PHP HTML CSS Notes

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HTML
HTML is a not a scripting language or programming language.It is a
simple markup language with the pair of markup tags.
The first tag is known as opening tag (or) starting tag. The second tag
is known as closing (or) end tag.
HTML is used to describe the web pages.
HTML can be written in notepad, notepad++, dream viewer, adov and
cs5.
HTML file can be saved with .html as its extension.
The look end of an web page should be same on the all browsers. If it
is not same the cross browser compatibility.

Tags in html :
Heading tags are h1, h2,h3,h4,h5,h6
Ex: - <h1>welcome to html</h1>
.
.
<h6> welcome to html</h6>
<hr>: - this tag is used for horizontal line
<br>: - this tag is used for break
<p>: - this tag is used for paragraph content
<b>: - this tag is used for bold content
<i>: - this tag is used for italic content
<link>: - this tag is used for connect the style sheets
<script>: - this tag is used for JavaScript
<big>: - this tag is used for big content

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<strong>: - this tag is used for strong content
<blink>: - this tag is used for blink content
<del>: - this tag is used for delete the content
<strike>: - this tag is used for strike
<u>: - this tag is used for underline content
<ins>: - this tag is used for insert content
<q>: - this tag is used for quotation content
<sup>: - this tag is used for super content
Ex: - (a+b) <sup> 2</sup>
<sub>: - this tag is used for subscript content

Entities :
Entities are used to describe the symbols (or) special characters on to
the web page. We have certain symbols are not available on the
keyboard. So such symbols can be inserting through entities. We have
mainly two types of entities they are
1. Named Entity
2. Number Entity
1. Named Entity :
Syntax: - Ampersand + entity name + semicolon
Ex: -&dollar;
2. Number Entity :
Syntax: Ampersand + hash + ascci value+ semicolon
Ex : A =>A
 =>Trademark: tm

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List Tags :
List tags are two types
1. Order list : Grouping of elements in the form of order wise
through number, upper alpha (A),lower alpha (a), upper roman, lower
roman is known as order list
Ex: - Order list.html
<ol type='a' start='25'>
<li>Nokia</li>
<li>Mototola</li>
<li>Sony</li>
</html>
2. Unorder list : Grouping of elements in the form of disk, square
circle are known as unorder list
Ex: -
<ul type='square'>
<li>PHP</li>
<li>HTML</li>
</ul>
Definition list : This is used to maintain the heading the description
on to the <dl> tag.
Definition term : Definition term creates the heading
Definition description : Which holds the description of the content.
Dt and dd tags are both child tags of DL.
Ex :
<dl>
<dt>Terms & Conditions</dt>

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<dd><small><small>some large text matter write here
</small></small></dd>
</dl>

Meta tag :
Meta tag is used to generate the traffic on to your web page. Meta tags
can be embed into the head tag using Meta tag.
 Meta tag helps in search engine ranking on Google page and
PTC(pay to click)
Ex : Meta.html
<html>
<head>
<title>Meta Tags</title>
<meta name='keyword'
content='PHP,HTML,JQUERY,CSS,HYDERABAD,Institute,Ameer
pet'/>
<meta name='description' content='We been in lamp for more than
8years and trained many student ... many have got jobs in PHP ...'/>
<meta http-equiv='refresh' content='5;url=http://www.axis-
bank.com'/>
</head>
<body>
<h2>We have changed our Website Name from UTI Bank to AXIS
Bank ... Sorry for incontinent Please wait for 5 sec it would be
Automatically be Redirected</h2>
</body>
</html>

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Link tags :
Links are used to navigate from one page to another page using inter
(or) external links.
The attributes we can pass are
Target = “-blank” // new web page
Target = “-new” // new web page
Target = “-self” // open on same page
Links can target to mails and also search the link on same page.
Ex : linktag.html
<html>
<head>
<title>Link Tags</title>
</head>
<body>
<h3>Links Navigation</h3>
<a href='http://www.google.com' target="_blank">Google page</a> ||
<a href='http://www.facebook.com' target='_self'>Facebook Page</a>
||
<a href='Tags.html' target="_new"> Tags Content</a>
</body>
</html>

Image tags:
Images can be embed into the body tag using image tag. Images have
extension of jpg, png, gif etc.,

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Placing one image on to the web page can be done by two types they
are
1.Absolute Path
2.Relative Path
1. Absolute path : Working from the working directory you can call
the image from anywhere with respect to its parent directory (or) out
of the parent directory (or) external files.
Ex :
<h2>absolute path</h2>
<img src = ‘http://www.google.com/images/mountain.jpg’ alt =
‘beautiful’ border = ‘10’ width = ‘200px’ height = ‘180px;/>
2. Relative path : Using relative path you can work with images on
to the same current working directory (or) sub folders did not out of
your parent directory.
Ex :
<h2>relation tags</h2>
<img src="suresh.jpg" width='140px' height='150px' border='0'
title='suresh'/><br>
<img src="../water lilies.jpg" width='200px' height='180px' border='3'
title='suresh'/><br>
<img src="../../sunset.jpg" width='200px' height='180px' border='3'
title='suresh'/><br>
<img src="new folder/dsc_0083.jpg" width='200px' height='180px'
border='3' title='suresh'/><hr>

Tables create :
Tables are used to put down content in tabular structure. Table tag can
be embed into your body tag using
<table>

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<tr> table row</tr>
<td> table data (or) content</td>
</table>

 The general attributes that we can pass in table tag are

Border = “<num>”
Width = “<num>”
Height = “<num>”
Cellpadding = “<num>”
Cellspacing = “<num>”
Align= left/center/right
Background = “image path”
Fames = “box/group/lhs/rhs/above/below/vsides/hsides
Rules = all/middle/bottom
Colspan =“<num>”
Rowspan = “<num>”
Bgcolor = “color name”
Ex :
<body>
<table border = “1” align = “center” width = “70%”>
<tr><td>employee detailsl</td></tr>
<table>
<tr><td>s.no</td><td>Name</td><td>designation</td></tr>
<tr><td>1</td><td>suresh</td><td>php programmer</td></tr>
</body>
Cell padding : Cell padding is used to maintain the distance between
its content and from its wall (or) border
Cell spacing : Cell spacing is used to increase the wall (or) the
border

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Frame set :
We can divide the body into number of divisions that are passed as an
argument based on rows (or) columns working with frame set you
should ensure that body tag is not given
Note : Frame set is a depreciated tag and would be working with
future versions
Ex :
<frameset cols='30%,25%,*'>
<frame src = 'links.html' scrolling='no' >
<frame src = 'entities.html' >
<frame src = 'list.html' >
</frameset>

Iframes :
Ex :
<body>
<p align='center'><a href='list.html' target='x'>List Page</a> | <a
href='links.html' target='x'>Links Page</a><br><br>
<iframe src='list.html' name='x' width='600px' height='200px'
></iframe></p>
</body>

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Cascading Style Sheets(CSS)

Css stands for cascading style sheet. Css is used to put some styles
(or) colors on to the web page. Css can be embed into the html head
tag using style tag. There are mainly 3 different flavors to attach this
style on to the web page. Which are mainly
1. Internal style sheet
2. External style sheet
3. In-line style sheet
1. Internal style sheet :
An internal style sheet should be used when a single document has a
unique style. You define internal styles in the head section of an
HTML page, by using the <style> tag, like this:
<head>
<style type="text/css">
hr {color:sienna;}
p {margin-left:20px;}
body {background-image:url("images/back40.gif");}
</style>
</head>
2. External style sheet :
An external style sheet is ideal when the style is applied to many
pages. With an external style sheet, you can change the look of an
entire Web site by changing one file. Each page must link to the style
sheet using the <link> tag. The <link> tag goes inside the head
section:

<head>
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="mystyle.css" />
</head>

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An external style sheet can be written in any text editor. The file
should not contain any html tags. Your style sheet should be saved
with .css extension. An example of a style sheet file is shown below:
hr {color:sienna;}
p {margin-left:20px;}
body {background-image:url("images/back40.gif");}
3. In-line style sheet :
An inline style loses many of the advantages of style sheets by mixing
content with presentation. Use this method sparingly!
To use inline styles you use the style attribute in the relevant tag. The
style attribute can contain any CSS property. The example shows how
to change the color and the left margin of a paragraph:
<p style="color:sienna;margin-left:20px">This is a paragraph.</p>
We have one more style which is given by default by browsers which
is not editable
External style sheet can be saved with .css as its extension
Syntax :
(Attributes) element (or) class (or) id {property: value ;}
CSS Syntax :
A CSS rule has two main parts: a selector, and one or more
declarations:

The selector is normally the HTML element you want to style.
Each declaration consists of a property and a value.

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The property is the style attribute you want to change. Each property
has a value.

Selector :
Selectors are identifiers which give styles based on elements, class
(denoted by period ‘.’), id (denoted by ‘#’).We have 7 kinds of
selectors.They are :
 Element selector
 Class selector
 Class with element selector
 Id selector
 Id with element selector
 Attribute selector
 Pseudo selector
1.Element selector :
Ex : element.html
<html>
<head>
<title>Element Selector</title>
<style>
h1{color:green;}
</style>
</head>
<body>
<h1>Welcome to my Website</h1>
</body>
</html>

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2.Class selector :
The class selector is used to specify a style for a group of elements.
Unlike the id selector, the class selector is most often used on several
elements.
This allows you to set a particular style for many HTML elements
with the same class.
The class selector uses the HTML class attribute, and is defined with
" . (dot)"
In the example below, all HTML elements with class="center" will be
center-aligned:
3.Class with Element Selector :
Example for Class Selector and Class with Element Selector
Ex : class-selector.html
<html>
<head>
<title>Class with Element Selector</title>
<style>
h1{color:green;} //element selector
.x{color:red;} // class selector
//.x{font-family:impact;}
p.x{font-size:20pt;color:black;} // Class with element selector
</style>
</head>
<body>
<h1>Welcome to my Website</h1>

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<h1 class='x'>This is new Website </h1>
<h1>hello This is my next line</h1>
<p class='x'>Hello my next page</p>
<p>Rajesh</p>
</body>
</html>
4.Id selector :
The id selector is used to specify a style for a single, unique element.
The id selector uses the id attribute of the HTML element, and is
defined with a "#".
The style rule below will be applied to the element with id="para1":
5.Id with Element Selector :
Example for Id Selector & Id with Element Selector
Ex : Id-selector.html
<html>
<head>
<title>Id with Element Selector</title>
<style>
h1{color:green;} //element selector
.x{color:red;} // class selector
//.x{font-family:impact;}
p.x{font-size:20pt;color:black;} // Class with element selector
#g{background:green;} //id selector
p#g{text-transform:uppercase;} //id with element selector

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</style>
</head>
<body>
<h1>Welcome to my Website</h1>
<h1 class='x'>This is new Website </h1>
<h1>hello This is my next line</h1>
<p class='x'>Hello my next page</p>
<p class='x' id='g'>Rajesh</p>
<h2 class='x' id='g'>Amith</h2>
<h2 class='x' id='g'>David</h3>
<p class='x' id='g'>Praveen</p>
<p class='x' id='g'>Karthik</p>
</body>
</html>
6.Attribute selector :
Ex : attribute.html
<html>
<head>
<title>Attribute Selector</title>
<style>
.x{
color:deeppink;
font-family:impact;
}

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input[type='text']{
color:deeppink;
}
</style>
</head>
<body>
Name : <input type='text’ name='name' class='x'><br>
username : <input type='text' name='uname'><br>
</body>
</html>
7.Pseudo selector :
Ex : pseudo.html
<html>
<head>
<title>Pseudo Selector</title>
<style>
p:first-letter{
font-size:30pt;
color:deeppink;
font-family:arial black;
}
p:first-line{
color:orange;
}

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</style>
</head>
<body>
<p>This is my first email to all you guys his is my first email to all
you guys his is my first email to all you guys his is my first email to
all you guys his is my first email to all you guys</p>
</body>
</html>

Css cheat sheet :
Font-styles :
font-style : italic,normal
font-variant : small-caps,narmal,small,caps(capital letters)
font-weight : normal,lighter,bold, bolder, number(100->light,
900->bolder)
font-size : <num> px;
font-family : family of font
Text properties :
1. letter-spacing : <num>px
2. word-spacing : <num>px
3. line-height : <num>px
4. text-align : left/center/right/justify ->order from left (or) right
5. text- decoration : name, blink,underline,overline,line-through
6. text-transform : capitalize(upper case/lower case(everything
convert))
7.text-indent : <num>px (distance from line to first letter)

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 The text-align property is used to set the horizontal alignment of
a text. Text can be centered, or aligned to the left or right, or
justified. When text-align is set to "justify", each line is
stretched so that every line has equal width, and the left and
right margins are straight (like in magazines and newspapers).
 The text-decoration property is used to set or remove
decorations from text. The text-decoration property is mostly
used to remove underlines from links for design purposes:
 The text-transform property is used to specify uppercase and
lowercase letters in a text.It can be used to turn everything into
uppercase or lowercase letters, or capitalize the first letter of
each word.
 The text-indent property is used to specify the indentation of the
first line of a text.
Background property :
CSS background properties are used to define the background effects
of an element.
background-color : ‘color name’;
background-image : url(image path name);
The background-image property specifies an image to use as the
background of an element.
By default, the image is repeated so it covers the entire element.
The background image for a page can be set like this:
background-repeat : no-repeat,reapt-x,reapt-y,repeat(*);
By default, the background-image property repeats an image both
horizontally and vertically.
Some images should be repeated only horizontally or vertically, or
they will look strange, like this:
background-attachment : fixed,scroll;

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background-position :{x,y}left,center,right,bottom,top
When using a background image, use an image that does not disturb
the text.
Showing the image only once is specified by the background-repeat
property:
//background : order wise
List properties :
list-style-type : none,disk,circle,square,decimal,upper-alpha,lower-
alpha,upper-roman,lower-roman;
list-style-position : outside (*) / inside;
list-style-image:url(image path name);
Box properties :
Padding : inside element
Margin auto = center
Overflow = visible (*), hidden, auto, scroll
Ex :
<html>
<head>
<title>BOX properties</title>
<style>
//body{margin:0px;}
p{text-align:center;}
.z{
background:#ccc;
padding:15px;

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width:50%;
height:80px;
margin:auto;
overflow:auto;
text-align:justify;
}
</style>
</head>
<body>
<p>
<input type='checkbox' name='t&c' />Terms & Conditions
<p class='z'>
Some large text matter</p>
</p>
</body>
</html>
Border Properties :
border-width : <num>px;
border-style : solid,groove,inset,outset,double,dotted,dashed;
border-color : <color name>
//border: order wise
Div tag :
Div tag stands for division tag.Div tag is the block level element. A
block level element creates a block with coming left and right breaks
in it.

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Ex : div tag, p tag, h1 to h6, table tag, ul and li tags
In-line element : These particular elements will take the content
span only and does not have breaks init
Span tag is the natural tag.
Ex :
<html>
<head>
<title>in-line element</title>
<style>
h1 {
background : green; display : inline;
}
b{
Background: gold;
}
a.{text-align : center; background : yellow; display : block;
}
</style>
</head>
<body>
<h1>hello</h1><b>hello</b><i>hello</i><p>hello</p> <hr>
<span class = ‘a’>hello</span>
<div class = ‘a’>hello</div> <hr>
<h3> converting block & inline & respectively<h3>
<h1> hello</h1>

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</bold>
</html>
Display properties :
Visibility : we have visible (or) hidden
Display : none, in-line, block;
Padding : <num>px all sides
Padding : top left
0px 0px
Bottom right
Margin : <num> all sides
Margin : top right bottom left
0px 0px 0px 0px
Templates :
Position properties : Position in css we have absolute, relative and
fixed position
Relative position : Working from the current position we can move
the element anywhere on to the web page but cannot be moved on the
top of the position place.
Absolute & fixed position : Placing from the current position we
can move the element to all corner of the web page and also one top
of the position place .once an element declare as fixed (or) absolute
this will turn to in-line element and this will also carry ‘7’ index init
Ex : position.html
<html>
<head>
<title>Position properties</title>

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<style>
div{background:blue;color:#fff;font-size:17pt; font-
weight:bold;padding:10px;margin:4px;}
.r{background:gold;color:#000;position:relative;left:30px;top:120px;}
.a{background:blue;position:absolute;top:50px;left:6px;}
.f{background:deeppink;color:#000;position:fixed;bottom:0px;right:0
px;}
</style>
</head>
<body>
<div>Normal Position</div>
<div class='a'>Absolute Position</div>
<div class='r'>Relative Position</div>
<div class='f'>Fixed Position</div>
<h1>some large text matter </h1>
<h1> some large text matter </h1>
<h1> some large text matter </h1>
<h1> some large text matter </h1>
</body>
</html>

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JavaScript

 JavaScript is client side scripting language.
 JavaScript is the case sensitive.
 JavaScript can be used for AJAX integration and validation.
 JavaScript can be embed into the head tag and body tag using
script tag.
 JavaScript can be saved with .js as its extension.
Content:
 Variables
 Datatypes
 Operators (Assignment, Arthamatic, Post/Pre [Inc/Dec],
Comparission, Relational, Conditional, Logical,Ternary)
 Alert,prompt,confirm
 Built in Functions (Arrays,Date,Math,String)
 DOM (Document Object Module)
 Navigator,images,screen,location,history
 Document – (getElementById, getElementsByTagName,
getElementsByName)

 Events :
 General Events (onclick(), ondblclick(), onload(),
onunload(), onreset(), onsubmit(), onfocus(), onblur(),
onchange())
 Mouse Events (onmouseover(), onmousemove(),
onmousedown(), onmouseout() )
 Key Board Events – (onkeyup() , onkeydown() )
Document. write () :
document.write is the printing method in javascript.Which is output
statement to the browser.
Ex: first.html
<html>
<head>

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<script src='ext.js' type='text/javascript'
language='javascript'></script>
<script>
document.write('This is Called from Head Tag<br>');
</script>
</head>
<body>
<h1>Welcome</h1>
<script>
document.write('This is Called from Body Tag<br>');
</script>
</body>
</html>
ext.js:-
document.write('<h1>This is called from External Page</h1>');

Variables :
Variables are case sensitive. Declaring a variable in JavaScript as
variable name = value;
Variables are "containers" for storing information.
Ex : var a = 10; var = default
The correct method to declare are :
Var a = 10;
Var_a = 10;
Var first-name = ‘suresh’;

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Var firstName = ‘suresh’;
Var $name = ‘suresh’;

Wrong method :
Var #name = ‘suresh’;
Var 1a = 10;
Var first name = ‘suresh’;

Data Types :
String :
Collection of characters inside a single (or) double quotations are
known as string ,working with single quotation and adding double
quotation in it is valid.But adding single quotation inside a single
quotation is not valid.
Ex : datatypes.html
<html>
<head>
<script>
var a = 10;
document.write('<h1>'+a);
document.write(' - ');
document.write(typeof(a));
document.write('<br>');
var f = 10.25;
document.write(f);
document.write(' - ');
document.write(typeof(f));

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document.write('<br>');
firstname = 'Rajesh';
document.write(firstname+' - '+typeof(firstname)+'<br>');
firstname = firstname+' Kumar';
document.write(firstname+' - '+typeof(firstname)+'<br>');
firstname += 'B';
document.write(firstname+' - '+typeof(firstname)+'<br>');
document.write('<hr>String Methods<hr>');
document.write('i\'ll Pay the Bill Tomorrow');
</script>
</head>
<body>
<h1>Welcome</h1>
</body>
</html>

Operators :
1.Assignment operator: ‘ = ‘ is used to assign values.
The assignment operator ‘=’ is used to assign values to JavaScript
variables.
Ex :
<script>
document.write('<h1 align="center">Assignment Operator</h1>');
var x = 10;

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document.write("The Value is : "+x);
</script>
2.Arithmetic operator: -
The arithmetic operator ‘ +’ is used to add values together.
Arithmetic operators are used to perform arithmetic between variables
and/or values.
Ex :
<script>
document.write('<h1 align="center">Arthamatic Operator</h1>');
a = 5; b = 3;
document.write("Addition : "+(a+b)+'<br>');
document.write("Multiplication : "+(a*b)+'<br>');
document.write("Division : "+(a/b)+'<br>');
document.write("Minus : "+(a-b)+'<br>');
document.write("Modulus : "+(a%b)+'<br>');
</script>
3.Comparision operator :
Comparision operators are used in logical statements to determine
equality or difference between variables or values.
Ex :
<script>
Document.write('<h1 align="center">comparision Operator</h1>');
if(10 != '10'){

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document.write('<h2>Correct</h2>');
} else {
document.write('<h2>Not Correct</h2>');
}
document.write('<h1 align="center">Post & Pre Increment</h1>');
m = 10;
n = (m++)+(++m)+(m++)+(++m);
document.write('The Value of m is : '+m+'<br>The Value of n is :
'+n+'<br>');
</script>
4.Relational operator : < , > , <= , >=
5.Logical operator : &&(and) -- ||(or)
6.Ternary operator :
Syntax for Ternary Operator :
Var a= 10;
Type = (a%2 == 0)? ‘even number’: ‘odd number’;
//document.write(“the value you entered is : ”+type);
document.write(type);

Conditions :
1.If else :
Whenever a condition is ‘if’ it is true that part of the constructor will
be excuted.if condition is fail ‘else’ part would get executed.

