict is a run-in with the forces of nature. On the one hand, it expresses the insignificance of a single human life in the cosmic scheme of things .

16. c. Man vs Society. The values and customs by which everyone else lives are being challenged.

17. d. Man vs Self or Internal Conflict . An internal conflict is a good test of a character’s values.

18. TOPIC 4: ELEMENTS OF A SHORT STORY 6. Theme T he main idea or underlying meaning of a literary work. A major theme is an idea the author returns to time and again. Minor themes are ideas that may appear from time to time.

19. The four ways in which an author can express themes are as follows: Themes are expressed and emphasized by the way the author makes us feel. Themes are presented in thoughts and conversations Themes are suggested through the characters. The actions or events in the story are used to suggest theme.

20. TOPIC 4: ELEMENTS OF A SHORT STORY 7. Foreshadowing The author’s use of hints or clues to suggest events that will occur later in the story . Not all foreshadowing is obvious.