Phonological Processes (5).pptx

this presentation cover the major types of phonological processes

1. Phonological Processes

2. A- Assimilation: Definition : The process whereby one sound changes to become more like another sound in its environment . It may involve the realisation of a phoneme by one allophone rather than another ( e.g . /n/ is realised as a dental when it occurs before another dental sound , as in tenth [ te n ̪ θ ]( R emember that the place of articulation of/n/ is ‘ alveolar ’ and here it has another secondary articulation that we call dentalisation . The /n/ is dentalised . Notice the diacritic below it .

3. O ther examples of Assimilation: /l/ is realised with labiolisation when it occurs next to a rounded vowel , e.g . in lose and fool transcribed phonetically as: [ l̫ u:z ] [ fu:l ̫] A vowel may be realised as voiceless when it occurs between two voiceless sounds in an unstressed syllable ( remember that all vowels are by nature voiced ): e.g . in the word potato , the first vowel is a schwa and placed between 2 Voiceless sounds : /p/ and /t/; therefore , it will be devoiced : / p ə ̥ teitəu / (Notice the small circle , as a diacritic below /ə/ to show its devoicing ).

4. Assimilation may involve the replacement of one phoneme by another when a word appears in certain environments : For example : ten eggs / te n egz / but ten minutes /te m minits /, ten keys / te ŋ ki:z / I have /ai h ӕ v / but I have to /ai h ӕ f tu/; You did / ju : di d / but did you /di dʒ u:/

5. Assimilation may be progressive when a sound changes to become more like a preceding sound ( e.g . did you /di dʒ u:/ Or It may also be Regressive ( anticipatory ) when one sound changes to become more like a following sound ( e.g . / ha f tu/).

6. B- Dissimilation : The process whereby one sound changes to become more unlike ( different from ) a sound in its environment . E.g . a voiceless b ilabial or velar stop may be replaced by a glottal stop when the following sound is also a bilabial or velar stop: Soap powder / sou ʔ paudə / Dissimilation may also be progressive or regressive . Examples : Back garden that target

7. A great number of phonological processes can be explained through secondary articulations . Therefore , we will present some of the secondary articulations that will help us understand these processes and the formulation of the phonological rules embodying them .

8. DEFINITION: By secondary articulation it is meant that the basic speech sounds may be modified in various ways . These modifications which are imposed on the primary articulation of a sound are called secondary articulations . eg . Aspiration of voiceless stops is one of them .

9. Secondary Articulations: 1 - labialization : It involves lip rounding and a high back tongue position. Labializing a consonant causes it to take on a w- like quality . The words ‘ quench , quick and quart all begin with K’s which are labialized . Labialization is represented by a superscript [ʷ ]. In our examples the first sound will be transcribed phonetically as [kʷ ͪ]; it is both labialized and aspirated . Note: the adjectives labialized and labial must be kept distinct. The stop /p/ is labial but not labialized . In ‘pueblo’ it is aspirated and labialized [pʷ ͪ].

10. 2 - Palatalization Consonants may also be modified by extending the body of the tongue into the high front position. This produces a y - like modification called palatalization . Examples : The initial sounds of few, hue and mule are all produced in this manner . Compare these sounds with the initial sounds of fool , hoot , cool, and moon , all of which are made without palatalization . A raised ʸ directly after a symbol indicates palatalization . The palatalized consonants in our examples will be represented as: [ fʸ], [hʸ],[mʸ]

11. 3 - velarization Definition : It is achieved by raising the back of the tongue toward the velum during articulation. Example : In English the /l/ sound is pronounced in different ways according to the environment where it is found . In leap and late it is clear ( a pure alveolar lateral ) but in people it is dark ; it is modified in the way specified in the definition . Velarized sounds are represented by adding the diacritic [ ̃] or a slash mark to the symbol for the sound in question. Thus [ ɫ ] and [ Ɨ] indicate a velarized /l/.

12. 4 - Pharyngealization Definition : Consonant sounds may be modified by constricting the pharynx during articulation. This secondary articulation is called pharyngealization . When a secondary pharyngeal constriction is superimposed upon a consonant articulation, the diacritic symbol [ ̃ ] is used . This is the same diacritic used to denote velarization . It is possible to use the same diacritic for these two secondary articulations because velarized and pharyngealized sounds are very similar and do not seem to be differentiated in any language . Some put a dot below pharyngealized sounds : [ḷ]

13. C- Elision This is the process whereby one or more segments are omitted in certain contexts . The elided segment may be a consonant (last night / la:s nait /) or a vowel (police / pli:s /) or a sequence of both ( library / laibri /). Consider know , knife , whistle .

14. D- Metathesis It is the process whereby the relative order of two segments gets reversed , as in slips of the tongue like / wɔps / for / wɔsp / or / ӕminl / for / ӕ niml / Consider Moroccan Arabic words such as: / Zəmʕakin / for / Zəʕmakin / and / ʕmak / for / mʕak /

15. E- Apocope and Syncope The outright loss of segments , particularly in unstressed syllables , is also a common process . Different names are given to this process depending on where in the word it occurs .

16. A- Apocope is the loss of a segment or segments at the end of a word . The loss of final ‘r’ in British English and American English in parts of the East is an example of Apocope: storing / stɔriŋ / but store / stɔ /.

17. B- Syncope is the loss of a segment or segments from some part of the word other than the end . Compare English words such as: apostle Vs apostolic ; angel Vs angelic Apocope and syncope often serve to reduce the length of clusters. For example , in most English dialects , the / sts / cluster created by suffixing the plural to words such as post, test is reduced to / ss / in rapid speech. In a number of dialects final ‘pt’ and ‘ct’ / kt / clusters are simplified by dropping the ‘t’: / slep / ‘ slept ’; / f ӕ k / ‘ fact ’

18. F- Prothesis and Epenthesis Another way of simplifying clusters is to insert a vowel between adjacent consonants or to add a vowel at the beginning or end of a word so as to create an extra syllable . The process which adds a vowel in initial position is called prothesis . That which adds a vowel or consonant in any other position is known as epenthesis .

19. Spanish has a prothesis rule that adds /e/ to prevent the occurrence of word initial sp , st , and sc clusters. Thus , we have espanol ‘ spanish ’, establir ‘ establish ’, and escuela ‘ school ’. English has an epenthesis rule that inserts /ə/ between a stem final ‘t’ or ‘d’ and the ‘d’ of the past tense or past participle ending : added and rested

20. Some epenthesis rules insert a consonant rather than a vowel . The /p/ of assumption , redemption , and warmth / wɔrmp θ / is such a consonant: compare assume, redeem , and warm. Though the inserted consonant seems to lengthen the cluster, it does not make it less natural .