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 Conditional statements are used to perform different actions
based on different conditions
 use this statement to execute some code if the condition is true
and another code if the condition is false
Syntax :
If (cond)
{
//code
}
else
{
// code
};
2.If else if :
if else if (or) ladder condition will take more than one condition (or)
multiple conditions. If all the conditions fail in if else if constructor
then only else part get executed
 Use this statement to select one of many blocks of code to be
executed
Syntax :
If(cond)
{
//code
}

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else if (cond)
{
//code
}
else if (cond)
{
//code
}
.
.
else
{
//default value;
}
3.Switch :
Use the case in-order wise. This is main concept in switch case
 Use this statement to select one of many blocks of code to be
executed
 Conditional statements are used to perform different actions
based on different conditions.
Syntax :
switch(n)
{
case 1: execute code block 1

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break;
case 2: execute code block 2
break;
default:
code to be executed if n is different from case 1 and 2
}

Looping methods :
While:
do-while:
Syntax:
Syntax:
Initialize method
Initialize
While (cond)
do
{
{
//code

//code
}
}
1.While :
Working with while loops it will first check the initialize part and
checks the condition. If condition is true it will get into the
constructor and takes place until condition fail and comes out of the
constructor.
 loops through a block of code while a specified condition is true

35

2.Do-while :
This will also checks the initialized part .but for only first time it will
get into the constructor and execute the code and checks the
conditions later and if condition is true looping takes place (or) else it
come out of the constructor with at least single time execution code
3.For-loop :
For loop first initialize condition an inc/dec will be done on same
(single) line for the every first time it will initialize with part them
check within condition if condition is true the constructor will get
excuted.condition fail will come out of the for loop (constructor)
 Loops execute a block of code a specified number of times, or
while a specified condition is true.
Syntax :
For (initialize; condition; inc/dec )
{
//code
}

Arrays :
A variable which can hold more than one value is none as array (or)
super variable as array can be defined is JavaScript as
Var a = new Array (values); // a->super variable
 To find the length of the array we can go with length = array
name.length;
 If the array index is been initialize more than the current
index++ then memory is wasted in JavaScript
 In arrays initializing string index the printing method will not
work in JavaScript
Note : - document.write() (or) looping method will not able to print
string indexes

36

 While, do-while , for-loop will not print string indexes in
JavaScript so to print string indexes we can go with
Syntax: - for (var name in Array name)
 For is key word in JavaScript which will print the string index
 The Array object is used to store multiple values in a single
variable.
 An array is a special variable, which can hold more than one
value, at a time.
Create an Array :
An array can be defined in three ways.
The following code creates an Array object called myCars:
1: var myCars=new Array(); // regular array (add an optional integer
myCars[0]="Saab"; // argument to control array's size)
myCars[1]="Volvo";
myCars[2]="BMW";
2: var myCars=new Array("Saab","Volvo","BMW"); // condensed
array
3: var myCars=["Saab","Volvo","BMW"]; // literal array
Ex : Array.html
<script>
var a = new Array(10,20,30,40);
document.write('The Array is : '+a+'<br>');
document.write('Length of Array : '+a.length+'<br>');
document.write('Index at 2 : '+a[2]+'<br>');
a[2] = a[2]*2;
document.write('The Array is : '+a+'<br>');
a[4] = 'New Value';

37

document.write('The Array is : '+a+'<br>');
var b = new Array();
b[0] = 100;
b[1] = 200;
b[2] = 300;
b[3] = 400;
b['Name'] = 'Rajesh';
b['Age'] = 30;
b[7] = 700;
b[10] = 1000;
document.write('<hr>Single string Index : '+b['Name']+'<hr>');
document.write('The Array is : '+b+'<br>');
for(i=0;i<b.length;i++){
document.write('Index at : '+i+' = '+b[i]+'<br>');
}
document.write('<hr>');
for(c in b){
document.write(c+' = '+b[c]+'<br>');
}
document.write('<hr>');
var d = [10,20,30];
document.write('The Array in d is : '+d+'<br>');
document.write('The Array in d is : '+d.length+'<br>');
document.write('<hr>');

38

var e = {'Name':'Rajesh','Age':30,10:20,'Status':'Active'};
document.write('The Array in d is : '+e+'<br>');
for(i=0;i<e.length;i++){
document.write('Index at : '+i+' = '+e[i]+'<br>');
}
for(c in e){
document.write(c+' = '+e[c]+'<br>');
}
</script>

Double dimensional array:
An array can have more than one array is called double dimensional
array.
Ex : douledimensionarray.html
<html>
<head>
<script>
var a =
[[1,'Ajay',[45,62,49,72,55,84]],[2,'Rajesh',[48,62,94,72,38,62]],[3,'Sur
esh',[48,63,82,97,45,28]]];
//document.write(a[1][1]);
document.write('Name is : '+a[2][1]);
document.write("<table border='1' align='center' width='60%' >");
document.write("<tr><th colspan='9'>Student Marks Memo Report
</th> ");

39

document.write("<tr><td rowspan='2'>Roll No</td> <td
rowspan='2'>Name</td><td colspan='6'
align='center'>Subjects</td><td rowspan='2'>Pass/Fail</td></tr>");
document.write("<tr><td>English</td><td>Hindi</td><td>Telugu
</td> <td>Maths</td><td>Science</td><td>Social</td></tr>");
document.write("<tr><td>"+a[0][0]+"</td></tr>");
</script>
</head>
<body>
<tr><td><script>document.write(a[1][0]);</script></td><td><script>
document.write(a[1][1]);</script></td></tr>
</table>
</body>
</html>

Array built-in Functions :
Join : Join is the pre-defined key-word in the JavaScript .which will
convert the given array into the separator passed default separator is
coma (,).
Concat : concat is joining more than array in single array is called
concat.
Reverse : reverse in JavaScript the array last being is first. First is
last without (descending order) the original array will also get
affected. If we use reverse function.
Sort : sort is nothing but given the order is ascending order .
Unshift : unshift will add the value at the starting of the array. The
variable use for unshift will holds the length of the array and the
original array would get affected.

40

Shift : shift function will not hold any arguments should will remove
the starting value of the array.The variable unshift will hold the
removed value.
Push : push is nothing but insert the value into the array at the end of
array is called push.
Pop : pop is nothing but remove the last value in the array is called
the pop.
Ex : arraybuiltin.html
<script>
var a = new Array('This','is','my','new','car');
document.write('The Original Array is : '+a+'<br>');
b = a.join(' ');
document.write('Join Method : '+b+'<br>');
var a = new Array(10,20,30);
var b = new Array(40,50);
var c = new Array(60,70,80);
document.write("Concat Two Arrays : "+a.concat(b)+"<br>");
document.write("Concat All Given Array : "+a.concat(b.concat(c))+"
<br>");
var a = new Array('Ajay','Raju','Amith','Zebra','Arjun');
b = a.reverse();
document.write("Reverse of an Array : "+b+'<br>');
document.write("Original Array : "+a+'<br>');
var a = new Array('Ajay','Raju','Amith','Zebra','Arjun');
b = a.sort();
document.write("Assending Order : "+b+'<br>');

41

document.write("Original Array : "+a+'<br>');
b = a.reverse();
document.write("Reverse With Desending Order : "+b+'<br>');
document.write("Original Array : "+a+'<br>');
var x = new Array(10,20,30);
b = x.unshift(5);
document.write("Unshift Method : "+x+'<br>');
document.write("The Value Stored in B : "+b+'<br>');
var x = new Array(5,10,20,30);
b = x.shift();
document.write("shift Method : "+x+'<br>');
document.write("Removed Value is stored B : "+b+'<br>');
var x = new Array(5,10,20,30);
b = x.push(40);
document.write("Push last Value to Array Method : "+x+'<br>');
document.write("B holds the length of the Array: "+b+'<br>');
var x = new Array(5,10,20,30);
b = x.pop();
document.write("Pop Removes last Value in Array : "+x+'<br>');
document.write("B holds the Removed Value: "+b+'<br>');
</script>

Functions:-
Functions in javascript are case sensitive once declare a function
name and try to re-declare. The same function name will overwrite
previous function name. Functions are used to debug the code and

42

analize the errors easily. Working with length of the code will be
reduced.
We have mainly 4 types of the functions in JavaScript that is
1. Function without arguments and return value
2. Function with arguments and no return value
3. Function with return value and no arguments
4. Function with arguments and return value
Syntax :
Function function name (arguments, arg)
{
//code
}
1. Function without arguments and return value
Ex :
<script>
test();
function test(){
document.write('This is Function without Aurgument<br>');
document.write('This is my function Content<br>');
}
function test1(){
document.write('Overwritten is done on the previous printing
methods<br>');
}
test();

43

test();
</script>
<body>
<script>
test();
</script>
</body>
2. Function with arguments and no return value
Ex :
<style>
.error{background:gold;color:green;padding:10px;margin:auto;width:
60%;font-size:18pt;}
.success{background:black;color:#fff;padding:10px;margin:auto;widt
h:60%;font-size:18pt;}
</style>
<script>
function welcome(name){
document.write("Welcome ! "+name+'<br>');
}
welcome('Rajesh');
welcome('Amith');
function statement(type,message){
document.write("<div class='"+type+"'>"+message+"</div>");
}
//statement("error","Welcome Guest ! ");

44

statement("success","Welcome Rajesh");
</script>
3. Function with return value and no arguments
Ex :
<script>
function test(){
document.write('This is line 01<br>');
document.write('This is line 01<br>');
return 10 2;
document.write('This is line 01<br>');
document.write('This is line 01<br>');
}
test();
var x = test();
document.write('The Value in x is : '+x+'<br>');
</script>
4. Function with arguments and return value
Ex :
<script>
function square(num){
return num*num;
}
document.write('The Square root of 5 is : '+square(5)+'<br>');
document.write('The Square root of 5 is : '+square(square(5))+'<br>');

45

</script>

Math built-in function :
In JavaScript we have mainly seven kinds of math objects which are
pre-defined and can be called respective key-words. Which are
included in JavaScript library.
Ex : math.html
<script>
function r(txt){
document.write('<h2>'+txt+'</h2>')
}
r("<u>Javascript Predefined Math Constant Object </u>");
r('Eulers Constant : '+Math.E);
r('Pi Value : '+Math.PI);
r('SQRT OF 2 : '+Math.SQRT2);
r('Natural Log 2: '+Math.LN2);
r('Natural Log 10 : '+Math.LN10);
r('Log base 2 of Eulers : '+Math.LOG2E);
r('Log base 10 of Eulers : '+Math.LOG10E);
r("<u>Javascript User - defined Math Object </u>");
r('Max Value : '+Math.max(10,20,30));
r('Min Value : '+Math.min(10,20,30));
r('Sqrt Value : '+Math.sqrt(25));
r('2 pow 4 : '+Math.pow(2,4));
r('Absolute Value : '+Math.abs(-9));

46

r('Ceil Value : '+Math.ceil(2.11111));
r('floor Value : '+Math.floor(2.9999));
r('round Value : '+Math.round(2.5111111));
r('Random Number : '+Math.random());
r('Number Between 1 to 1000 : '+Math.round(Math.random()*1000));
</script>

String built-in functions :
Ex : stringbuilt.html
<script>
function r(txt){
document.write(txt+'<br>');
}
var str = "lamp Institute";
r('String Value = '+str);
r("Length of the String = "+str.length);
r("Color of String = "+str.fontcolor('green'));
r('Upper Case = '+str.toUpperCase());
r('Lower Case = '+str.toLowerCase());
r('Big Font = '+str.big());
r('Bold Font = '+str.bold());
r('Small Font = '+str.small());
r('Italic Font = '+str.italics());
r('Superscript = '+str.sup());
r('sub script = '+str.sub());

47

r('<hr><h2><u>Slice Function([begin, stop]) </u></h2>');
r('Slice(4) = '+str.slice(4));
r('Slice(4,8) = '+str.slice(4,8));
r('Slice(-9) = '+str.slice(-9));
r('Slice(-9,8) = '+str.slice(-9,8));
r('Slice(-9,-3) = '+str.slice(-9,-3));
r('<hr><h2><u>Substring Function([From, to]) </u></h2>');
r('substring(4) = '+str.substring(4));
r('substring(4,8) = '+str.substring(4,8));
r('substring(4,2) = '+str.substring(4,2));
//r('substring(-9) = '+str.substring(-9));
r('<hr><h2><u>substr([start, length]) </u></h2>');
r('substr(4) = '+str.substr(4));
r('substr(5,8) = '+str.substr(5,8));
r('substr(-9) = '+str.substr(-9));
r('substr(-9,2) = '+str.substr(-9,1));
r('CharAt(0) = '+str.charAt(1));
r('charCodeAt(1) = '+str.charCodeAt(1)); //ascill Value of Index
mob = 'Z123456789';
r('charCodeAt = '+mob.charCodeAt(0));
r('Indexof = '+str.indexOf('T'));//-1
r('lastIndexof = '+str.lastIndexOf('t'));
r('indexOf = '+str.indexOf('t',9));
r('Search = '+str.search('z'));//-1

48

r('Match = '+str.match('z'));//null
</script>

Mobile function :
Ex : mob.html
<script>
function r(txt){
document.write(txt+'<br>');
}
mob = "8855644045";
r(isValidMobile(mob));
function isValidMobile(val){
if(val.length != 10){
return "Please Enter 10-Digit Mobile Number";
}
f = val.charAt(0);
if(f == '7' || f == '8' || f == '9'){
} else {
return 'Please Check the First Digit of Number & try
Again';
}
return isNumeric(val);
}
function isNumeric(val){
for(i=0;i<val.length;i++){

49

ascii = val.charCodeAt(i);
if(ascii < 48 || ascii >57){
return 'Only Numbers Allowed Please Check again';
}
}
return 'Valid Mobile Number';
}
</script>

Date functions: -
Date function can be defined with variable is equal to new date. This
function is pre-defined in JavaScript which will explain the system
timing (or) running the domain it will capture the running domain.
Get time () : This is unique time constant which is created find
generate number of milliseconds right from night jan 1st 1970.
Ex : date.html
<script>
function r(txt){
document.write(txt+'<br>');
}
var d = new Date();
r('The value in d is : '+d);
r('Unix Time Constant that is Midnight Jan 01,1970 (no of
millseconds : ) '+d.getTime());
r('Date : '+d.getDate());
r('Day : '+d.getDay());

50

r('Month : '+(d.getMonth()+1));// 0 -11
r('Year : '+d.getYear());//works only in ie...
r('FullYear : '+d.getFullYear());
r('Hours : '+d.getHours());
r('Minutes : '+d.getMinutes());
r('Seconds : '+d.getSeconds());
r('Time is : '+d.getHours()+':'+d.getMinutes()+':'+d.getSeconds());
</script>

DOM :
DOM contains these layers
1.IMAGES
2.LOCATIONS
3.SCREEN------------------> Get Element ById
4.DOCUMENTS-----------> GetElementByTagName
5.NAVIGATOR------------ > GetElementByName
6.EMBED
Ex : dom.html
<script>
function dochange(){
document.testForm.fname.value = alert("Please Enter");
document.testForm.fname.value = 'Enter Name';
document.testForm.lname.style.border="2px solid red";
document.testForm.lname.style.width="200px";
}

51

</script>
<body>
<form name='testForm'>
First Name : <input type='text' name='fname' /><br>
Last Name : <input type='text' name='lname'/><br>
<input type='button' name='change' value='DoChange'
onclick="javascript:dochange();"/>
</form>
</body>
Get Element ById :
This particular function will match the id of the element and that
particular matching function will get executed
Ex : getElementById.html
<script>
function dochange(){
var x = document.getElementById('test').value;
document.getElementById('test').value = x.toUpperCase();
document.getElementById('test').style.color = 'red';
}
</script>
<body>
<form name='testForm'>
First Name : <input type='text' name='fname' id='test'
onblur="dochange();"/><br>
First Name : <input type='text' name='lname' id='fldtest'
onkeyup="dochange();"/>

52

</form>
</body>

GetElementByTagName :
This particular function will match tag name and excute the function
which we are passing as a tag name
Ex : getElementsByTagName.html
<script>
function dochange(){
var a = document.getElementsByTagName('div');
for(i=0;i<a.length;i++){
a[i].style.width = '400px';
a[i].style.background = '#ddd';
a[i].style.border = '4px dotted green';
}
}
</script>
<body onmouseover='dochange();'>
<h1>Welcome to My Web Page</h1>
<p>This is my First Page</p>
<p>This is my First Page</p>
<p>This is my First Page</p>
<p>This is my First Page</p>
<div>What is Social Hub</div>
</body>

53

GetElementByName :
This particular function will match element name and that part of the
function will get excutes.
Ex : getElementsByName.html
<script>
function dochange(){
var a = document.getElementsByName('x');
for(i=0;i<a.length;i++){
a[i].style.width = '400px';
a[i].style.background = '#ddd';
a[i].style.border = '4px dotted green';
}
}
</script>
<body onmouseover='dochange();'>
<h1>Welcome to My Web Page</h1>
<p>This is my First Page</p>
<p>This is my First Page</p>
<p>This is my First Page</p>
<p>This is my First Page</p>
<div>What is Social Hub</div>
</body>
Note 1 : As ids are unique we have singular matching so we can
getElementById as singular.

54

Note 2 : GetElementByTagName & ByName works the array format
and these are plural.

