philosophy,aims & objectives of nursing management, current trends and issues in nursing

One of the most important human activities is managing. Management is the process of designing and maintaining an environment in which individuals, working together in groups, efficiently accomplish selected aims, managers are changed with the responsibility of taking actions that will make it possible for individuals to make their best contributions to group objectives. Management thus applies to small and large organizations.

1. Philosophy signifies "wisdom that would influence the conduct of life." __________John Dewey Nursing management philosophy can refer to the belief system of a profession that can provide perspectives to the management of nursing services and nursing education and can become a base for defining the vision of nursing service organization and nursing educational institutions.

2. Philosophy in management consists of an integrated set of assumptions and beliefs about the way the things are, purpose of activities, and the way these should be. The decision makers of the organization create these assumptions and beliefs to define the vision of the organization. The assumptions and beliefs are explicit and implicit in the minds of the decision makers.

3. Philosophy of nursing service states that: We work to achieve the goals of the department of nursing services and patient care. Nursing management works to create an environment, which promotes decision making, supports participative management, and fosters innovation. Staff provides quality, cost-effective care in an environment recognized for excellence in clinical practice and achievements in education, management, and research.

4. Bases of nursing philosophy Concept of caring Importance of assumptions Ethical implications for applying the nursing process. Nursing theory .

5. THE MANAGEMENT PHILOSOPHY Peter F. Drucker viewed as The term "innovation in a broader sense": The development of new ideas, combining of old ideas and new ideas adaptation of ideas from other field or even to act as a catalyst and encourage others to carryout innovation, also constitute innovation. Treats tasks as management: He also treats management as a discipline. In management, according to him, people are most important.

6. MODERN PHILOSOPHY In its essence, scientific management involves a complete mental revolution on the part of the working man engaged in any particular establishment or industry-a complete mental revolution on their work, towards their fellow men and towards their employees.

7. OBJECTIVES Objectives are goals, aims, or purposes that organizations wish over varying periods. -DE McFarland Objectives are ends, that direct organizational and individual activities. - Weihrich and Koontz

8. Importance of Objectives Objectives are important for planning, implementing, and evaluating all management activities. Management process starts with planning, and formulation of objectives initiates the planning process. Based on the objectives, managers can implement, monitor, and measure the performance of employees per the plan. Based on the degree of performance, remedial actions are taken by the managers to correct the deficiencies.

9. TRENDS IN NURSING A trend in nursing is a change that is taking place in present days in any field of nursing, which affects the profession as a whole. A trend means a change or movement in a particular direction.

10. LATE NINETEENTH CENTURY The states of nursing that today had its beginning in Madras around the 17's in the 19th century. This started with training for women for improving nursing in military hospitals.

11. Trends in Nursing Education Changing focus from cure to care: Due to shifting on promotive and preventive aspect of care, the nursing curriculum of various courses is revised per the need of national health policy and national education policy.  Change in admission criteria: Per the need of society and nation, the recruitment criteria regarding minimum qualification and conditions, a method of recruitment and selection in nursing courses, are different compared with the previous one. Presently nurses get employment through merit and apply online.

12. Improved teaching-learning methods: Use group methods, simulation, problem-based learning, reflective learning, demonstration, and other interacting methods to teach theory and practical compared to traditional classroom methods.  Advanced educational technology: Now the education technology approaches used both types: hardware approach and software approach as well as system approach to provide a scientific base to nursing education.

13. Comprehensive evaluation Emphasis on interpersonal and human relation The emergence of specialization and research Gaining national importance Opportunities for higher studies Improved student status Uniform attire Accreditation of nursing institutions Standardization and quality of education

14. Trends in Nursing Services Nature of care Type of nursing care Use of information technology Marital status of nurses Uniform attire Shift duty pattern Assignment of nurses Role of nurses

15. Nurse practitioners Participation in staff development Awareness among nurses Leadership styles Turnover Nursing institutions Number of schools and colleges

16. FACTORS AFFECTING TRENDS IN NURSING Changing the health scenario of government Changing demographics Change in health-care delivery system Impact of globalization Advancement in technology

17. Impact on medical tourism Advances in medical, paramedical, and allied professions Diverse responsibilities Educated consumers International influence Changing the focus of nursing

18. ISSUES IN NURSING NURSING SERVICE Poor Working Conditions Recruitment Job Description Lengthy hours of Duty and Split Duty Less Salary, Allowances and Other Incentives Less Promotional Opportunities Harassment of Nurses by Others Improper Supplies

19. Practice Issues Poor quality of care due to a shortage of nursing workforce and other reasons Limited competency of nurses due to too many categories of nurses with overlapping roles Unclear roles and responsibilities of nurses Inadequate continuing education system and staff development methods Ineffective clinical preparation and supervision during training and limited utilization of evidence and research Insufficient clinical nurse specialist and independent nurse practitioners Inadequate infrastructure and facilities Inadequate standards and guidelines for nursing practice Ineffective regulation of nursing workforce Lack of motivation to provide effective care.

20. Issues Related to Nursing Education Uniformity and standardization of nursing education The gap between theory and practice Changing teaching modalities Educational preparation Lack of competent teachers Lack of promotional avenues and team spirit among teachers Inadequate infrastructure Lack of work culture Quality of nursing education

21. FUTURE ISSUES IN NURSING Future Nursing Practice Issues The identified future nursing practice issues are differentiated nursing practice, competencies, practice models, and a nursing classification to keep pace with international nursing standards.

22. Future Issues in Nursing Administration The important issues in nursing administration are related to cost of healthcare affecting nursing, the challenge of managed care, the impact of health-care policy and regulation, nursing shortage, opportunities for lifelong learning, and significant advances in nursing science and research.

23. The issues recognized by Indian Nursing Council are renewal of nursing registration, diploma versus degree in nursing for registration to practice in nursing, specialization in clinical areas, nursing care standards, staffing pattern/ nurse-patient ratio, conduct of nursing research, nursing audits, and higher education for senior positions in nursing and independent nurse practitioners.

24. APPLICATION TO NURSING Technology Integration Education and Training Interprofessional Collaboration Evidence-Based Practice Global Health Initiatives: Crisis Response

25. Workplace Violence: Training Programs , Security Measures Burnout and Well-being: Wellness Programs, Support Systems Ethical Dilemmas: Ethics Committees ,Ethics Training

26. 1. Yatsu , H., & Saeki, A. (2021). Current trends in global nursing: A scoping review. Nursing Open , 9 (3), 1575–1588. https://doi.org/10.1002/nop2.938 2. Mayra, K., Padmadas , S. S., & Matthews, Z. (2021). Challenges and needed reforms in midwifery and nursing regulatory systems in India: Implications for education and practice. PLOS ONE , 16 (5), e0251331. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0251331 3. Srinivasan, P. (2016). The migration of nurses: Trends, challenges, ethical concern and policies- India. International Journal of Applied Research , 2 (11), 79–88. https://www.allresearchjournal.com/archives/2016/vol2issue11/PartB/2-10-121-618.pdf