Philosophical Theories

Philosophical Theories

1. Philosophical theories

2. idealism Idealism was inferred from the Greek word “ idein ” which means to see. Idea is a philosophical term denoting sense, meaning “essence” and closely connected with the categories of thinking and being. In  philosophy, idealism is the group of philosophies which assert that reality, or reality as we can know it, is fundamentally mental, mentally constructed, or otherwise immaterial.

3. idealism Idealism was inferred from the Greek word “ idein ” which means to see. Idea is a philosophical term denoting sense, meaning “essence” and closely connected with the categories of thinking and being. Idealism is a term in philosophy that refers to the rejection of a physical reality. Instead, idealists suggest that everything in the universe is either constructed by human minds, or that it is without material substance.  

4. idealism For Rene Descartes, the central principle of idealism is the primary of self. This principle involves three ideas concerning the significance of the self: 1. It is the self-evident reality; knowledge of oneself is a first and immediate response 2. It is the self that must be the starting point in thought 3. The existence of God is widened in our experience by the fact that we have an idea of this perfect being

5. idealism Idealism holds that we, ourselves, are real and not just mere illusions nor dreams. It also asserts that spiritual which is non-material is primary and material is secondary.

6. NATURALISM Naturalism is a philosophical view that all objects and events are capable of being accounted for by the scientific explanation, usually allied with the claim that there is no supernatural objects, processes, and causes.

7. NATURALISM “The native condition of man is a war of everyone against everyone.” – Thomas Hobbes He concludes that the man’s hunger for power is such a restless unquenchable desire that it only ceases at death.

8. NATURALISM “ Everything is good as it leaves the hands of the author of things, everything degenerates in the hands of man.” – Jean Jacques Rousseau He concludes that the man turns everything upside down, he disfigures everything. He wants nothing as nature made it, not even the man himself .

9. NATURALISM Three Great Principles of Teaching: 1. Principle of Growth – the work of a teacher is not to impel learning but merely to guide it in such a way that it follows the natural order 2. Principles of Student Activity – nothing must be done for the student that he can do for himself 3. Principle of Individualization – the student is not to be adjusted to the education but the education is to be adjusted to his needs

10. REALISM Realism is a philosophy based on what is real as they are, something that exists independently of all other things and from which all other things are derived. The sources of knowledge is the physical environment and learning occurs through contact with the environment.

11. REALISM “The material substance out of which the world is made did not exist with God before the creation of universe.” – St. Thomas Aquinas Matter was created by God as the primary substance is not an uncaused essence or existence and is dependent upon God for existence.

12. REALISM “The reality of the world is guaranteed to him by the goodness of God.” – Rene Descartes “The mind at birth is a tabula rasa.” – John Locke Our mind is just like a blank sheet of paper upon the world writes its impression. Thus, experience is the source of all knowledge.

13. REALISM Two Principles of Realism: 1. All beings, material or immaterial, can be understood clearly by the human mind as they appear to be what they are. 2. The familiarity gained by experience and by human nature is unchanging and dependent, and serves as as norm for the decision and action of the individual and society

14. MATERIALISM Materialism asserts that material is primary while the spiritual or ideal is secondary. This connotes that the world is eternal and was not created by God, hence, the world is infinite in time and space.

15. OTHER THEORIES CONCEPTUALISM – the doctrine that the application of a general term to various objects indicates the existence of a mental entity that mediates the application CONFUCIANISM – the teachings of Confucius emphasizing love for humanity (peace and justice)

16. OTHER THEORIES DECONSTRUCTIONISM – a philosophical theory of criticism that seeks to expose deep-seated contradictions in a work by delving below its surface meaning EMPIRICISM/SENSATIONALISM – the doctrine that knowledge derives from experience

17. OTHER THEORIES ENVIRONMENTALISM – the philosophical doctrine that environment is more important that heredity in developing intellectual growth EXISTENTIALISM – philosophy which assumes that people are entirely free and thus, responsible for what they make of themselves

18. OTHER THEORIES DETERMINISM – a philosophical theory holding that all events are inevitable consequences of antecedent sufficient causes; often understood as denying the possibility of free will FORMALISM – this philosophical theory that formal statements have no meaning but that its symbols exhibit a form that has useful application

19. OTHER THEORIES HEREDITARIANISM – the philosophical doctrine that heredity is more important than environment INTUITIONISM – the doctrine that knowledge is acquire primary by intuition LOGICISM – the philosophical theory that all of mathematics can be derives from formal logic

20. OTHER THEORIES MECHANISM – the philosophical theory that all phenomena can be explained in terms of physical or biological causes NATIVISM – the philosophical theory that some ideas are innate NEOPLATONISM – most distinctive doctrine that holds the first principle and source of reality transcends being and thought and is naturally unknowable

21. OTHER THEORIES NOMINALISM – the doctrine that the various objects labeled by the same term have nothing in common but their names OPERATIONALISM – the doctrine that the meaning of proposition consists of the operations involved in proving or applying it

22. OTHER THEORIES PRAGMATISM – the doctrine that practical consequences are the criteria of knowledge and meaning and value PROBABILISM – the doctrine that probability is a sufficient basis to believe an action RATIONALISM – the doctrine that knowledge is acquire by reason without resort to experience

23. OTHER THEORIES NAÏVE REALISM – the philosophical doctrine that physical objects continue to exist when not perceived RELATIVISM – the philosophical doctrine that all criteria are relative to the individuals and situations involved SCHOLASTICISM – the system of philosophy dominant in medieval Europe

24. VALUES Value is define as a principle or belief that a person and publicly affirms with conviction, acts on consistently, and chooses from among alternatives. Values may be classified in terms of 1. Personal Values 2. Family Values 3. Spiritual Values 4. Work Values 5. Career Values 6. Social Values 7. Cultural Values