Events :
Whenever an event is trigger and then that particular matching
function will excuted.
a)innerHTML : innerHTML is used to push the dynamic values on
to the HTML page.
b)set Interval : setInterval is pre-defined key-word in JavaScript
which takes 2 arguments the first argument can be expression (or)
function the second argument can be number of milliseconds.
c)Alert : Alert gives you a single button option until it is click It will
allowed you to navigate on the server.
Ex : alert.html
<script>
alert("Please Agree with Our Terms & condition");
</script>
<body>
Welcome
</body>
d)Confirm : Confirm is used two options until something is being
click. It won’t allowed to navigate the server and if it is click based on
the values it will moved to the respect pages.
Ex : confirm.html
<script>
var x = confirm("Are You legally 18+ then enter to site");
if(x == true){
document.write("Welcome to my Terrorist Site");

55

} else {
document.write("Thank You for leaving Please <a
href='http://www.google.com'>Click Here</a>");
}
</script>
<body>
</body>
e)Eval : Eval is pre-defined function in JavaScript which will
evaluate the given function in between the JavaScript (function)
f)parseINT : This is pre-defined function in JavaScript which will
convert the floating value into integer value.
g)parseFLOOT : This is pre-defined function in JavaScript which
will convert the integer value into floating value.
Ex : innerHTML & set Interval time.html
<script>
function r(txt){
document.write(txt+'<br>');
}
function currTime(){
var d = new Date();
var time =
timeFormat(d.getHours())+':'+timeFormat(d.getMinutes())+':'+timeFo
rmat(d.getSeconds());
return 'Present Time : '+time;
}
function timeFormat(val){
return ((val<10)?'0':'')+val;

56

}
function writeTime(id){
return document.getElementById(id).innerHTML = currTime();
}
</script>
<body>
<div id='currentTime' align='right'>
<script>
r(currTime());
setInterval("writeTime('currentTime')",1000);
</script>
</div>
</body>

57

58

PHP
 Rasmus Lerdorf is the founder of the PHP in 1995.
 PHP is the server side scripting language.
 Php needs a server to excute the file.
 Php files should be saved with .php as its extension ".php3", or
".phtml"
 Or else our server will not excute unknown extension apart from
.html, .cpi, .cgs,
 Php supports all the data bases that are present in the market
Ex:-mySql,mssql,infonix,Sybase,ibmdb2,postgresql………etc
 Php can be worked on all the operating systems that is
windows,linux,max,solaries…etc
 Php can communicate with different servers
Ex:-SMTP(Simple mail transfer protocal), imap (internet max
access protocal), LDAP, Informix, Oracle, Sybase, Solid,
PostgreSQL
 PHP can be install as a software tags we get many of the server
files
Ex : Xampp, Wamp, easy php, mamp
 PHP stands for PHP: Hypertext Preprocessor
 PHP is an open source software
 PHP is free to download and use
 PHP is easy to learn and runs efficiently on the server side
Xampp : Xampp stands for
x------------------------>platform(windows,linux,mac,solaries)
a------------------------->apache(web server)
m------------------------>mysql(database file)
p------------------------->perl(perl scripting in php)
p------------------------->php/my admin (web database tool)
php current version is 5.3.8

59

Wamp : Wamp stands for
w------------------------>window exv
a------------------------>apache(web server)
m------------------------>mysql(database file)
p------------------------>php/my admin (web database tool)
Mamp : Mamp stands for
m------------------------>mac ‘os’
a------------------------->apache(web server)
m------------------------>mysql(database file)
p------------------------->php/my admin (web database tool)
Apache contain the 1-65535 ports.In that 1-1024 are pre-reserved
ports.
Tmp : Tmp holds session details & temp upload files.
Htdocs : After installing xampp we have to store our files into the
folder called htdocs. Once files are saved in htdocs we can open with
the location path as
http://localhost/abc(foldername)/first.php

Echo : echo is the output method in php.
Basic PHP Syntax :
<?php
echo “universal way of writing php<br>”;
?>
<script language = ‘php’>

60

echo “javascript way of writtting php<br>”;
</script>
<?
echo”short tag way of writing php<br>”;
?>
<%
1echo “asp way of writing php<br>”;
%>

Comments in PHP :
In PHP, we use // to make a one-line comment or
/* and */ to make a comment block
<html>
<body>

<?php
//This is a comment

/*
This is
a comment
block
*/
?>
</body>
</html>

61

Printing methods in php :
a.Echo : echo is an argument can print multiple arguments. Echo as a
function can print only one argument.

b.Print : print is an argument can print only one argument.print also a
function
Ex: - print”arg<br>”;

c.Printf : printf will take formatting string with respected values as
print
Ex : printf(“(int%d) (float%f) (string %s) (asci%c)”);

d.Print-r : print-r will print array of string
Ex: - $g = array (10,20,30,true,’kalam’);
Print-r($g);

e.Var-dump : It is also printing method which is used debugging the
errors very easily. This not used in production level (live
environmental )
Ex : var-dump($g);

<h1>Printing Methods in PHP</h1>
<?php
$a = 10; $b = 20; $c = 30;
echo "Arg01","Arg02","Arg03<br>";
echo $a,$b,$c,'<br>';
echo ("Arg01<hr>");
print "Arg01<br>";
print("Arg01<hr>");

62

printf("(int %d) (float%.2f) (string %s) (Ascii %c)
",22.25,10.2545,'Rajesh',97);
echo '<hr>';
$g = array(10,20,30,true,'Rajesh');
print_r($g);
echo '<hr>';
var_dump($g);
?>

Controlling :
Ex : controlling.php
<style>
b{color:green;}
</style>
<?php
echo "line 01<br>";
echo "line 02<br>";
echo "line 03<br>";
?>
<b>This is Bold Tag</b><hr>
<?php
if(false){
echo "<b>The 1<sup>st</sup> is Executed<br></b>";
} else {
echo "<b>The 2<sup>nd</sup> is Executed<br></b>";

63

}
?>
<hr>
<h2>Alternate Method</h2>
<?php
if(true){
?>
<b>The 1<sup>st</sup> is Executed<br></b>
<?php
}
else
{
?>
<b> The 2<sup>nd</sup> is Executed<br></b>
<?php
}
?>

Variables :
 Variables are "containers" for storing information.
 Variables in PHP starts with a $ sign, followed by the name of
the variable.
 The variable name must begin with a letter or the underscore
character.
 A variable name can only contain alpha-numeric characters and
underscores (A-z, 0-9, and _).
 A variable name should not contain spaces.

64

 Variable names are case sensitive (y and Y are two different
variables).
Ex : variables.php
<h1>Variables in php</h1>
<?php
$a = 10;
$name = 'Rajesh';
$_name
$_name
$n123
$_1232
$1_name
$first_Name
echo 'The Value is : ',$a.'<br>';
echo 'The Name is : ',$name,'<br>';
?>
<script>
var a = 15;
document.write('The Value of a is : '+a+'<br>');
</script>
 In PHP, a variable does not need to be declared before adding a
value to it.

65

 In the example above, notice that we did not have to tell PHP
which data type the variable is.
 PHP automatically converts the variable to the correct data type,
depending on its value.
 In a strongly typed programming language, you have to declare
(define) the type and name of the variable before using it.
PHP has four different variable
 local
 global
 static
 Super global array variable
Local variable : A variable declared within a PHP function is local
and can only be accessed within that function.
Ex : localvariable.php
<?php
function test(){
$a = 10;
echo 'The Value of $a inside function is : ',$a,'<br>';
}
test();
echo 'The Value of $a Outside Function is : ',$a,'<br>';
?>
Static variable : When a function is completed, all of its variables
are normally deleted. However, sometimes you want a local variable
not to be deleted.
To do this, use the static keyword when you first declare the variable.

66

Ex : staticvariable.php
<?php
function test(){
$a = 10;
static $b = 20;
echo 'The Value of $a inside function is : ',$a,'<br>';
echo 'The Value of $a inside function is : ',$b,'<br>';
$a++;
$b++;
}
echo 'The Value of $b outside is : ',$z,'<br>';
test();
test();
?>
Global variable : Global scope refers to any variable that is defined
outside of any function.
Global variables can be accessed from any part of the script that is not
inside a function.
To access a global variable from within a function, use the global
keyword:
Ex : global.php
<?php
$x = 10;

67

echo 'The Value of $x = ',$x,'<br>';
function test(){
//global $x;
echo 'The Value of $x inside Function = ',$x,'<br>';
echo '$GLOBALS["x"] = ',$GLOBALS['x'],'<br>';
}
test();
?>
Super global array variable : ‘$ global’ is the super global array
variable. This is the pre-defined keyword. In php we have mainly
some of the super global variables. This can be used with their
keywords.
i) $_EVN : This is used for getting the information of your operating
system ($_ENV (PATH))
ii) $_SERVER : This will give you the information about your
server(apache information)
iii) $_GET : It is used for form processing through get method (or)
query string
iv) $_POST : This is used for form processing through post method
in secure manner
v) $_REQUEST : It will send the form through both get and post and
cookie
vi)$_COOKIE : This is used to get the information about the browser
who is using the web(computer)
vii)$_SESSION : It is used to get the information of the user in
between login and logout details are store at server machine.

68

Operators :
1. Assignment operator: = is used to assign values to variables in
PHP
2. Arithmetic operator: +,-,/,*,%
3. Increment & decrement operator: i++,++I & i--, --i
4. Comparison operator: ==,!= ,===
5. Relational operator: <=, >=, <>
6. Logical operator: &&, ||, and, or
7. Error handling operator :
8. Scope resolution & this operator : ::----->scope, &------->this

Ex : operator.php
<?php
echo '<h1 align="center">Assignment Operator</h1>';
$a = 10;
echo 'The Value is : '.$a.'<br>';
echo 'The Value is Added by 2 : ',$a += 2,'<br>';
$name = 'Rajesh';
echo 'My name is : '.$name,'<br>';
$name .= ' Kumar';
$name = $name.' Kumar';

69

echo 'My name is : ',$name,'<br>';
echo '<h1 align="center">Arthamatic Operator</h1>';
echo 'The value of 2+3 : ',2+3,'<br>';
echo 'The Value of 2-3 : ',2-3,'<br>';
echo 'The Value of 2/3 : ',2/3,'<br>';
echo 'The Value of 2*3 : ',2*3,'<br>';
echo 'The Value of 2%3 : ',2%3,'<br>';
echo '<h1 align="center">Increment & Decrement [INC/DEC]</h1>';
echo '<h2>POST & PRE increment</h2>';
$x = 10;
echo 'The Value of $x = ',$x,'<br>';
echo 'The Value of $x++ = ',$x++,'<br>';
echo 'The Value of $x = ',$x,'<br>';
echo 'The Value of ++$x = ',++$x,'<br>';
echo 'The Value of $x = ',$x,'<br>';
echo '<h2>POST & PRE Decrement</h2>';
echo 'The Value of $x-- = ',$x--,'<br>';
echo 'The Value of $x = ',$x,'<br>';
echo 'The Value of --$x = ',--$x,'<br>';
echo 'The Value of $x = ',$x,'<br>';
echo '<h1 align="center">Comparision Operator</h1>';

70

var_dump(10 == 10);echo'<br>';
var_dump(10 != '10');echo'<br>';
echo '<h1 align="center">Relational Operator</h1>';
var_dump(10<=10);echo '<br>';
var_dump(10<>'10');echo '<br>';//not Equal to
echo '<h1 align="center">logical Operator</h1>';
var_dump(true && true);echo '<br>';
var_dump(true && false);echo '<br>';
var_dump(true || true);echo '<br>';
var_dump(true || false);echo '<br>';
var_dump(false AND FALSE);echo '<br>';
var_dump(false OR FALSE);echo '<br>';
echo '<h1 align="center">Error Handling Operator</h1>';
echo @sqrt();
//@test();
echo 'Some Data';
echo '<h1 align="center">Scope Resolution & this Operator {:: & -
>(this)}</h1>';
class A{
static $z = 100;
public $a = 20;
public $k = 50;

71

protected $b = 30;
private $c = 40;
function test(){
echo "A Test Function called inside Class A";
}
}
$obj = new A;
echo $obj->a,'<br>';
echo $obj->k,'<br>';
//echo $obj->b,'<br>';
//echo $obj->c,'<br>';
echo ' The Static Value is : ',A::$z,'<br>';
echo 'The Function inside Class is : ',$obj->test(),'<br>';
?>

Type Casting: -
Conversion of the one data type into another data type is known as
type casting. in php we have mainly two types of costing
1. Temporary type casting
2. Permanent type casting
1. Temporary type casting : Casting which can be done for single
step by pre-defined the data type keyword. That particular variable
will hold Temporary type casting.

72

Ex : temporary.php
<?php
$x = "10.254Kgs";
var_dump($x);echo "<br>";
var_dump((int)$x); echo "<br>";
var_dump($x); echo '<br>';
var_dump((float)$x); echo '<br>';
var_dump((boolean)$x);echo'<br>';
var_dump((string)$x);echo "<br>";
var_dump($x);echo "<br>";
var_dump(floatval($x)); echo '<br>';
var_dump(intval($x)); echo '<br>';
var_dump($x);echo "<br>";
?>
2. Permanent type casting : This can be done by using pre-defined
key-word set type.which hold two arguments
Syntax : set type (var name,’int’);

Ex : Permanent type casting.php
<?php
echo '<h1>Permanent Type Casting</h1>';
$x = "10.254Kgs";

73

settype($x,'float');
var_dump($x);echo "<br>";
settype($x,'int');
var_dump($x);echo "<br>";
settype($x,'boolean');
var_dump($x);echo "<br>";
settype($x,'int');
var_dump($x);echo "<br>";
var_dump($x);echo "<br>";
settype($x,'float');
var_dump($x);echo "<br>";
?>

Type juggling : conversion of data types by using expression to
another data types are known as type juggling.

Ex : typejuggling.php
<?php
echo 'true + true : ',true+true,'<br>';
if(null){
echo "Printed";
} else {
echo "Not Printed";

74

}
?>

Variable validation function :
i) Isset : Isset of variables will check with the variable initialize or
not and return Boolean
ii) empty(var name) : empty function will check the variable
whether it is null or not and return Boolean
iii) Unset (var name) : This function will remove the variable (or)
delete the variable
iv) get type(var name) : This function will let us know the argument
data type in the form of string ,this should be used because the
coming variable would be depreciated.
Ex : variable_validation.php
<?php
$x = 10;
var_dump($x);echo '<br>';
var_dump(isset($x));
var_dump(isset($a));echo '<hr>';
$z = '';
var_dump(empty($z));
var_dump(empty($y));
$k = 10;echo '<br>';
var_dump(gettype($k));

75

unset($x);
var_dump(isset($x));
?>

Data Types :
Php supports mainly 8 kinds of data types among which four are
stable data types, two are compound data types and another two are
special data types
a)Stable data types :
i) int (or) integer
ii) Float (or) real (or) decimal
iii) Boolean data types
iv) string data types

i)int (or) integer : All non decimal values . range in between 2(32-1)
to -2(32-1)
Ex :
<?php
echo "<h1 align='center'>Stable Data types</h1>";
echo "<h2>Integer Data Type</h2>";
$x = 10;
var_dump($x);echo '<br>';
$x = (pow(2,32-1)-1);
var_dump($x); echo '<br>';

76

$judge = 2147483647;
var_dump($judge);
?>

ii) Float (or) real (or) decimal : All decimal values. Range in
between 10(38) to 10(-38)
Ex :
<?php
echo "<h2>Float Data Type</h2>";
$a = 10.25;
var_dump($a);echo '<br>';
?>

iii) Boolean data types : Boolean data types return the values in the
form of true (or) false
Ex :
<?php
echo "<h2>Boolean Data Type</h2>";
$a = false;
var_dump($a);
?>

iv) String data types : Collection of characters enclose in between
single (or) double cotations are known as string data types.

77

Ex :
<?php
echo "<h2>String Data Type</h2>";
$x = 10;
echo '<br>The Value of $x is ',$x,'<br>';
echo "The Value of $x is :$x";
$name = "Rajesh";
echo '<br>my name is $name <br>';
echo "my name is $name <br>";
$x = 10;
$y = 20;
echo 'The value of $x+$y = ',$x+$y,'<br>';
echo "The value of $x+$y = ",$x+$y,'<br>';
?>
b)Compound data types :
Compound data types again two types
1. Array data type
2. Object data type
1. Array data type : Array data type which can hold more than one
value. In php we have mainly 3 kinds of arrays
i) Numerical array
ii) Associative array

78

iii) Mixed array
Declaring an array in php can be done by two types
 array as the function
 array as a square bracket

i) Numerical array :
A numeric array stores each array element with a numeric index.
There are two methods to create a numeric array.
 In the following example the index are automatically assigned
(the index starts at 0):
$cars=array("Saab","Volvo","BMW","Toyota");
 In the following example we assign the index manually:
$cars[0]="Saab";
$cars[1]="Volvo";
$cars[2]="BMW";
$cars[3]="Toyota";
Ex :
<?php
$cars[0]="Saab";
$cars[1]="Volvo";
$cars[2]="BMW";
$cars[3]="Toyota";
echo $cars[0] . " and " . $cars[1] . " are Swedish cars.";
?>

ii) Associative array :
An associative array, each ID key is associated with a value.

79

When storing data about specific named values, a numerical array is
not always the best way to do it.
With associative arrays we can use the values as keys and assign
values to them.
Example 1
In this example we use an array to assign ages to the different
persons:
$ages = array("Peter"=>32, "Quagmire"=>30, "Joe"=>34);
Example 2
This example is the same as example 1, but shows a different way of
creating the array:
$ages['Peter'] = "32";
$ages['Quagmire'] = "30";
$ages['Joe'] = "34";
The ID keys can be used in a script:
<?php
$ages['Peter'] = "32";
$ages['Quagmire'] = "30";
$ages['Joe'] = "34";

echo "Peter is " . $ages['Peter'] . " years old.";
?>
The code above will output:
Peter is 32 years old.

iii) Mixed array :
Mixed array is nothing but combination of numerical & associative
array is known as mixed array.

80

Ex : mixedarrays.php
<?php
$a = array("Name"=>"Rajesh","Age"=>30);
print_r($a);
echo '<hr>';
echo '<h1 align="center">Mixed Arrays</h1>';
define('A','ABC');
define('B','XYZ');
$c = 10;
$d = 20;
$g =
array(0=>10,1=>20,'Name'=>'Raj','Age'=>30,5=>500,5.55=>600,-
9=>'Negative value',true=>200,false=>200,''=>'Empty
Value',NULL=>'Null Value',A=>B,$c=>$d);
echo '<pre>';
print_r($g);
echo '</pre>';
?>

2. Object data type :
Object is an instance of class.Class can be denoted with in class name.
Collection of variables and functions are known as class.For Calling
class we should create an object then that particular variable is
known as object variable.

81

Ex :
<?php
echo "<h2>Object Data Type</h2>";
class A{
public $x = 10;
public $a = 20;
function test(){
echo 'A test Function called<br>';
}
}
$b = new A;
var_dump($b);
echo '<br>Public Value $x = ',$b->x,$b->test(),'<br>';
?>

Special data types :
Special data types are again two types
i) Resource data types
ii) Null data types
i) Resource data types : Resource data type is calling an external
variable value into another variable using (&) resource variable.

82

ii) Null data types : This is the pre-defined key-word. When a
variable not initialize and by asking through printing method. This
will result in null value.
Ex :
<?php
echo "<h1 align='center'>Special Data types</h1>";
echo "<h2>Reference Data Type</h2>";
$x = 10;
$y = $x;
echo 'The Value of $x = ',$x,'<br>The Value of $y = ',$y,'<br>';
$x = 12;
echo 'The Value of $x = ',$x,'<br>The Value of $y = ',$y,'<br>';
$y = 'Rajesh';
echo 'The Value of $x = ',$x,'<br>The Value of $y = ',$y,'<hr>';
echo "<h2>Resourse Data Type</h2>";
$a = 10;
$b = &$a;
echo 'The Value of $a = ',$a,'<br>The Value of $b = ',$b,'<br>';
$a = 'Raj';
echo 'The Value of $a = ',$a,'<br>The Value of $b = ',$b,'<br>';
$b = 'Amith';
echo 'The Value of $a = ',$a,'<br>The Value of $b = ',$b,'<br>';

83

echo "<h2>Null Data Type</h2>";
var_dump($z);
?>
Constant :
Define : Define is the pre-defined key-word in php. This will take
two arguments. The first argument being the constant identifier which
identifier its second argument value. We can pass third argument as
Boolean to make case in-sensitive
Ex : constant.php
<?php
define('x',10,true);
echo x,'<br>';
echo X;
echo '<hr>';
define('url','http://www.socialhub.com',true);
echo uRl,'/register.php';
echo '<hr>';
define('SITE_NAME','http://www.socialhub.in-hyderabad','Social
Hub');
?>
<h1>About us</h1>
we at <?php echo SITE_NAME;?> are in training ........
<h1>Contact Us</h1>

84

<?php echo SITE_NAME;?>
street ......
<h1>FAQ</h1>
what we do at <?php echo SITE_NAME;
?>

Conditions :
Conditional statements are used to perform different actions based on
different conditions

a)If condition :
IN PHP
IN PERL
If (cond)
if (cond) :
{
//code
//code
else if (code) :
}
//code
else if (cond)
else (cond) :
{
//code
//code
end else if ;
}

85

else (cond)
{
//code
}

b)Switch condition :
Syntax :
switch (cond) :
switch (cond):
{
|
Case1 :
|
//code
|
Break;
|
Case2:
//code
|
Break;
end switch;
|
|
Default:
//code
}

86

Ex :
<html>
<body>
<?php
$x=1;
switch ($x)
{
case 1:
echo "Number 1";
break;
case 2:
echo "Number 2";
break;
case 3:
echo "Number 3";
break;
default:
echo "No number between 1 and 3";
}
?>
</body>
</html>

c)While condition : The while loop executes a block of code while a
condition is true
Syntax:
While (cond)
while (cond):
{
//code inc/dec
//const code inc/dec
endwhile
}

87

Ex:
<html>
<body>
<?php
$i=1;
while($i<=5)
{
echo "The number is " . $i . "<br />";
$i++;
}
?>
</body>
</html>
d)Do-while condition : The do-while statement will always execute
the block of code once, it will then check the condition, and repeat the
loop while the condition is true.
Syntax :
Do do:
{ //code
Inc/dec
//code enddo
while(cond);
}
While (cond)
Example :
The example below defines a loop that starts with i=1. It will then
increment i with 1, and write some output. Then the condition is
checked, and the loop will continue to run as long as i is less than, or
equal to 5:
<html>
<body>

88

<?php
$i=1;
do
{
$i++;
echo "The number is " . $i . "<br />";
}
while ($i<=5);
?>
</body>
</html>
e)For loop : Loops execute a block of code a specified number of
times, or while a specified condition is true. The for loop is used when
you know in advance how many times the script should run.
Syntax :
For(initialize;cond;inc/dec)
//code
end for
Example :
The example below defines a loop that starts with i=1. The loop will
continue to run as long as i is less than, or equal to 5. i will increase
by 1 each time the loop runs:
<html>
<body>
<?php
for ($i=1; $i<=5; $i++)
{
echo "The number is " . $i . "<br />";
}
?>
</body>
</html>

89

f)for each : for each is usefull for all non-sequence data of an array.
Associative array ,numerical array object data of an array.
The general syntax is
foreach (arrayName as arr[value]))
{
echo arr [value];
}
Another syntax is
foreach (arrayname as key=>value)
{
echo key’-‘value (or) echo “key-value”;
}
Ex : foreach.php
<?php
$a = array("Name"=>"Rajesh","Age"=>30);
/*foreach(arrayname as value){
echo arr[value];
}*/
foreach($a as $v){
echo $v,'<br>';
}echo '<hr>';
/*foreach(arrayname as key=>value){
echo key,' - ',value;
}*/
foreach($a as $k=>$v){

90

echo "$k - $v<br>";
//echo $k,' - ',$v,'<br>';
}
?>

Functions :
Functions are case in-sensitive.Once function can be declare con’t be
re-declare in the program.
The real power of PHP comes from its functions.
In PHP, there are more than 700 built-in functions.
To keep the script from being executed when the page loads, you can
put it into a function.
A function will be executed by a call to the function.
You may call a function from anywhere within a page.
 Give the function a name that reflects what the function does
 The function name can start with a letter or underscore (not a
number)
Syntax:
function function name (arg)
{
//code
Return value
}
There are mainly 8 kinds of functions in php

91

1. Conditional Function : A function which is enclose inside
condition is considered as conditional function
Ex : conditional.php
<?php
if(false){
function test(){
echo "I am a Conditional Function <br>";
}
}
@test();

2. Variable Function : When a function name is told In variable.
Variable can be used for excuting the function in a place of function
name
Ex : variables.php
?php
function test(){
echo "I am a Variable Function <br>";
}
test();
$a = 'test';
echo $a;echo '<br>';
$a();
$a();

3. Function Function : Function is define inside another function is
called as function-function.

92

Ex : function's function.php
<?php
Function parent f(){
echo “iam write the function function<br>”;
If(!function_exists(childF))
{
function child F()
{
echo “I need some one to open parent file for me to excute<br>”;
}
}
}
Parent F();
Child F();
Parent F()’
?>

4. Function with arguments : Function can be defined with one (or)
more arguments. If arguments are not passed then it creates warning
in the program
Ex :
<?php
function test($x,$y){
echo 'The Value of $x = ',$x,'<br>';
echo 'The Value of $y = ',$y,'<br>';
}

93

test('Raj','Kiran');
test(10,20);
test('Amith');
test();
?>

5. default argument : A function at the time of a declaration if
argument are assign with some values they will be treated as optional
(or) default argument value and they can be passed with value (or)
can left without passing the value. Works at the side default argument
must be passing last in the program at the argument list
Ex :
<?php
function test($x=10,$y=20){
echo 'The Value of $x = ',$x,'<br>';
echo 'The Value of $y = ',$y,'<br>';
}
test(100,200);
test('Raj','Kiran');
test();
?>

6. Overloaded argument : A function can be define with argument
(or) that the defined arguments they are still acknowledge inside the
function using various pre-defined function
i) func_num_args() : return the total number of arguments which are
passed in the function

94

ii) func_get_args() : return the array with all the arguments with the
function
iii) func_get_args(position) : return the argument value at the
specified position
Ex :
<?php
function test(){
echo "<h1>Overloaded Concept</h1>";
echo 'The Overloaded Length = ',func_num_args(),'<br>';
print_r(func_get_args());
echo '<hr>';
for($i=0;$i<func_num_args();$i++){
echo 'Index at : ',$i,' - ',func_get_arg($i),'<br>';
}
echo '<hr><h1>For Each Method</h1>';
$y = func_get_args();
foreach($y as $k=>$v){
echo "$k => $v<br>";
}
}
test(10,20,'Rajesh');

7. Function with Return value : Return key-word can be stop the
execution of the function.Return key-word can optionally followed
with a value which is return variable.Whenever a function is valid
another one value con’t be passed after the return statement multiple
value con’t be club as array (or) object and con’t be return wherever a
function is called.

95

Ex :
<?php
function test(){
echo "This is Return Information<br>";
//return 10;
echo "I am second info<br>";
return = 82;
echo "I am second info<br>";
}
test();
$y = test();
echo $y;
//echo $y;

8. i) arguments passed by value : When an argument passed by
value any change for the value inside the function owned be reflected
in the variable outside the function
ii) Arguments passed by reference : When an argument passed by
resource and change for the inside with be refer to the variable outside
the function
Ex :
<?php
function test($x,&$y){
$x +=2;
$y +=10; // $y = $y+10;
echo 'The Value of $x = ',$x,'<br>';

96

echo 'The Value of $y = ',$y,'<br>';
}
$a = 5;
$b = 10;
echo '$a = ',$a,'<br>';//5
echo '$b = ',$b,'<br>';//10
test($a,$b);
echo '$a = ',$a,'<br>';//5
echo '$b = ',$b,'<br>';//10
?>

Built-in Functions :
a)Math Functions :
Ex :
<?php
echo 'Math Pi Value = ',M_PI,'<br>';
echo 'Math Pi Value = ',M_PI_2,'<br>';
echo 'Math Pi Value = ',M_PI_4,'<br>';
echo 'Eulers Constant = ',M_E,'<br>';
echo 'SQRT 2 = ',M_SQRT2,'<br>';
echo 'SQRT 2 = ',M_SQRT1_2,'<br>';
echo 'Log of 2 = ',log(2),'<br>';
echo 'Log base 10 of 2 = ',log10(2),'<br>';
echo 'Absolute Value = ',abs(-9),'<br>';
echo 'Exponent of 1 = ',exp(2),'<br>';

97

echo 'pi() = ',pi(),'<br>';
echo 'ceil value = ',ceil(2.1111),'<br>';
echo 'Floor Value = ',floor(2.9999),'<br>';
echo 'round = ',round(2.51458),'<br>';
echo 'round = ',round(2.51558,2),'<br>';
echo 'rad2deg(M_PI) = ',rad2deg(M_PI),'<br>';
echo 'rad2deg(M_PI) = ',rad2deg(M_PI_2),'<br>';
echo 'rad2deg(M_PI) = ',rad2deg(M_PI_4),'<br>';
echo 'deg2rad = ',deg2rad(180),'<br>';
echo 'sin 90 = ',sin(M_PI_2),'<br>';
echo 'tan 45 = ',tan(M_PI_4),'<br>';
echo 'hypot value = ',hypot(3,4),'<br>';
echo 'rand(min,max) = ',rand(100,1000),'<br>';
echo 'min value = ',min(10,20,30),'<br>';
echo 'max Value = ',max(2.999,2.998),'<br>';
?>

b)Date & Time Functions :
Date : date is the pre-defined constant in php. It will generate current
date according to the number of arguments passed.
Mktime : Which can have arguments (hr, min, sec, month, day, year)
unique time stamp.
Check date() : Let us known the validate in a year
j----> represents day of the month without leading zeros
l---->view letter represents of the day of the way
L---> whether it’s a leap year (or) not

98

W---> week number of year weeks starts from Monday
w----> numerical represents of day of the way 0 for Monday through
6 for Saturday
S---> English original safix for the day of the month two character ex:
-st ,nd, rd,th
F----> a full representation of the month such as January (or) March
M---> short representation of the month such as jan (or) mar
m---> numerical representation of the month with leading zero’s
means 0-12
n---> numerical representation of month without zero’s which is 1-12
d---> number of days given in a month 28 (or) 31
y---> two digits representation of a year
Y---> it is representation of the full year

Time : Number of milliseconds sec right from unique time stamp
a---> lowercase ante meridiem and post meridiem
A---> uppercase ante meridiem and post meridiem
B---> swatch internet time
g---> 12- hours format of an hour without leading zeros
G---> 24- hour format of an hour without leading zeros
h---> 12- hours format of an hour with leading zeros
H--->24- hours format of an hour with leading zeros
i---> minutes with leading zero’s
s---> seconds with leading zero’s
u---> microseconds (added in php 5.2.2)

99

Ex :
<?php
echo 'Time zone set to : ',@date_default_timezone_get(),'<br>';
date_default_timezone_set('America/Denver');
echo 'Time zone set to : ',@date_default_timezone_get(),'<br>';
echo 'Today Date : ',@date("M-dS-Y, h:i:s a"),'<br><hr>';
date_default_timezone_set('America/Los_Angeles');
echo 'Time zone set to : ',@date_default_timezone_get(),'<br>';
echo 'Today Date : ',@date("M-dS-Y, h:i:s a"),'<br><hr>';
date_default_timezone_set('Asia/Calcutta');
echo 'Time zone set to : ',@date_default_timezone_get(),'<br>';
echo 'Today Date : ',@date("M-dS-Y, h:i:s A"),'<br><hr>';
var_dump(checkdate(02,29,1975));
echo '<hr>No of milliseconds from Unix time Constant ',time(),'<br>';
echo '<hr>Feature Date & time <br>';
echo 'Event is on : ',(date("M-dS-Y, h:i:s
a",mktime(7,9,52,8,23,2012))),'<br><hr>';
echo date('Y');
?>

c)Array built-in Functions :
<?php
$a = array(10,20,30);
function r($arr,$func=''){
if(!empty($func)){

100

echo "<h2 align='center'><u>$func</u></h2>";
}
foreach($arr as $k=>$v){
echo "$k = $v<br>";
}
echo '<hr>';
}
echo 'Array count = ',count($a),'<br>';
echo 'Size of = ',sizeof($a),'<br>';
echo 'Sum of Array = ',array_sum($a),'<br>';
echo 'Product of Array = ',array_product($a),'<br>';
$a =
array('Name'=>'Rajesh','Age'=>30,'Status'=>'Active','Email'=>'Raj@g
mail.com','Gender'=>'Male');
r($a,'Normal Array');
$b = array_change_key_case($a,CASE_UPPER);
r($b,'Upper Case');
$b = array_change_key_case($a,CASE_LOWER);
r($b,'Lower Case');
$b = array_flip($a);
r($b,'Array Flip');
$b = array_change_key_case(array_flip($a),CASE_UPPER);
r($b,'Array Flip Values');
$a = array('Doctor','Fruit','Software');
$b = array('Patient','Orange','PHP');

101

r(array_combine($a,$b),'Array Combine');
$a =
array('Name'=>'Rajesh','Age'=>30,'Status'=>'Active','Email'=>'Raj@g
mail.com','Gender'=>'Male');
echo '<h2 align="center">Array Chunk</h2>';
$b = array_chunk($a,3);
echo '<pre>';
print_r($b);
echo '</pre>';
$a = array(10,20,30);
$b = array(10,20,40,50);
r(array_merge($a,$b),'Array Merge');
r(array_intersect($a,$b),'Array Intersect');
r(array_diff($a,$b),'Array Diff');
$a =
array('[email protected]','[email protected]','[email protected]','sumit
@gmail.com','[email protected]');
r(array_unique($a),'Array Unique');
r(array_reverse($a),'Array Reverse');
$a = array(10,20,30);
array_unshift($a,5);
r($a,'Unshift Method');
array_shift($a);
r($a,'shift Method');
array_push($a,40);
r($a,'Push Method');

102

array_pop($a);
r($a,'Pop Method');
$ns = $ss = $as = $ks =
array('Name'=>'Rajesh','Age'=>30,'Status'=>'Active','Email'=>'Raj@g
mail.com','Gender'=>'Male');
r($ns,'Normal Array');
sort($ss);
r($ss,'Sorted Array');
rsort($ss);
r($ss,'Reverse Sort Array');
asort($as);
r($as,'Associative Sort Array');
arsort($as);
r($as,'Associative Reverse Sort Array');
ksort($ks);
r($ks,'Key Sort Method');
krsort($ks);
r($ks,'Key Sort Reverse Method');
echo "<h2 align='center'>array_key_exists , array_search ,
in_array</h2>";
$a =
array('Name'=>'Rajesh','Age'=>30,'Status'=>'Active','Email'=>'Raj@g
mail.com','Gender'=>'Male');
echo 'Do i have Email Feild :
',var_dump(array_key_exists('Gender',$a)),'<br>';
echo 'Do we have Value with some :
',var_dump(array_search(30,$a)),'<br>';

103

echo 'Do we have Value with some :
',var_dump(in_array('Male',$a)),'<br>';
$a =
array('Name'=>'Rajesh','Age'=>30,'Status'=>'Active','Email'=>'Raj@g
mail.com','Gender'=>'Male');
r(array_keys($a),'Array Keys Calling');
r(array_values($a),'Array Value Calling');
$str = 'Hey i am from India & my name is Praveen';
$b = explode(" ",$str);
//print_r($b);echo '<br>';
echo 'The Length of your total Words = ',count($b),'<br><hr>';
for($i=0;$i<count($b);$i++){
echo 'The index at ',$i,' = ',$b[$i],'<br>';
}
$a =
array('[email protected]','[email protected]','[email protected]','suresh
@gmail.com','[email protected]','[email protected]','[email protected]','
[email protected]');
print_r($a);
$b = implode(',',$a);
<br><br>
To : <input type='text' name='name' value='<?php echo $b;?>'
size='60'/>
<hr>
<?php
$a = array('born','child','teen','father','dead');
r($a,'Normal Array');

104

echo 'The Present Pointer is at : ',current($a),'<br>And the Key is at
',key($a),'<br>';
echo 'Next : ',next($a),'<br>';
echo 'The Present Pointer is at : ',current($a),'<br>And the Key is at
',key($a),'<br>';
echo 'Previous location : ',prev($a),'<br>';
echo 'The Present Pointer is at : ',current($a),'<br>And the Key is at
',key($a),'<br>';
echo 'End Value : ',end($a),'<br>';
echo 'The Present Pointer is at : ',current($a),'<br>And the Key is at
',key($a),'<br>';
echo 'The Present Pointer is at : ',current($a),'<br>And the Key is at
',key($a),'<br>';
echo 'Reset ',reset($a),'<br>';
echo 'The Present Pointer is at : ',current($a),'<br>And the Key is at
',key($a),'<hr>';
$a = array('Name'=>'Rajesh','Age'=>30);
r(Each($a),'Each Method');
r(Each($a),'Each Method');
$a = array('ram','processor','computer');
list($gb,$intel,$dell) = $a;
echo "$gb & $intel together makes $dell faster<br><hr>";
$str = "write some large text matter.";
echo $str,'<br><hr>';
echo '<h2>Wordwrap</h2>';
echo wordwrap($str,20,'<br>',true);
?>

105

d)String built-in Functions :
<?php
echo '<h2>';
$str = "lamp institute";
echo "Normal String = ",$str,'<br>';
echo "Length of String = ",strlen($str),'<br>';
echo "To Upper Case = ",strtoUpper($str),'<br>';
echo "To Lower Case = ",strtoLower($str),'<br>';
echo "Upper case First Word = ",ucfirst($str),'<br>';
echo "Upper case words = ",ucwords($str),'<br>';
echo 'Reverse = ',strrev($str),'<br>';
echo '<hr>';
echo 'Position of str = ',strpos($str,'t'),'<br>';
echo 'last Position of str = ',strrpos($str,'t'),'<br>';
echo 'Postion of str after t again = ',strpos($str,'t',9),'<br>';
echo 'Position insensitive = ',stripos($str,'lamp'),'<br>';
echo 'last position at t insensitive = ',strripos($str,'T'),'<br>';
echo 'strstr will extract the entire string : ',strstr($str,"In"),'<br>';
echo 'strstr will extract the entire string : ',stristr($str,"in"),'<br>';
$name = 'Rajesh Kumar';
echo "substr = ",substr($name,0),'<br>';
echo "substr = ",substr($name,7,4),'<br>';
echo "substr = ",substr($name,-5,-1),'<br>';
$url = 'http://www.google.com?status=active';

106

$url .= '&';
echo 'substr = ',substr($url,0,-1),'<br>';
echo 'replace = ',str_ireplace('lamp','Apache',$str),'<br>';
$a =
'abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWX
YZ0123456789';
echo str_shuffle($a),'<hr>';
echo substr(str_shuffle($a),0,12);
echo '<hr>';
$name = "O'henry";
echo $name,'<br>';
echo addslashes($name),'<br>';
echo stripslashes('O\'henry'),'<br>';
echo strip_tags("<b><i>Hi i am not feeling well</i></b>");
echo '<hr>';echo '<h2>';
$pwd = 'computer';
echo 'Original Name : ',$pwd,'<br>';
echo '<h1 align="center">One Way Encrypt</h1>';
echo 'Encrypt with MD5 = ',md5($pwd),'<br>';//32 char value
echo 'Encrypt with MD5 strict = ',md5($pwd,true),'<br>';//16 bit
binary format
echo 'Encrypt with sha1 = ',sha1($pwd),'<br>';//40 char vlaue
echo 'Encrypt with sha1 strict= ',sha1($pwd,true),'<br>';//20 binary
vlaue
echo 'Crypt = ',crypt($pwd),'<br>';
echo 'crypt salt = ',crypt($pwd,'d4'),'<br>';

107

echo '<h1 align="center">Encrypt & Decrypt Method</h1>';
echo 'encrypt = ',base64_encode($pwd),'<br>';
echo 'decrypt = ',base64_decode('Y29tcHV0ZXI='),'<br>';
echo '<h1 align="center">Url Encode & Decode</h1>';
$url = 'http://www.lamp.com?status=success&id=7&pid=20';
echo 'Original url = ',$url,'<br>';
echo 'encode = ',urlencode($url),'<br>';
echo 'decode =
',urldecode('http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lamp.com%3Fstatus%3Dsuccess
%26id%3D7%26pid%3D20'),'<br><hr>';
echo '<pre>';
$name = " Rajesh ";
echo 'My name is :',$name,'<br>';
echo 'My name is :',rtrim($name),'<br>';
echo 'My name is :',ltrim($name),'<br>';
echo 'My name is :',trim($name),'<br>';
echo '</pre>';
?>

PATH :
FILE : The full path and filename of the file. If used inside an
include, always contains an absolute path with some links
LINE : The current line number of the file.
DIR : The directory of the file.
Realpath : Returns absolute pathname
Basename : Returns filename component of path

108

Ex :
<?php
echo "File Information : ",__FILE__,'<br>';
echo "Base Name : ",basename(__FILE__),'<br>';
echo "Directory Name : ",dirname(__FILE__),'<br>';
echo "Directory Name : ",__dir__,'<br>';
echo "real Path : ",realpath(__FILE__),'<br>';
//echo "real Path : ",realpath('../..'),'<br>';
echo "Line NO : ",__LINE__,'<br>';
echo '<hr>';
$a = pathinfo(__FILE__);
//print_r($a);
foreach($a as $k=>$v){
echo $k,' = ',$v,'<br>';
}
?>

e)File Functions :
1) stat(file path) : This function Return an array with file information
2)is_file(file path) : Checks wheather the file exist or not & Returns
Boolean value.
3)file_get_contents(file Path) : Returns the file content as a string.
4)file_put_contents(fiel path,data) : Writes the content to the file
overwriting old content and if file does not exists, creates a new file &
adds the content.This function is introduced in 5th version.

109

5)file(file path) : Returns the file content as an array with each line in
the file at a particular index position.
6)filectime(path) : Creates the time of the file.
7)fileatime(file path) : Last access time of the path file.
8)filemtime(file path) : Last modified time of the file.
9)unlink(file path) : Removes the file from the location.
10)filesize(file path) : Returns the size of the file in bites
11)filetype(file Path) : Returns the type of the file (dir or file)
12)fopen(file path,mode) : Opens the file in the specified mode and
returns a file handler for handling the file.
13)fread(file handler, size) : Reads the file content from the current
file handler position upto the specified size.
14)$fp -> file Pointer ..The internal handler which is used for
handling the file.
15)fgetc(file handler) : Reads a single char in the string.
16)fgets(file handler) : Reads a single line from the file..
17)fgetss(file handler) : Reads a single line from the file stripping of
html tags in the file.
18)fwrite(file handler) : This function is used to write the content to
the file
19)ftell(file handler) : Returns the file handler position in the file
20)fseek(file handler) : Moves the file handler to the specified
position in the file
21)fclose(file handler) : Closes the File handler connection.

List of Modes :
r --> Read Mode
r+ --> Read and Write.

110

w --> Write Mode
w+ --> Write & Read.
a --> Append (also writing but without overwriting files)
a+ --> append & read.
x --> Creates a new file & write..
x+ --> Creat a new file for write and read.

rb,rb+,wb,wb+,ab,ab+,xb,xb+ are the modes to be used for binary
files.
Examples for above specified actions :
-----fileput.php
<?php
$file = 'a.txt';
file_put_contents($file,str_repeat("MOd ",5));
?>
-----create.php
<?php
$file = 'c.txt';
$fp = fopen($file,"x");
fwrite($fp," Created");
fclose($fp);
if(is_file($file)){
echo file_get_contents($file);
}
?>

111

-----write.php
<?php
$file = 'b.txt';
$fp = fopen($file,"w");
fwrite($fp,"Modified");
fclose($fp);
if(is_file($file)){
echo file_get_contents($file);
}
?>
-----read.php
<?php
$file = 'test.txt';
$fp = fopen($file,"r");
echo "Pos : ",ftell($fp),'<br>';
echo fread($fp,3),'<br>';
echo "Pos : ",ftell($fp),'<br>';
echo fgetc($fp),'<br>';
echo "Pos : ",ftell($fp),'<br>';
echo fgets($fp),'<br>';
echo fgets($fp),'<br>';
echo 'Pos : ',ftell($fp),'<Br>';
echo fgets($fp),'<br>';
fseek($fp,35);

112

echo fgetss($fp),'<br>';
fclose($fp);
?>
-----func.php
<?php
$file = 'test.txt';
var_dump(is_file($file));
echo '<br>';
echo "size : ",filesize($file),'<br>';
echo "Type : ",filetype($file),'<br>';
echo "Created : ",date("d-m-y h:i:s",filectime($file)),'<br>';
echo "Accessed : ",date("d-m-y h:i:s",fileatime($file)),'<br>';
echo "Modified : ",date("d-m-y h:i:s",filemtime($file)),'<br>';
echo file_get_contents($file),'<br>';
echo "<pre>";
print_r(file($file));
echo '<br>';
print_r(stat($file));
?>
-----append.php
<?php
$file = 'b.txt';
$fp = fopen($file,"a");
fwrite($fp,"Append");

113

fclose($fp);
if(is_file($file)){
echo file_get_contents($file);
}
?>
-----unlink.php
<?php
$file = 'a.txt';
unlink($file);
?>

f)Directory Functions:
1)getcwd() : Current working directory,
2)chdir(path) : Change current working dir to argumented path.
3)is_dir(path) : Checks wheather the argumented dir exist or not and
return Boolean value.
4)mkdir(dirname) : Makes a directory on the current working
location.
5)rename(old name,new name): Changes the name of the directory.
6)rmdir(dir name) : Removes the directory.
7)scandir(path) : Scan the directory and return the directory content
as an array. Returns an array with related path information.
-----getcwd.php
<?php
echo 'Cwd : ',getcwd(),'<br>';
$a = scandir('.',0);

114

foreach($a as $k=>$v){
echo "$k == $v<br>";
}
chdir('..');echo '<hr>';
echo 'Cwd : ',getcwd(),'<br><hr>';
$a = scandir('.',0);
foreach($a as $k=>$v){
echo "$k == $v<br>";
}
?>
-----mkdir.php
<?php
$dir = 'test';
if(!is_dir($dir)){
mkdir($dir);
echo "Directory is created";
} else {
echo "Directory already exists";
}
?>
-----rename.php
<?php
$dir = 'test';
$new = "modified";

115

if(is_dir($dir)){
rename($dir,$new);
echo "Directory name is $new";
}
else {
echo "Directory does not exists";
}
?>
-----rmdir.php
<?php
$new = "modified";
if(is_dir($new)){
rmdir($new);
echo "Directory is removed";
}
else {
echo "Directory does not exists";
}
?>
scandir.php
<?php
echo '<pre>';
var_dump(scandir('.'));
?>

116

Super Globals :
Difference between GET and POST :

GET POST
1.GET data transfers through URL. POST data is send
through request headers
2.GET is insecure POST is secure
3.File cannot be transfered using GET Files can be
transfered
4.Limited data can be send based on length We can send huge
data(8MB) which can be scaled
of URL supported by browser(2KB). up by using
POST_MAX_SIZE
5.It is fast It is not as fast as GET.
6.$_GET is used for accessing $_POST is used for accessing
the GET parameters the POST parameters
GET Ex :
-----get.php
<?php
if(isset($_GET['submit'])){
echo 'Name : ',$_GET['fname'],'<br>';
echo 'Email Address : ',$_GET['email'],'<br>';
$gend = ($_GET['gender'] == 'm')?'Male':'Female';
echo 'Gender : ',$gend,'<br>';
}

117

echo '<hr>';
echo urldecode($_SERVER['QUERY_STRING']);echo '<hr><br>';
?>
-----get.html
<form method='GET' action='get.php'>
Name : <input type='text' name='fname' value=''><br>
E-Mail : <input type='text' name='email' value=''><br>
Gender : <input type='radio' name='gender' value='m'> Male <input
type='radio' name='gender' value='f'> Female<br>
<input type='submit' name='submit' value='Register !'>
</form>
POST Ex :
-----post.php
<?php
if(isset($_POST['submit'])){
echo 'Name : ',$_POST['fname'],'<br>';
echo 'Email Address : ',$_POST['email'],'<br>';
$gend = ($_POST['gender']=='m')?'Male':'Female';
echo 'Gender : ',$gend,'<br>';
$a = $_POST['course'];
echo $a,'<br><hr>';
print_r($a);
}
echo '<hr>';
echo 'The query string : ',$_SERVER['QUERY_STRING'],'<br>';

118

?>
-----post.html
<form method='POST' action='post.php'/>
Name : <input type='text' name='fname' value=''/><br>
E-Mail : <input type='text' name='email' value=''/><br>
Gender : <input type='radio' name='gender' value='m'/> Male <input
type='radio' name='gender' value='f'/> Female <br>
Hobbies : <br>
<input type='checkbox' name='course[]' value='c'/> C-Language <br>
<input type='checkbox' name='course[]' value='p'/> PHP <br>
<input type='checkbox' name='course[]' value='j'/> Java <br>
<input type='submit' name='submit' value='Register'/>
</form>

Server Variables :
-----servervariables.php
<?php
echo 'Get Environment : ',getenv('os'),'<br>';
echo 'Environment Path : ',getenv('path'),'<br>';
echo '<hr>';
echo 'Document Root : ',$_SERVER['DOCUMENT_ROOT'],'<br>';
echo 'Http Host : ',$_SERVER['HTTP_HOST'],'<br>';
echo 'Referer : ',$_SERVER['HTTP_REFERER'],'<br>';
echo 'Method : ',$_SERVER['REQUEST_METHOD'],'<br>';
echo 'User Agent : ',($_SERVER['HTTP_USER_AGENT']),'<br>';

119

echo 'Name of Script : ',$_SERVER['SCRIPT_NAME'],'<br>';
echo 'Query String : ',$_SERVER['QUERY_STRING'],'<br>';
echo 'Remote Ip Address : ',$_SERVER['REMOTE_ADDR'],'<br>';
echo 'PHP Self : ',$_SERVER['PHP_SELF'],'<br>';
echo 'Request URL : ',$_SERVER['REQUEST_URI'],'<br>';
echo 'Script File Name : ',$_SERVER['SCRIPT_FILENAME'],'<br>';
?>
-----phpinfo.php
<?php
echo phpinfo();
?>
 Include_once and required _once : These both will include file
very first time and if already file has been included this will not
include for the second time.
 Defference between include_once & include : Include and
include _once will include the files. But if the path of the file is wrong
include and include_once will generate the wrong message and rest of
the code will be excuted.
Required and required_once : If location of the path is given
wrong this will through a wrong as well as path error and code gets
halted or the execution will be stop.
Ex : a.php
<style>
b{color:green;}
</style>
<b>I am included</b><br><hr>
<?php

120

$a = 10;
if(!function_exists('r')){
function r(){
echo 'I am in a.php and working fine<br>';
}
}
?>
b.php
<?php
include_once("a.php");
include("a.php");
include("a.php");
$b = 20;
echo 'The Value of $a = ',$a,'<br>';
echo 'The Value of $b = ',$b,'<br>';
r();
?>

Headers :
Headers are the information which are exchanged between client and
server for every request and response.
Headers are of two types.
a) Request Headers.
b) Response Headers.
a) Request Headers : These are send from client to server.

121

HTTP Request : GET/php7/info.php HTTP/1.1
Host : localhost
User_Agent : Mozilla/5.0
Accept : text/HTML, application/html
Accept_encoding: gzip,deflate
Connection : keep-alive
keep-alive : 115
Accept_char : ISO-88591-1 utf-8;q=0.7
Ex : apache_request_headers()

b) Response Headers : These are send from server to client.
X-powered-by : php/5.3.1
keep_Alive : timeout=5,max=100
connection : Keep_Alive
Transfer_Encoding : chunted
content_type : text/html
Ex : apache_response_headers()

HTTP Methods :
For every request from the client to server can be made through
various HTTP methods like
GET, POST, PUT, DELETE, HEAD
Headers can be send from php program to the server.
1. headers_list() : Returns an array to the list of the headers which
can be shared from server to client.

122

2. headers_sent() : Returns the boolean value above whether the
headers were send to the client or not.
3.header("<name>:<value>") : Header function should be used in
the page before any output is send to the page.
Header functions are used for redirection and for sending the output
and also for downloading of the files.
Php content in different formats(content type like
html,xhtml,images,pdf,flash,video etc).
Ex :
-----hrds.php
<?php
ob_start();
print_r(apache_request_headers()); echo '<hr>';
var_dump(headers_sent());
header("Name:Rajesh");
header("location:info.php");
print_r(headers_list());
echo '<hr>';
print_r(apache_response_headers());
?>
-----info.php
<?php
echo phpinfo();
?>

123

Downloading :
Step 1: Download of a file is done by sending few headers followed
with reading of source file from the server sending a content type
header.
header("Content-Type:<mine Type>");
pdf -> application/pdf.
html -> text/html.
jpg/png/gif -> image/(jpg || png || gif).

Step 2: Sending a content Disposition header which will tells the
browser to open the file or to ask the user about the file.

header("Content-Disposition:<mode>;filename=<filename>");

----->Inline
----->attachment
Step 3: Optionally we can sent content length header with the size of
the file.
header("Content-Length:<filesize(finename)>");

Reading the Original file :

readfile(<path of file>)  Reads the file Content and prints to the
browser.
Ex : download.php
<?php
$file="01.jpg";
$type="image/jpg";
$mode="inline";
header("Content-Type:".$type);
header("Content-Disposition:".$mode.";filename=".$file);
header("Content-Length:".filesize($file));

124

readfile($file);
?>
----down.php
mage down <a href="download.php"/>View Please</a>

File Uploading :

upload_tmp_dir(<path>) : default is set to c:\xampp\tmp. The
temporary location to which the file can be uploaded to the server.
upload_max_filesize : (<128>) The max size for a single file which
can be uploaded to the server -> max_file_uploads : 20.

Functions in upload :

copy of source destination : Copy the file from source location to
destination folder
is_upload_file(source path): Checks wheather file upload or not
and return boolean.
move_upload_file (<source path, destination>): Moves the file
from source location to destination location
Predefined variables: - $_FILES is predefined super global file
which will be loaded with the
Properties in file upload :
1. $_FILES[<file_field_name>]['name']: It returns the original
name of the uploaded file.
2. $_FILES[<file_field_name>]['tmp_name']: It returns the
temporary path to the uploaded file.
(It acts as the source path of the uploaded file in the program).
3. $_FILES[<file_field_name>]['size']: It returns the size of the
uploaded file in bytes.
4. $_FILES[<file_field_name>]['type']: It gives the MIME
(Multipurpose Internet Main Extension) type for the uploaded file.

125

5. $_FILES[<file_field_name>]['error']: It returns the error code
associated with the file upload.
If its value is configured to zero indicates no error.
Ex : testupload.php
<?php
if(isset($_POST['submit'])){
if(isset($_FILES['photo'])){
$src = $_FILES['photo']['tmp_name'];
$desc =
"pics/".getRandString(12).$_FILES['photo']['name'];
if(move_uploaded_file($src,$desc)){
echo 'Image saved successfully<br>';
} else {
echo 'Image not saved<br>';
}
}
}
echo '<hr>';
function getRandString($size){
$a =
str_shuffle('abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQ
RSTUVWXYZ1234567890');
return addslashes(substr($a,0,$size));
}
?>

126

-----test.php
<form action='testupload.php' method='POST'
enctype='multipart/form-data'/>
Upload Photo : <input type='file' name='photo'/> <input type='submit'
name='submit' value='Upload'/>
</form>

COOKIES :
Cookies are super global variables which can be stored at client
machine.
$_COOKIE: It is a predefined super global variable which can be
used for reading cookie data.
setcookie(<name>,<value>): It is a predefined function for creating,
updating or deleting the cookie variable at server machine.
cookie values are stored at the browser of client's machine
cookies are not safe for storing the information.
Every webbrowser is limited to a certain number of cookies to be
stored at the client's machine(~20).
Cookies information will be exchanged between the client and server
every request and response through headers.
If Cookie is once created can be accessed from the next request from
the server to the client but not in the same page.
setcookie(<name>,<value>,[<lifetime>],[<domain>],[<path>],[<secur
e protocol>])
lifetime: Timestamp upto which cookie must be active.
time()+24*60*60
domain: news.abc.com
gmail.com

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path: Default path is current working directory
/  Points to root directory
/abc  Cookie is shared with all files in abc folder
secure_protocol: If it is true then it will be exchanged with https
protocol otherwise with http protocol
Cookie can be created in two ways.
1. By creating cookie with empty value.
2. By creating the cookie in the past
Ex : create.php
<?php
ob_start();
print_r($_COOKIE);
setcookie('c',10,time()+3600);//set cookie
echo "<br>";
print_r($_COOKIE);
setcookie('c',88,time()+3600);//modify or update
echo "<br>";
setcookie('c',"",time()+3600);//delete
echo "<br>";
setcookie('c',"abc",time()-3600);//delete
echo "<br>";
?>
setcookie will sends a header to the server(No output is sent before
using.)
If output is started before it use output buffering.

128

SESSIONS :
It is used for maintaining the state of the user between his login and
logout. Session information is stored at the server machine and is
accessable with the pages where session is started.
$_SESSION is a predefined super global used for managing session
data.
Configuration Settings:
session.auto_start(OFF) : Controls whether the session must be
automatically started or not.
session.name=PHPSESSID: The default name at which session id is
stored at a client machine as cookie variable.
session.use_cookie(ON*/OFF): Using the cookies for storing the
session id value.
session.use_only_cookies: Using cookies only for storing the session
id.
session.use_trans_sid(0/1): Using a transferable session id through
URL.
session.gc_maxlifetime(1440(24minutes)): The maximum time for
which the session data can be maintaines when the user is idle before
sending to gc(garbage collector).
Functions in SESSIONS :
session_start(): Starts a new session for the user, if session already
axists uses the already existing session.
session_name[<optional_name>]: Gets or sets the name of the
session.
session_id(): It returns the session id created for the user. A session
id is a unique 32 character length alphanumeric value.
session_regenerate_id : Changes the session id to new one for the
user.

129

session_unset: Erases the session data for the user.
session_destroy: Session will be destroyed.
Ex : session.php
<?php
ob_start();
session_start();
echo 'Session Name : ',session_name(),'<br>';
echo 'Session Id : ',session_id(),'<br>';
echo 'Session Name : ',session_name('Rajesh'),'<br>';
echo 'Session Name : ',session_name(),'<br>';
echo 'Session generate Id : ',session_regenerate_id(),'<br>';
echo 'Generated Id : ',session_id(),'<br>';
echo 'Life time : ',(ini_get('session.gc_maxlifetime')/60),' mins<br>';
echo 'Session save Path : ',ini_get('session.save_path'),'<br>';
echo 'Cookie Save Path : ',ini_get('session.cookie_path'),'<br>';
$_SESSION['Name'] = 'Praveen';
$_SESSION['Email'] = '[email protected]';
print_r($_SESSION); echo '<hr>';
print_r($_COOKIE);echo '<hr>';
session_destroy();
echo 'Session Id : ',session_id(),'<br>';
print_r($_SESSION);
unset($_SESSION['Name']);echo '<hr>';
print_r($_SESSION);

130

echo '<hr>';
print_r($_COOKIE);
?>
Global Configuration Settings :
Understanding Configuration settings in PHP:

1) POST_MAX_SIZE : Max size of post data that a php will accept

2) magic_quotes_gpe : Escaping of " Quotations with a backslash for
the data which is sent through GET,POST,COOKIE & ENV
variables.Default value is set to ON.
3) Register_globals : Possible values are ON and OFF. By default is
OFF. Registering of super global variable as regular variables in this
page is controlled with this settings

4) variables_order : "GPCS";The order which superglobal variable
are loaded with the current working page

5) Register_long_arrays : ON or OFF
The availability of superglobals array with login array names used in
the older version of PHP is controlled with this settings.
6) file_uploads: ( ON) whether to allow HTTP Files to upload or not;
Buffer :
Buffering of the output before sending with browser can be handled
by using output buffering.
Configuration settings :
Output_buffering = 4096
Buffers the output upto 4KB and releases the output.
Functions :
ob_start() : Starts the buffering output if buffering is inactive.

131

ob_get_length : It returns the size of buffer content in the page
ob_flush() : It sends the buffer content to the browser.
ob_get_flush() : It returns the buffer content as a string and sends the
buffer to the browser.
ob_clean() : It clears the buffer and stops the buffering.
ob_get_clean : It cleans the buffer content and returns it as a string.
Note : Output buffering is used when we are working with sessions
using headers with in the page.
Ex : buffer.php
<?php
ob_start();
echo 'Line 01<br>';
echo 'Line 02<br>';
echo ob_flush(); //implicit_flush = Off;
header("Name:Rajesh");
//echo ob_get_length();
echo '<hr>';
echo ob_get_contents();
?>

132

133

MySQL
MySQL is a Open Source database server which is developed on top
of C & C++ Languages.
MySQL supports many programming & Scripting languages for
providing access to the data like C,C++,Java,.Net,PHP,PERL,Python
etc..
MySQL was initially developed by MySQL-AB Group of sweaden,
which was merge with Sun Microsoft system in Aug 8th, 2008..
MySQL Supports ANS Based SQL FOR Communicating with
database server MySQL will allow the SQL statement to get executed
through various channel like.
1) GUI Tools(Graphic user Interface),MySQL Administrator,
SQLyog, SQL etc
2) Web Based Tools(phpmyadmin, SQL ETC...)
3) Command Line Interface : Accessing local database Server Locally
4) Data : This is collection of information

Database : It is a collection of Data
DBMS :
DBMS stands for Data Base Management System.It Suggests the
internal Organization in Database Server.
DBMS is used for defining Structural architecture of data base and
internal organization of the data in Various types of DBMS.
1)HDBMS (Hierarchical Data Base Management System)
2)NDBMS (Network Data Base Management System)
3)RDBMS (Relational Data Base Management System)
4)ODBMS (Object Data Base Management System)

134

5)ORDBMS(Object Based Relational Data Base Management
System)

RDBMS :
In RDBMS db is considered as a collection of tables, each table is a
collection of records, and each record consists of collection of data set
(cols,rows).
E.F.CODD : 12 Rules of RDBMS..can be found at
(http://www.cse.ohio-state.edu/~sgomori/570/coddsrules.html)

Normalization :
5 Forms(1st three has to understood);
SQL : Structural Query Language which is used for Communicating
with data base Server.
Database Server : It is a Software which will receive the request in
SQL and sends the data as the response.
Eg: MySQL,Oracle,Sybase,Postgre SQL,DB2,MSSQL,MS AXIS
etc..

SQL:
a)DDL(Data Defination Language)
CREATE -------------|---> Database
|  Table
|
|
DROP ---------------|---> Database
|  Table
|
ALTER---------------|--->Used for Tables

135

|  ADD
|  CHANGE
|  DROP
TRUNCATE------------|--->TABLE

b)DML (Data Manipulation Language)
|  INSERT INTO
|  UPDATE SET
|  DELETE FROM
c)DRL (Data Retrivel Language)
|  SELECT |  WHERE <cond>
|  ORDERED BY <field-Name>
|  GROUP BY <field-Name>
|  LIMIT <start>,<end>
d)DCL (Data Controlling Language)
|  ADMIN ZONE
e)TCL (Transaction Control Language)
|  Giving Special Permission.

Data Base Level Query :
SHOW DATABASES  Return the List of Databases
CREATE DATABASE  <db_name> Creates a database if it is not
Existing.
a)USE <db_name>  Select a database for executing further Queries
in the Table.
b)DROP DATABASE<db_name>  Deletes the database from the
database server Completely with its Tables and data.

136

Table Level Query :
 SHOW TABLES[FROM <db_name>];
 CREATE TABLE <table_name> (<field_name>
<datatype>[<size>] <add_parementers> <field_info);
 ALTER TABLE <table_name> ADD <field_info>;
 CHANGE <field_name> <new_field_info>;
ALTER TABLE <table_name> DROP <field_name>;
RENAME <new_name>;(Renaming a Table)
 TRUNCATE <table_name>;
This will empty the table. Removes the complete data of
the table but the structure of table remains same in the database.
 DROP<table_name>; Removes the table data and its Structure;

Data Level Query :
Data manupulation Language:
INSERT INTO <tbl_name> [(<field_list>)] VALUES
[(<value_list>),(<value_list2),(value_list3)...];
 UPDATE <tbl_name> SET <field_name> = <new_value>
WHERE <cond>;
 DELETE FROM <tbl_name> WHERE <cond>;

Data Retrival Query:
 SELECT (* or <field_list>) FROM <tbl_name> [WHERE
<cond>] ORDER BY <field_name> ASC/DESC [GROUP BY
<field_name> LIMIT <start_index>[,<length>]];
Numerical Datatypes in MYSQL :
1) Tiny Int : [2pow8 -1] 0-255  UNSIGNED
[-128-127]  SIGNED

137

2) Small Int : 2 bytes [2pow16-1]  UNSIGNED
-32767 TO -32767  SIGNED
3) Mediun Int : 3 bytes [2pow24-1]
UNSIGNED int [16777215]
SIGNED int [-8388607]
4) Int : 4 bytes [2pow31-1]
SIGNED Int Range [2147483647]
5) BigInt : 8 bytes [2pow64-1]
0 - 1.84467440737096e+14 20digits
Size of integer will specify the total number of digits
Additional Parameter SIGNED OR UNSIGNED default Value is
SIGNED.
6) float(<no of digits>,<precision>) :
A small number with a floating Value .10POW38 0-24(falls in float)
7) Double(no of digits>,<precision>) :
A Large Number with a floating Decimal Point(25-5)
8) Decimal() : A double stored as a string, allowing for a fixed
decimal point.
9) Char() : A fixed Section from 0 to 255 character Long.
10) varchar() : A variable section from 0-255 char long.
Miscellaneous Types :
ENUM() : ENUM stands for Enumeration, which means that each
coloumn may have one of a specified possible Value.
Text : String Content 65kb for this size is needed.
medium text : 0 - 16777215 char (16mb) can be accomidated in
medium text..

138

long text : 0 to upto 4gb long text
ENUM :
ENUM is a Miscellaneous datatype . Enumeration field used for
storing Optional values among which one value can be selected while
inserting (0-65535) maximum number of optiona, which are allowed
all string values must be enclosed in "Quotations" while inserting.
Date Data types :
Date : YYYY-MM-DD
(0000-9999) allowed dates
Time : hh:mm:ss
Date & Time : YYY-MM-DD hh:mm:ss
TIME STAMP : Defaultly insert the current date and time values.
yyyymmdd hhmmss  14
yyyymmdd hhmm  12
yymmddhhmm  10
yyyymmdd  8
yymmdd  6
Year : 4-digits Year number ,all date values must be enclosed in
Quotations during the insertion.
Binary Data Types :
Binary : Fixed length binary content (similar to char)
Var binary : it is variable length binary content similar to varchar.
Blob : binary Large Object similar to text data type
Medium Blob : Similar to medium Text.
Long Blob : similar to Long Text.

139

Additional Parameters :
1) PRIMARY KEY : Atleast one field in a table must be declared as
primary key, it is UNIQUE it is by default an INDEX for the table. it
can't be NULL.
2) FOREIGN KEY: The field which establish a relation to the
primary key field of the table is foreign Key.
3) UNIQUE : The field apart from primary Key which needs to be
UNIQUE can be applied with this field..
4)CURRENT_TIMESTAMP : Predefined constant which can store
current time stamp value by default at the time of inserting the date or
time. On update current-time stamp it is used for adding current time
stamp at the time of updation.
5) AUTO_INCREMENT : Increase the value by one automatically
for every row record entry.

 Create
CREATE TABLE eg_user(Id SMALLINT(5) UNSIGNED NOT
NULL PRIMARY KEY AUTO_INCREMENT, EmailId
VARCHAR(100) NOT NULL UNIQUE, Pword CHAR(32) NOT
NULL, Gender ENUM('Male', 'Female') NOT NULL,DateOfBirth
DATE NOT NULL,RegisteredOn TIMESTAMP DEFAULT
CURRENT_TIMESTAMP, uStatus ENUM('Inactive', 'Active') NOT
NULL);
DESC eg_user;
DESCRIBE eg_user;
EXPLAIN eg_user;
 Inserting records
INSERT INTO eg_user (EmailId, Pword, Gender, DateOfBirth)
VALUES ('[email protected]', MD5('abc'), 'Male', '12-12-1980');

140

 List all records of table
SELECT * FROM table_name;
Inserting multiple records
INSERT INTO eg_user (EmailId, Pword, DateOfBirth, Gender)
VALUES ('[email protected]', MD5('1'), '1979-10-19', 'Male'),
('[email protected]',MD5('a'), '1980-5-12', 'Female'),
('[email protected]',MD5('ab'), '1972-6-10', 'Male'),
('[email protected]',MD5('AB'), '1989-12-12', 'Female');
 Modifying the record
UPDATE eg_user SET DateOfBirth='1980-12-8', uStatus='Active'
WHERE Id=1;
Deleting the record
DELETE FROM eg_user WHERE Id=5;
TRUNCATE TABLE tbl_name;

Example :
 Create emp table
CREATE TABLE eg_emp(
Id SMALLINT(5) UNSIGNED PRIMARY KEY
AUTO_INCREMENT,
Name VARCHAR(30) NOT NULL,
Salary DECIMAL(10,2) NOT NULL,
Location VARCHAR(50) NOT NULL) AUTO_INCREMENT=101;
Inserting Records
INSERT INTO eg_emp (Name, Salary, Location) VALUES
('Mr.A',5000, 'Hyd'),('Mr. B', 4500, 'Mumbai'), ('Ms. C', 6000,'Delhi'),
('Mr. D', 7000, 'Delhi'),('Mr. B', 5000, 'Hyd'),('Ms. E', 3000, 'Hyd');

141

Read records for only specified columns Name, location
SELECT Name, Location FROM eg_emp;
List emps with salaries < 5000
SELECT * FROM eg_emp WHERE Salary<5000;
List emps whose salary is either 3000, 5000, 4000, 7000
SELECT * FROM eg_emp WHERE Salary=3000 OR Salary=5000
OR Salary=4000 OR Salary=7000;
SELECT * FROM eg_emp WHERE Salary
IN(3000,5000,4000,7000);
List emps whose salaries are between 5000 & 8000
SELECT * FROM eg_emp WHERE Salary>=4500 AND
Salary<=8000;
SELECT * FROM eg_emp WHERE Salary BETWEEN 5000 AND
8000;
List users born between 1-1-1970 and 31-12-1980
SELECT EmailId, DateOfBirth, Gender FROM eg_user WHERE
DateOfBirth BETWEEN '1970-1-1' AND '1980-12-31';
SELECT CURRENT_DATE ;
SELECT CURRENT_TIME;
SELECT MONTH(CURRENT_DATE)
SELECT MONTHNAME(CURRENT_DATE);
SELECT WEEKDAY(CURRENT_DATE)
SELECT DAY(CURRENT_DATE)
SELECT DAYNAME(CURRENT_DATE)
SELECT EmailId, DateOfBirth FROM eg_user WHERE MONTH
(DateOfBirth) = 12;
SELECT COUNT(Id) FROM eg_user;

142

SELECT SUM(Salary) FROM eg_emp;
SELECT SUM(Salary) FROM eg_emp
WHERE Location='Hyd';
SELECT MAX(Salary) AS HighestSalary FROM eg_emp;
SELECT MIN(Salary) LeastSalary FROM eg_emp;
 Number of emps for every location
SELECT COUNT(*) TotalEmps, Location FROM eg_emp
GROUP BY Location;
 Number of emps for every location with salary > 4000
SELECT COUNT(*) TotalEmps, Location FROM eg_emp
WHERE Salary>4000
GROUP BY Location;
 List of locations with 2 or more emps having salary>4000
SELECT COUNT(*) TotalEmps, Location FROM eg_emp
WHERE Salary>4000
GROUP BY Location
HAVING TotalEmps>1;
Salary in descending order
SELECT * FROM eg_emp
ORDER BY Salary DESC;
//Salary in desc, with Id desc
SELECT * FROM eg_emp
ORDER BY Salary DESC,
Id DESC;

143

List second highest earner
SELECT * FROM eg_emp
ORDER BY Salary DESC
LIMIT 1,4;
 Create Another Table
CREATE TABLE brand(Id TINYINT(2) UNSIGNED PRIMARY
KEY AUTO_INCREMENT, BrandName VARCHAR(50) NOT
NULL);
INSERT INTO brand(BrandName) VALUES
('Adidas'),('Nike'),('Nokia'),('Titan'),('Lg');
CREATE TABLE category(Id TINYINT(2) UNSIGNED PRIMARY
KEY AUTO_INCREMENT,Name VARCHAR(50) NOT NULL);
INSERT INTO category(Name) VALUES
('Mobiles'),('TShirts'),('Jeans'),('Watches'),('Electronics'),('books');
CREATE TABLE products(Id SMALLINT(5) UNSIGNED
PRIMARY KEY AUTO_INCREMENT,Name VARCHAR(50) NOT
NULL,Amount DECIMAL(10,2) NOT NULL,in_Stock
TIMESTAMP DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP,c_id
TINYINT(2) UNSIGNED NOT NULL,b_id TINYINT(2)
UNSIGNED NOT NULL);
INSERT INTO products(Name,Amount,c_id,b_id) VALUES
('Smart watch',612.954,4,4);
SELECT * FROM products,category;
SELECT p.Name,p.Amount,c.Name FROM products p,category c;
SELECT p.Name Products,p.Amount,p.in_Stock,c.Name Category
FROM products p,category c WHERE p.c_id = c.Id;
SELECT p.Name Products,p.Amount,p.in_Stock,c.Name
Category,b.BrandName FROM products p,category c,brand b

144

WHERE p.c_id = c.Id AND p.b_id = b.Id ORDER BY Amount
DESC;

PHP by Default Support With Mysql library,,
PHP communication with Mysql can be Splitted int some steps like
1) Connecting to the Database
2) Selecting to the Database
3) Query the Database
4) Fetching the Records or Getting the records From Query or Query
String.
5) Close the Connection.

1) Connecting to the Database
 Among them We have
A) Normal Connection B) Persistance Connection
Normal Connection : Will be active for the Single Program, A
Normal Connection can be Closed by Using mysql_close();
mysql_connect('hostname','username','password');
B) Persistance Connection : A Persistance Connection is a
Permanent Connection Once establish it cannot be closed.
mysql_pconnect('hostname','username','password');

2) Selecting to the Database
mysql_select_db('dbname',[Optional Conn Handler]);
Selects the Argumented data as current data...
Error Handling in Database :
a)mysql_error() : Returns the last Error Message Occured with the
data base server.

145

b)mysql_errno() : Returns the last error code associated with the
mysql database Server.

3) Querying the Database :
a) mysql_query(SQL) : Executes the Query with the database server
and returns the Query Handler.
b) mysql_affected_rows : Returns the number of rows affected for
the last insert, Update or delete Query.
c) mysql_num_rows(Query handler) : Returns the number of
records in the resultant for the select Query .

4) Fetching the Records :
a) mysql_fetch_row(Query handler) : Returns a single record set
from the database server, as a numerical array and moves the query
handler to next record if record does not exist return false.
b) mysql_fetch_assoc(Query handler) : Returns the record Set as an
associative array with field names as its index position - if record does
not exist return false..
c) mysql_fetch_array(Query handler) : Returns the record set as an
array with numerical or associative or both arrays . Returns false if no
record found.
d) mysql_fetch_object(Query handler) : Returns the record set as
an object with field names as its values .

5) Close the Connection :
a)mysql_close : Close the connection with the data base.

There are 2 other functions in php.Which gives a message.
if not able to connect to database then we can read the message as
die('Message');
die(mysql_errno().' - '.mysql_error()); or exit;

146

147

OOPS

Class :
It is a collection of properties (variables) and methods.
Syntax :
class <class_name>
{
//code
}
[abstract|final] class <class_name>
{
//code
}

Property (or) member : A property or member of a class is an
identifier which is used for storing data which can be accessible
throughout the class.
<public|protected| private>[static] <var> =<value>;
Ex :
public $x=10;
protected $account_no=null;
static public $conv_rate=0.87;

Method :
A method is an action for a class (or) a method is a function inside the
class

148

Syntax :
[static][final|abstract][public*|protected|private] function
<fun_name>([args])
{
//code
}
Ex :
function getName()
{
return $this->name;
}

Object :
It is an instance of a class.Object is used for accessing class
properties(public). Object can execute methods(public).
Syntax :
<object>=new <class_name>[args];
It is the operator which is used for accessing class properties
and excuting class methods using an object
Ex :
<?php
class A
{
public $x=20;
public function test()
{

149

echo "Test function<br>";
}
}
$obj=new A;
var_dump($obj);
echo '$obj->x=',$obj->x,'<br>';
$obj->test();
$obj->x=21;
echo '$obj->x=',$obj->x,'<br>';
$obj2=new A;
echo '$obj2->x=',$obj2->x,'<br>';
?>

Constructor :
It is a predefined method which is automatically executed within the
class when a class is instantiated. Any argument must be passed to
the class at the time of instatiation.
constructor() : It is the predefined name which can be used for the
constructor in a class(php>=5.0). For PHP<5.0 version constructor
name must be similar to class name.
Ex :
<?php
class Human
{
public $name="ram";
public $age=0;

150

function getName(){
return $this->name;
}
function getAge(){
return $this->age;
}
function setName($n){
$this->name=$n;
}
?>
$this is a predefined variable which will be instantiated in a class
when an object is called.
$surya=new Human;
$surya->name='suryaprakash';
$surya->age=32;
$juli=new Human;
$juli->name='julia robert';
$juli->age=45;

Destructor (>=PHP 5.0) :
The method which will be automatically called when the class object
is uninitialised in the program.
destructor() : It is the prereserved name for the destructor.

Class constant :
const <name>=<value>;

151

Ex :
const X=10;
Class constants are case sensitive. They are suggested to begin with
uppercase.Class constants are specific in class, they must be unique
with in the class.

:: (Scope Resolution Operator):
It is used for accessing static properties,class constants and Executing
static methods.
Accessing the class constant :
Syntax :
<class_name>::<constant_name>
Self : self is a predefined keyword used for refering the same class
within the class in scope resolution operator convertion.
Parent : parent keyword refers to the parent class.
Ex : -
<?php
class Person {
private $name;
public function __construct($name) {
$this->name = $name;
}
public function getName() {
return $this->name;
}
public function getTitle() {

152

return $this->getName()." the person";
}
public function sayHello() {
echo "Hello, I'm ".$this->getTitle()."<br/>";
}
public function sayGoodbye() {
echo "Goodbye from ".self::getTitle()."<br/>";
}
}
class Geek extends Person {
public function __construct($name) {
parent::__construct($name);
}
public function getTitle() {
return $this->getName()." the geek";
}
}
$geekObj = new Geek("Ludwig");
$geekObj->sayHello();
$geekObj->sayGoodbye();
?>

Inheritance :
It inherites the properties and methods of a base class to an extended
class is known as inheritance.

153

Base class : A class from which properties and methods are inherited
to child class.Base class can be called as parent class or super class.
Extended class or child class or sub class : The class which inherits
the properties and methods from a base is known as an extended class
or child class or sub class.
Note : PHP supports multi-level inheritance but won't support
multiple inheritance.
Multilevel inheritance :
class A
{
}
class B extends A
{
}
class c extends b
{
}
Multiple inheritances :
class X extends Y,Z,W
{
}//wrong

Extends: A predefined key word which is used for inheriting a class.
Ex: -
class A
{
public $x=20;

154

function test()
{
echo "test method<br>";
}
}
class B extends a
{
}
$b=new B;
echo $b->test();

Overriding :
Redeclaring a method in the base class with the extended class is
known as overriding.
Encapsulation :
Hiding of the properties and methods of a class using access specifiers
(public,private and protected) is known as Encapsulation.
Access Specifiers :
These are prereserved keywords which are used for controlling the
visibility of properties and methods.They are public,protected and
private.
Public : A Public property or method which can be accessed or
executed through the object and method of same class or through the
method of extended class.
Protected : A Protected property or method which can be accessed
through method of same class or extended class(They are not
accessible through object of same class or extended class).

155

Private : A Private property or method which can be accessed
through the method of same class.(It cannot be accessed through
object of parent or child class and through method of child class).
|object of |Method of | Object of | Method of |
|same class |same class |extended class |Extended class |
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Public | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Protected | No | Yes | No | Yes |
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Private | No | Yes | No | No |
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Ex :
<?php
class A{
public $pub="public property<br>";
protected $pro="protected property<br>";
private $pri="private property<br>";
public function pub()
{
"public Method<br>";
}
protected function pub()
{
"protected Method<br>";

156

}
private function pub()
{
"private Method<br>";
}
function accessAll()
{
echo "<b>Method of same class</b><br>";
echo $this->pub;
echo $this->pro;
echo $this->pri;
echo $this->pub();
echo $this->pro();
echo $this->pri();
}
}
class B extends A{
function accessAllB{
echo "<hr><b>Method of Extended class</b><br>";
echo $this->pub;
echo $this->pro;
echo $this->pri; //no
echo $this->pub();
echo $this->pro();

157

echo $this->pri();//no
}
}
$a=new A;//Object of same class
echo "<b>Object of same class</b><br>";
echo $a->pub;
echo $this->pro; //no
echo $this->pri; //no
echo $this->pub();
echo $this->pro();//no
echo $this->pri();//no
$a->accessAll();
$b=new B; //Object of extended class
echo "<b>Object of extended class</b><br>";
echo $b->pub;
echo $b->accessAllB();
?>

Static :
It is a predefined keyword used for declaring static properties or
methods. A property defined as static can be accessed through scope
resolution operator. It cannot be accessed through object instance. A
static method must be executed through scope resolution operator(::).
A static method should not use $this keyword inside its code.
Final : It is a predefined keyword used for specifying a class as final
or a method as final.

158

Final class : A class specified as final cannot be extended to other
class.
Final method: A method specified as final cannot be overridden in
extended class.
Abstraction : abstract is a predefined keyword which is used for
defining abstract class or method.
Abstract class : A class with atleast one abstract method must be
declared as abstract class. An abstract class cannot be instantiated
directly. An abstract class must be extended where abstract methods
must be implemented with the code. An abstract class can have
properties and constants. An abstract class should not contain private
methods.
Abstract methods : An abstract method should not contain body. An
abstract method cannot be private. abstract method must be declared
in its extended class along with its code.
Ex: -
<?php
abstract class a{
public $x=10;
const X=12;
function abs(){
echo "abstract method<br>";
}
}
class B extends A{
function abs(){
echo "abstract method of extende class<br>";
}

159

}
?>

Interface :
An interface is a collection of bodyless method without any access
specifier. An interface won't allows the usage of declaration of
properties or normal methods. An interface cannot be instantiated
directly whereas it can be implemented by a class. The class which
implements the interface must redeclare its bodyless methods in the
class. Multiple interfaces can be implemented by a class.
Implements : It is a predefined keyword which is used for loading an
interface to a class.

160

161

AJAX

AJAX stands for Asynchronous JavaScript And XML. It is a client
side JavaScript method which is used for communication with the
server machine without any page refresh.
1. To achieve asynchronous communication between browser and
server
2. Updation of certain portions of the current webpage without
Reloading the entire webpage.
AJAX is introduced in 2000 by Microsoft,it became very popular
From 2005 onwards.
AJAX is a browser dependent client side coding which is used for
getting the dynamic content from the server for JavaScript event in
the WebPages.
AJAX communication will takes place in few steps.
1. Creating a cross browser compatible AJAX.
2. Opening the request to the server page.
3. Sending the request.
4. Checking the status of the request.
5. On compilation of request loading the responded content
at the target element.

Object in Internet Explorer :
new ActiveXObject('Microsoft.XMLHTTP');
new ActiveXObject('MSXML.XMLHTTP');
new ActiveXObject('MSXML2.XMLHTTP');
new ActiveXObject('MSXML3.XMLHTTP');
new ActiveXObject('MSXMLC.XMLHTTP');

162

Other than IE :
new XMLHttpRequest();

Opening Request :
if(window.ActiveXObject){
document.write("IE");
}
else if(window.XMLHttpRequest){
document.write("Other than IE");
}
else {
document.write("No Ajax support");
}

Open :
open(method,url,async,[user_name],[password]);
Ex : ajax.open("Get","getuser.php?id=2",true);

Sending the Request :
Send :
send(null|<parameters>)
Ex:-send(ajax.send(null);

Properties of AJAX :
a) Ready State :
0uninitialised(Ajax engine is created,connection is not established)
1initialised(open method will be called,connection established)

163

2sent(send method is called,request is sent to server)
3loading(request is under process)
4completed(response received,process by AJAX engine completed)

b) On ready state Change :
Predefined event which will be called whenever ready state property
value is updated.
Ex :
ajax.onreadystatechange=function(){
if(ajax.readystate==4)
{
document.write("ready state"<br>");
}
else
{
document.write("Not ready state<br>");
}
}

c) Status :
Here we will have the status code of the AJAX.
200-> successful
5xx->server issue
4xx->page issue
3xx->redirection

164

d) Response Text :
The information send from the server as text content.
ajax.responseText

e) ResponseXML :
Used for accessing response XML.
ajax.responseXML

Flow of AJAX based Application :
1. User action is performed on any of the HTML components Like
button, hyperlink, selectbox, textbox etc.
2. Certain JavaScript event is raised because of the above User action
3. Specific user defined JavaScript function is called to handle The
above raised JavaScript event.
4. In the above JavaScript function
 Logic is written to create Ajax engine
 Partial form data is gathered
 Callback (user-defined) function is set to
onreadystatechange Property of AJAX engine.
 URL is prepared along with every string
 Connection is established (open method is called)
 Request is sent to server (send () is called)
5. Request related response comes to AJAX engine as text or XML
data.
6. Once again callback function is called. Inside callback function
 Logic to take response received by AJAX engine using
JavaScript
 Logic is written to update certain portions of the
currentwebpages without reloading the entire webpage
with the receiver response.

165

166

JOOMLA

JOOMLA is a content management system. It is a CMS tool. It is
developed on php using mysql as its backend.JOOMLA is a object
oriented based tool which was developed on the Top of MVC
architecture. JOOMLA comes with various predefined templates,
components, modules, languages And plug-ins.
JOOMLA software is available in various versions. (JOOMLA1.0.x,
JOOMLA1.5.x, JOOMLA1.6.x).
JOOMLA software consists of two interfaces.
1. User interface (front end)
2. Admin interface (Backend)
1. User Interface : Front end is the actual website Which is shown to
the actual users of the website.
2. Admin interface : Backend is the interface Which is accessible
for the backend users for Managing the website with various actions.
User Management :
It allows the management of the Users to the website. Various types
of users are observed.
a)Front end users : Registered
b)Special users : Editor, Publisher
c)Backend users : Manager, Adminstrator, Super administrator.
Media Management :
It is used for managing media files in the software.
Section management :
Section : It is a top level hierarchy for content Classification. It
allows the management of sections.
Category management :

167

A category is the child category for a section used for sub classifying
the content.
Article Management :
It can be considered as a webpage In the site which can be classified
to a category Or a section.
Component : A component is a functional block in the Website
which can be considered as Database Interaction and can be loaded at
the main (center) Portion of the website.
Module : It is a functional block which can occupy various pre-
defined positions in the software like top,left,right ,user 1,user 2, …..
user n, footer etc. A module can be controlled for its display in One or
more pages.
Plug-in : A plug-in is a logical part which will Enhance the way in
which we will display the Content of the website.
Template management :
A template is a predefined Interface which is used for switching the
user Interfaces on the fly.
Language management :
JOOMLA supports multilingual Sites where we can install language
extension for Adding support with additional language.
www.joomla.org
Latest version is 1.7
Installation of JOOMLA :
1. Install joomla without sample data
2. Add all the users for each role
3. Create few categories
4. Create few articles.
5. Add the menu links for the articles category

168

6. Download free JOOMLA templates and install switch between the
templates.
7. Try to change logo of the template
8. Install the external modules and plug-ins
9. Activate free loaded modules and plug-ins.Check their
functionality
10. create a website with few links using JOOMLA

169

170

JQUERY

JQuery is a JavaScript framework which is used For writing less code
and doing more action . JQuery is developed on top of java platform
and it is used for creating rich website interface . JQuery is a fast and
concise JavaScript library . That simplifies HTML document
traversing , event Handling, animating and Ajax interaction for
Rapid web development . JQuery is designed to Change the way that
you write JavaScript.
www.jquery.com
Syntax :
$(selector).method

Special Effects :
Hide ()
Show ()
JQuery
JQuery documents
JQuery core selector
JQuery supports css page selector
Traversing
CSS
Effects
Events
AJAX : implements JQuery plug-ins
Use JQuery pop calendar
Write JQuery cursors
JQuery based tool tips

171

JQuery based light box
JQuery based form validations
JQuery based news agrigation using AJAX

THE END

172

 Javascrtipt_Interview_Quesions
 PHP_Interview_questions

173

Javascrtipt_Interview_Quesions

1) <script type="text/javascript">
x=4+"4";
document.write(x);
</script>
Output------?
a) 44
b) 8
c) 4
d) Error output
Ans: a
2) <script type="text/javascript" language="javascript">
var qpt = "Vempower Solutions";
var result = qpt.split(" ");
document.write(result);
</script>
a) Vempower
b) V,e,m,p,o,w,e,r, S,o,l,u,t,I,o,n,s
c) Vempower Solutions
d) VempoweSolutions

Ans: c
3) Is it possible to nest functions in JavaScript?
a) True
b) False

Ans: a

174

4) <script>
document.write(navigator.appCodeName);
</script>
a) get code name of the browser of a visitor
b) set code name of the browser of a visitor
c) None of the above
Ans: a
5) Which of the following is true?
a) If onKeyDown returns false, the key-press event is cancelled.
b) If onKeyPress returns false, the key-down event is cancelled.
c) If onKeyDown returns false, the key-up event is cancelled.
d) If onKeyPress returns false, the key-up event is canceled.
Ans: a
6) Scripting language are
a) High Level Programming language
b) Assembly Level programming language
c) Machine level programming language
Ans: a

7) <script language="javascript">
function x()
{
var s= "Good 100%";
var pattern = /\D/g;
var output= s.match(pattern);
document.write(output);
}
</script>

175

a) Good %
b) 1,0,0
c) G,o,o,d,%
d) Error
Ans: c
8) <script language="javascript">
var qpt="Sample String ";
alert(qpt.charAt(qpt.length-1));
</script>
a) p
b) e
c) g
d) Error

Ans: c

9) Are java and javascript the same?
a) NO
b) YES
Ans: a
10) Syntax for creating a RegExp object:
(a). var txt=new RegExp(pattern,attributes);
(b). var txt=/pattern/attributes;
Which of the above mentioned syntax will correct?
a) (a) only
b) (b) only
c) Both (a) and (b)
d) None of the above

176

Ans: c
11) <script language="javascript">
function x(z,t)
{
alert(x.length);
}
</script>
output:
?
a) Error
b) 2
c) 1
d) 3
Ans: b
12) What is mean by "this" keyword in javascript?
a) It refers current object
b) It referes previous object
c) It is variable which contains value
d) None of the above
Ans: a
13) In JavaScript, Window.prompt() method return true or false value
?
a) False
b) True
c) None of above
Ans: a
14) Math. round(-20.51)=?
a) 20

177

b) -21
c) 19
d) None
Ans: b
15) <script language="javascript">
function x()
{
var s = "Quality 100%!{[!!";
var pattern = /\w/g;
var output = s.match(pattern);
document.write(output);
}
</script>
a) %,!,{,[,!,!
b) Q,u,a,l,i,t,y,1,0,0
c) Quality 100
d) Error
Ans: b
16) <script type="text/javascript" language="javascript">
var qpt= new Array();
qpt[0] = "WebDevelopment";
qpt[1]="ApplicationDevelopment"
qpt[2]="Testing"
qpt[3] = "Vempower Solutions";
document.write(qpt[0,1,2,3]);
</script>
a) Error
b) Vempower Solution
c) WebDevelopment
d) WebDevelopmnet,ApplicationDevelopment,Testing,Vempower
Solutions

178

Ans: b
17) parseFloat(9+10)=?
a) 19
b) 910
c) None
Ans: c
18) <script language="javascript">
function x()
{
document.write(2+5+"8");
}
</script>
a) 258
b) Error
c) 7
d) 78
Ans: d
19) In Javascript, Which of the following method is used to evaluate
the regular expression?
a) eval(2*(3+5))
b) evaluate(2*(3+5))
c) evalu(2*(3+5))
d) None of the above
Ans: a
20) <script language="javascript">
function x()
{
var s= "quality 100%";

179

var pattern = /\d/g;
var output= s.match(pattern);
document.write(output);
}
</script>
a) 100
b) 1,0,0
c) q,u,a,l,i,t,y,%
d) Error
Ans: b
21) <script type="text/javascript" language="javascript">

qpt=((45%2)==0)? "hello" : "bye";
document.write(qpt);
</script>
a) hello
b) bye
c) Error in string handling
d) None of the above
Ans: b
22) How do you create a new object in JavaScript?
a) var obj = {};
b) var obj = Object();
c) var obj=new {};
d) None of the above
Ans: a
23) In Javascript, What does isNaN function do ?
a) Return true if the argument is not a number.
b) Return false if the argument is not a number.

180

c) Return true if the argument is a number.
d) None of the above
Ans: a
24) Which of the following properties hold the values of the pixels of
the length of the width and height of the viewer's screen resolution?
a) screen.width and screen.height
b) Resolution.width and Resolution.height
c) screen.pixels.width and screen.pixels.height
d) ViewerScreen.width and ViewerScreen.height
Ans: a
25)How to assign a function to a variable with the JavaScript
Function contructor ?
a) var f=Function("x","y","return x+y");
b) var f=Function(x,y){ return x+y;}
c) var f= new Function("x", "y", "return x + y");
Ans: b
26) In JavaScript, Window.alert() is used to allow user to enter
something
a) True
b) False
c) None of above
Ans: b
27) Is Javascript has any date data type?
a) Yes
b) No
Ans: b

181

28) ?_name is it valid javascript identifier?
a) Yes
b) No
Ans: a
29) <script type="text/javascript" language="javascript">
var qpt="V-Empower Solutions ";
var result =qpt.lastIndexOf("s");
document.write(result);
</script>
a) -1
b) 18
c) 17
d) 19
Ans: 18
30) <script language="javascript">
function sum(x)
{
function add(y)
{
return x+y;
}
return add;
}
function callme() { result=sum(5)(5); alert(result); }
</script>

If you call the function callme(), what will happen ?
a) 10
b) Error in calling Function
c) 5

182

d) None of the above
Ans: a
31) <script type="text/javascript">
document.write("<h1>This is a heading</h1>");
document.write("<p>This is a paragraph.</p>");
document.write("<p>This is another paragraph.</p>");
</script>
Can you write HTML tag inside the javascript ?
a) No
b) Yes
c) Impossible
Ans: b
32) How to speicfy the color of the hypertext links with JavaScript ?
a) document.linkColor="#00FF00";
b) document.LColor="#00FF00";
c) document.LinkC="#00FF00";
d) document.hyperTextLink="#00FF00":
Ans: a
33) ------------- converts a string to floating point numbers.
a) eval
b) ParseInt
c) ParseFloat
d) None
Ans: c
34) In Javascript, Which of the following method is used to find out
the character at a position in a string?
a) charAt()

183

b) CharacterAt()
c) CharPos()
d) characAt()
Ans: a
35) <script type="text/javascript" language="javascript">

var qpt = "V-Empower Solutions";
var result =qpt.substring(7,8);
document.write(result);
</script>
36) What are the following looping structures are available in
javascripts?
a) for,forecach
b) foreach,whileloop
c) do-while loop,foreach
d) for , while loop
Ans: d
37) Which of these is not a method of the Math object?
a) atan()
b) atan2()
c) eval()
d) acos()
Ans: c
38) <script type="text/javascript">
var s = "9123456 or 80000?";
var pattern = /\d{4}/;
var output = s.match(pattern);
document.write(output);
</script>

184

a) 9123
b) 91234
c) 80000
d) None of the above
Ans: a
39) In javascript, RegExp Object Method test() is used to search a
string and returns
a) true or false
b) found value
c) index
d) None of the above
Ans: a
40) What property would you use to redirect a visitor to another page?
a) document.URL
b) window.location.href
c) .document.location.href
d) link.href
Ans: c
41) -------------- method is used to remove focus from the specified
object.
a) blur()
b) focus()
c) None
Ans: a
42)Javascript is a ________ typed language.
a) tightly

185

b) loosely
Ans: b
43)Choose the built-in object:
a) Password
b) Math
c) Link
d) Hidden
Ans: b
44)Choose the object(s) associated with the onFocus event handler:
a) Password
b) Hidden
c) Both
d) Neither
Ans: a
45)Choose the object(s) associated with the onKeyPress event
handler:
a) Document
b) Layer
c) Both
d) Neither
Ans: a
46)Choose the best pattern for the string: 840-21-3688
a) /\d+-\d{2,}-?\d*/
b) /\w+-\w+-\w+/
c) /\d+\d+\d+/
d) /\d+-\d?-\d+/

186

Ans: a
47) Which would JavaScript assign to an uninitialized variable?
a) NaN
b) null
c) undefined
d) false
Ans: c
48)Which is not a built-in function?
a) parseInt()
b) exec()
c) eval()
d) parseFloat()
Ans: b
49)Seek the truth about setTimeOut():
a) The statement(s) it executes run(s) only once.
b) It pauses the script in which it is called.
c) clearTimeOut() won't stop its execution.
d) The delay is measured in hundredths of a second.
Ans: a
50)How do you call a function named "myFunction"?
a) call function myFunction
b) myFunction()
c) call myFunction()
Ans: c
51) What is the correct JavaScript syntax for opening a new window
called "window2" ?
a)new("http://www.w3schools.com","window2")

187

b)new.window("http://www.w3schools.com","window2")
c)window.open("http://www.w3schools.com","window2")
d)open.new("http://www.w3schools.com","window2")
Ans: c
52)How do you find the client's browser name?
a)client.navName
b)browser.name
c)navigator.appName
Ans: c
53) Semicolons are optional at the end of a JavaScript statement.
a)True
b)False
Ans: a
54)Which of the following are capabilities of functions in JavaScript?
a) Return a value
b) Accept parameters and Return a value
c) Accept parameters
d) None of the above
Ans: c
55)Which popup box you use when want a value from user before
open a page?
a) alert("Write some text here")
b) confirm("Write some text here")
c) prompt("Write here some text")
d) None of the above
Ans: c
56)What is the correct way to write a JavaScript array?
a) var txt = new Array("tim","kim","jim")
b) var txt = new Array="tim","kim","jim"
c) var txt = new Array:1=("tim")2=("kim")3=("jim")
d) var txt = new Array(1:"tim",2:"kim",3:"jim")
Ans: a
57) How to submit form data with javascript?

188

a) document.formname.submit();
b) submit()
c) document.submit()
d)None of the above
Ans: a
58) When a user views a page containing a JavaScript program,
which machine actually executes the script?
a) The User's machine running a Web browser
b) The Web server
c) A central machine deep within Netscape's corporate offices
d) None of the above
Ans: a
59) Which of the following is not a valid JavaScript variable name?
a) 2names
b) _first_and_last_names
c) FirstAndLast
d) None of the above
Ans:a
60) To set up the window to capture all Click events, we use which of
the following statement?
a) window.captureEvents(Event.CLICK);
b) window.handleEvents (Event.CLICK);
c) window.routeEvents(Event.CLICK );
d) window.raiseEvents(Event.CLICK ); Ans: a
PHP_Interview_questions

Question: 1 Who is the father of PHP?

189

Answer: Rasmus Lerdorf is known as the father of PHP.
Question: 2 What is the difference between $name and $$name?
Answer: $name is variable where as $$name is reference variable
like $name=sonia and $$name=singh so $sonia value is singh.
Question: 3 How can we submit a form without a submit button?
Answer: 3 Java script submit () function is used for submit form
without submit button
on click call document.formname.submit()
Question : 4 In how many ways we can retrieve the data in the
result set of
MySQL using PHP?
Answer : 4 We can do it by 4 Ways
1. mysql_fetch_row.
2. mysql_fetch_array
3. mysql_fetch_object
4. mysql_fetch_assoc
Question : 5 What is the difference between mysql_fetch_object
and
mysql_fetch_array?
Answer : 5 mysql_fetch_object() is similar tomysql_fetch_array(),
with one difference -
an object is returned, instead of an array. Indirectly, that means that
you can only access the data by the field names, and not by their
offsets (numbers are illegal property names).
Question : 6 What are the differences between get and post
methods.
Answer : 6 There are some defference between GET and POST
method
1. GET Method have some limit like only 2Kb data able to send for
request
But in POST method unlimited data can we send

190

2. when we use GET method requested data show in url but
Not in POST method so POST method is good for send sensetive
request
Question : 7 How can we extract string "pcds.co.in " from a
string "http://[email protected] using regular expression of PHP?
Answer : 7
preg_match("/^http:\/\/.+@(.+)$/","http://[email protected]",$matches)
;
echo $matches[1];
Question : 8 How can we create a database using PHP and
MySQL?
Answer : 8 We can create MySQL database with the use of
mysql_create_db("Database Name") .
Question : 9 What are the differences between require and
include?
Answer : 9 Both include and require used to include a file but when
included file not found Include send Warning where as Require send
Fatal Error .
Question : 10 Can we use include ("xyz.PHP") two times in a
PHP page "index.PHP"?
Answer : 10 Yes we can use include("xyz.php") more than one time
in any page. but it create a prob when xyz.php file contain some
funtions declaration then error will come for already declared function
in this file else not a prob like if you want to show same content two
time in page then must incude it two time not a prob.
Question : 11 What are the different tables(Engine) present in
MySQL, which one is default?
Answer : 11 Following tables (Storage Engine) we can create.
1. MyISAM(The default storage engine IN MYSQL Each MyISAM
table is stored on disk in three files. The files have names that begin
with the table name and have an extension to indicate the file type. An
.frm file stores the table format. The data file has an .MYD (MYData)

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extension. The index file has an .MYI (MYIndex) extension. )
2. InnoDB(InnoDB is a transaction-safe (ACID compliant) storage
engine for MySQL that has commit, rollback, and crash-recovery
capabilities to protect user data.)
3. Merge
4. Heap (MEMORY)(The MEMORY storage engine creates tables
with contents that are stored in memory. Formerly, these were known
as HEAP tables. MEMORY is the preferred term, although HEAP
remains supported for backward compatibility. )
5. BDB (BerkeleyDB)(Sleepycat Software has provided MySQL with
the Berkeley DB transactional storage engine. This storage engine
typically is called BDB for short. BDB tables may have a greater
chance of surviving crashes and are also capable of COMMIT and
ROLLBACK operations on transactions)
6. EXAMPLE
7. FEDERATED (It is a storage engine that accesses data in tables of
remote databases rather than in local tables. )
8. ARCHIVE (The ARCHIVE storage engine is used for storing
large amounts of data without indexes in a very small footprint. )
9. CSV (The CSV storage engine stores data in text files using
comma-separated values format.)
10. BLACKHOLE (The BLACKHOLE storage engine acts as a
"black hole" that accepts data but throws it away and does not store it.
Retrievals always return an empty result).
Question : 12 What is use of header() function in php ?
Answer : 12 The header() function sends a raw HTTP header to a
client.We can use herder() function for redirection of pages. It is
important to notice that header() must be called before any actual
output is seen.
Question: 13 How can I execute a PHP script using command
line?
Answer : 13 Just run the PHP CLI (Command Line Interface)
program and
provide the PHP script file name as the command line argument.

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Question : 14 Suppose your Zend engine supports the mode <? ?>
Then how can u configure your PHP Zend engine to support
<?PHP ?> mode ?
Answer : 14 In php.ini file: set short_open_tag=on to make PHP
support .
Question : 15 Shopping cart online validation i.e. how can we
configure Paypal, etc.?
Answer : 15 Nothing more we have to do only redirect to the payPal
url after
submit all information needed by paypal like amount,adresss etc.
Question : 16 What is meant by nl2br()?
Answer : 16 Inserts HTML line breaks (<BR />) before all newlines
in a string.
Question : 17 What is htaccess? Why do we use this and Where?
Answer : 17 .htaccess files are configuration files of Apache Server
which provide
a way to make configuration changes on a per-directory basis. A file,
containing one or more configuration directives, is placed in a
particular
document directory, and the directives apply to that directory, and all
subdirectories thereof.
Question : 18 How we get IP address of client, previous reference
page etc?
Answer : 18 By using
$_SERVER['REMOTE_ADDR'],$_SERVER['HTTP_REFERER']
etc.
Question : 19 What are the reasons for selecting lamp (Linux,
apache, MySQL, PHP) instead of combination of other software
programs, servers and perating systems?
Answer : 19 All of those are open source resource. Security of Linux
is very

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very more than windows. Apache is a better server that IIS both in
functionality and security. MySQL is world most popular open source
database. PHP is more faster that asp or any other scripting language.
Question : 20 How can we encrypt and decrypt a data present in a
MySQL table using MySQL?
Answer : 20 AES_ENCRYPT () and AES_DECRYPT ().
Question : 21 How can we encrypt the username and password
using PHP?
Answer : 21 The functions in this section perform encryption and
decryption, and
compression and uncompression:
encryption Decryption
AES_ENCRYT() AES_DECRYPT()
ENCODE() DECODE()
DES_ENCRYPT() DES_DECRYPT()
ENCRYPT() Not available
MD5() Not available
OLD_PASSWORD() Not available
PASSWORD() Not available
SHA() or SHA1() Not available
Not available UNCOMPRESSED_LENGTH()

Question : 22 What are the features and advantages of object-
oriented
programming?

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Answer : 22 One of the main advantages of OO programming is its
ease of
modification; objects can easily be modified and added to a system
there
by reducing maintenance costs. OO programming is also considered
to be
better at modeling the real world than is procedural programming. It
allows for more complicated and flexible interactions. OO systems
are
also easier for non-technical personnel to understand and easier for
them to participate in the maintenance and enhancement of a system
because it appeals to natural human cognition patterns.
For some systems, an OO approach can speed development time since
many
objects are standard across systems and can be reused. Components
that
manage dates, shipping, shopping carts, etc. can be purchased and
easily
modified for a specific system.
Question : 23 What are the differences between procedure-
oriented languages and object-oriented language?
Answer : 23 There are lot of difference between procedure language
and object oriented like below
1>Procedure language easy for new developer but complex to
understand whole software as compare to object oriented model
2>In Procedure language it is difficult to use design pattern mvc ,
Singleton pattern etc but in OOP you we able to develop design
pattern
3>IN OOP language we able to ree use code like Inheritance
,polymorphism etc but this type of thing not available in procedure
language on that our Fonda use COPY and PASTE .
Question : 24 What is the use of friend function?
Answer : 24 Sometimes a function is best shared among a number of
different
classes. Such functions can be declared either as member functions of

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one class or as global functions. In either case they can be set to be
friends of other classes, by using a friend specifier in the class that
is admitting them. Such functions can use all attributes of the class
which names them as a friend, as if they were themselves members of
that
class.
A friend declaration is essentially a prototype for a member function,
but instead of requiring an implementation with the name of that class
attached by the double colon syntax, a global function or member
function of another class provides the match.
Question : 25 What are the differences between public, private,
protected,
static, transient, final and volatile?
Answer : 25 Public: Public declared items can be accessed
everywhere.
Protected: Protected limits access to inherited and parent
classes (and to the class that defines the item).
Private: Private limits visibility only to the class that defines
the item.
Static: A static variable exists only in a local function scope,
but it does not lose its value when program execution leaves this
scope.
Final: Final keyword prevents child classes from overriding a
method by prefixing the definition with final. If the class itself is
being defined final then it cannot be extended.
transient: A transient variable is a variable that may not
be serialized.
volatile: a variable that might be concurrently modified by multiple
threads should be declared volatile. Variables declared to be volatile
will not be optimized by the compiler because their value can change
at
any time.
Question : 26 What are the different types of errors in PHP?
Answer : 26 Three are three types of errors:1. Notices: These are
trivial,

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non-critical errors that PHP encounters while executing a script â€“
for
example, accessing a variable that has not yet been defined. By
default,
such errors are not displayed to the user at all â€“ although, as you
will
see, you can change this default behavior.2. Warnings: These are
more serious errors â€“ for example, attempting
to include() a file which does not exist. By default, these errors are
displayed to the user, but they do not result in script termination.3.
Fatal errors: These are critical errors â€“ for example,
instantiating an object of a non-existent class, or calling a
non-existent function. These errors cause the immediate termination
of
the script, and PHP's default behavior is to display them to the user
when they take place.
Question : 27 What is the functionality of the function strstr and
stristr? Answer : 27 strstr Returns part of string from the first
occurrence of needle(sub string that we finding out ) to the end of
string.
$email= '[email protected]';
$domain = strstr($email, '@');
echo $domain; // prints @gmail.com
here @ is the needle
stristr is case-insensitive means able not able to differentiate between
a and A.
Question : 28 What are the differences between PHP 3 and PHP 4
and PHP 5?
Answer : 28 There are lot of difference among these three version of
php
1.Php3 is oldest version after that php4 came and current version is
php5 (php5.3) where php6 have to come
2.Difference mean oldest version have less functionality as compare
to new one like php5 have all OOPs concept now where as php3 was
pure procedural language constructive like C
In PHP5 1. Implementation of exceptions and exception handling

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2. Type hinting which allows you to force the type of a specific
argument
3. Overloading of methods through the __call function
4. Full constructors and destructors etc through a __constructor and
__destructor function
5. __autoload function for dynamically including certain include files
depending on the class you are trying to create.
6 Finality : can now use the final keyword to indicate that a method
cannot be overridden by a child. You can also declare an entire class
as final which prevents it from having any children at all.
7 Interfaces & Abstract Classes
8 Passed by Reference :
9 An __clone method if you really want to duplicate an object.
Question : 29 How can we convert asp pages to PHP pages?
Answer : 29 there are lots of tools available for asp to PHP
conversion. you can
search Google for that. the best one is available
athttp://asp2php.naken.cc./.
Question : 30 What is the functionality of the function
htmlentities? Answer : 30 Convert all applicable characters to
HTML entities
This function is identical to htmlspecialchars() in all ways, except
with htmlentities(), all characters which have HTML character entity
equivalents are translated into these entities.
Question : 31 How can we get second of the current time using
date function?
Answer : 31 $second = date("s");
Question : 32 How can we convert the time zones using PHP?
Answer : 32 By using date_default_timezone_get and
date_default_timezone_set function on PHP 5.1.0
<?php
// Discover what 8am in Tokyo relates to on the East Coast of the US

// Set the default timezone to Tokyo time:

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date_default_timezone_set('Asia/Tokyo');

// Now generate the timestamp for that particular timezone, on Jan 1st,
2000
$stamp = mktime(8, 0, 0, 1, 1, 2000);

// Now set the timezone back to US/Eastern
date_default_timezone_set('US/Eastern');

// Output the date in a standard format (RFC1123), this will print:
// Fri, 31 Dec 1999 18:00:00 EST
echo '<p>', date(DATE_RFC1123, $stamp) ,'</p>';?>
Question : 33 What is meant by urlencode and urldocode?
Answer : 33 URLencode returns a string in which all non-
alphanumeric characters
except -_. have been replaced with a percent (%) sign followed by
two hex digits and spaces encoded as plus (+) signs. It is encoded the
same way that the posted data from a WWW form is encoded, that is
the same way as in
application/x-www-form-urlencoded media type.
urldecode decodes any %##
encoding in the given string.
Question : 34 What is the difference between the functions unlink
and unset?
Answer : 34 unlink() deletes the given file from the file system.
unset() makes a variable undefined.
Question : 35 How can we register the variables into a session?
Answer : 35 $_SESSION['name'] = "sonia";
Question : 36 How can we get the properties (size, type, width,
height) of an image using PHP image functions?
Answer : 36 To know the Image type use exif_imagetype () function
To know the Image size use getimagesize () function
To know the image width use imagesx () function
To know the image height use imagesy() function.

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Question : 37 How can we get the browser properties using PHP?
Answer : 37 By using $_SERVER['HTTP_USER_AGENT']
variable.
Question : 38 What is the maximum size of a file that can be
uploaded using PHP and how can we change this?
Answer : 38 By default the maximum size is 2MB. and we can
change the following
setup at php.ini upload_max_filesize = 2M.
Question : 39 How can we increase the execution time of a PHP
script? Answer : 39 by changing the following setup at php.ini
max_execution_time = 30
; Maximum execution time of each script, in seconds.
Question : 40 How can we take a backup of a MySQL table and
how can we restore it. ?
Answer : 40 To backup: BACKUP TABLE tbl_name[,tbl_nameâ€¦]
TO
'/path/to/backup/directory'. RESTORE TABLE
tbl_name[,tbl_nameâ€¦] FROM
'/path/to/backup/directory'mysqldump: Dumping Table Structure and
DataUtility to dump a database or a collection of database for backup
or
for transferring the data to another SQL server (not necessarily a
MySQL
server). The dump will contain SQL statements to create the table
and/or
populate the table.
Question : 41 How can we optimize or increase the speed of a
MySQL select
query?
Answer :
 First of all instead of using select * from table1, use select
column1, column2, column3.. from table1

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 Look for the opportunity to introduce index in the table you are
querying.
 Use limit keyword if you are looking for any specific number of
rows from the result set.
Question : 42 How many ways can we get the value of current
session id?
Answer : 42 session_id() returns the session id for the current
session.
Question : 43 How can we destroy the session, how can we unset
the variable of a session?
Answer : 43 session_unregister to Unregister a global variable from
the current
session session_unset to Free all session variables.
Question : 44 How can we set and destroy the cookie n php?
Answer : 44 By using setcookie(name, value, expire, path, domain);
function we can set the cookie in php ;
Set the cookies in past for destroy. like
setcookie("user", "sonia", time()+3600); for set the cookie
setcookie("user", "", time()-3600); for destroy or delete the cookies;
Question : 45 How many ways we can pass the variable through
the navigation between the pages?
Answer : 45.
 GET/QueryString
 POST
Question : 46 What is the difference between ereg_replace() and
eregi_replace()?
Answer : 46 eregi_replace() function is identical to ereg_replace()
except that
this ignores case distinction when matching alphabetic
characters.eregi_replace() function is identical to ereg_replace()

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except that this ignores case distinction when matching alphabetic
characters.
Question : 47 What are the different functions in sorting an
array?
Answer : 47 Sort(), arsort(),asort(), ksort(),natsort(), natcasesort(),
rsort(), usort(),array_multisort(), and uksort().
Question : 48 How can we know the count/number of elements of
an array?
Answer : 48 2 ways
a) sizeof($urarray) This function is an alias of count()
b) count($urarray)
Question : 49 what is session_set_save_handler in PHP?
Answer : 49 session_set_save_handler() sets the user-level session
storage functions which are used for storing and retrieving data
associated with a session. This is most useful when a storage method
other than those supplied by PHP sessions is preferred. i.e. Storing the
session data in a local database.
Question : 50 How can I know that a variable is a number or not
using a
JavaScript?
Answer : 50 bool is_numeric ( mixed var) Returns TRUE if var is a
number or a numeric string, FALSE otherwise.or use isNaN(mixed
var)The isNaN() function is used to check if a value is not a number.

Question : 51 List out some tools through which we can draw E-R
diagrams for mysql.
Answer : 51 Case Studio Smart Draw.
Question : 52 How can I retrieve values from one database server
and store them in other database server using PHP?
Answer : 52 we can always fetch from one database and rewrite to
another. here

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is a nice solution of it.$db1 = mysql_connect("host","user","pwd")
mysql_select_db("db1", $db1);
$res1 = mysql_query("query",$db1);$db2 =
mysql_connect("host","user","pwd")
mysql_select_db("db2", $db2);
$res2 = mysql_query("query",$db2);At this point you can only fetch
records from you previous ResultSet,
i.e $res1 But you cannot execute new query in $db1, even if you
supply the link as because the link was overwritten by the new db.so
at this point the following script will fail.
$res3 = mysql_query("query",$db1); //this will failSo how to solve
that?
take a look below.
$db1 = mysql_connect("host","user","pwd")
mysql_select_db("db1", $db1);
$res1 = mysql_query("query",$db1);
$db2 = mysql_connect("host","user","pwd", true)
mysql_select_db("db2", $db2);
$res2 = mysql_query("query",$db2);
So mysql_connect has another optional boolean parameter which
indicates whether a link will be created or not. as we connect to the
$db2 with this optional parameter set to 'true', so both link will
remain live.
now the following query will execute successfully.
$res3 = mysql_query("query",$db1);
Question : 53 List out the predefined classes in PHP?
Answer : 53 Directory stdClass __PHP_Incomplete_Class exception
php_user_filter.
Question : 54 How can I make a script that can be bi-language
(supports
English, German)?

203

Answer : 54 You can maintain two separate language file for each of
the
language. all the labels are putted in both language files as variables
and assign those variables in the PHP source. on runtime choose the
required language option.
Question : 55 What are the difference between abstract class and
interface?
Answer : 55 Abstract class: abstract classes are the class where one
or more
methods are abstract but not necessarily all method has to be abstract.
Abstract methods are the methods, which are declare in its class but
not
define. The definition of those methods must be in its extending
class.Interface: Interfaces are one type of class where all the methods
are
abstract. That means all the methods only declared but not defined.
All
the methods must be define by its implemented class.
Question : 56 How can we send mail using JavaScript?
Answer : 56 JavaScript does not have any networking capabilities as
it is
designed to work on client site. As a result we can not send mails
using
JavaScript. But we can call the client side mail protocol mailto
via JavaScript to prompt for an email to send. this requires the client
to approve it.
Question : 57 How can we repair a MySQL table?
Answer : 57 The syntex for repairing a MySQL table is
REPAIR TABLENAME, [TABLENAME, ], [Quick],[Extended]
This command will repair the table specified if the quick is given the
MySQL will do a repair of only the index tree if the extended is given
it will create index row by row.
Question : 58 What are the advantages of stored procedures,
triggers, indexes?

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Answer : 58 A stored procedure is a set of SQL commands that can
be compiled and stored in the server. Once this has been done, clients
don't need to
keep re-issuing the entire query but can refer to the stored procedure.
This provides better overall performance because the query has to be
parsed only once, and less information needs to be sent between the
server and the client. You can also raise the conceptual level by
having
libraries of functions in the server. However, stored procedures of
course do increase the load on the database server system, as more of
the work is done on the server side and less on the client (application)
side.Triggers will also be implemented. A trigger is effectively a type
of
stored procedure, one that is invoked when a particular event occurs.
For example, you can install a stored procedure that is triggered each
time a record is deleted from a transaction table and that stored
procedure automatically deletes the corresponding customer from a
customer table when all his transactions are deleted.Indexes are used
to find rows with specific column values quickly.
Without an index, MySQL must begin with the first row and then read
through the entire table to find the relevant rows. The larger the
table, the more this costs. If the table has an index for the columns in
question, MySQL can quickly determine the position to seek to in the
middle of the data file without having to look at all the data. If a
table has 1,000 rows, this is at least 100 times faster than reading
sequentially. If you need to access most of the rows, it is faster to
read sequentially, because this minimizes disk seeks.
Question : 59 What is the maximum length of a table name,
database name, and fieldname in MySQL?
Answer : 59 The following table describes the maximum length for
each type of
identifier.
Identifier
Maximum Length
(bytes)

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Database 64
Table 64
Column 64
Index 64
Alias 255
There are some restrictions on the characters that may appear in
identifiers:
Question : 60 How many values can the SET function of MySQL
take?
Answer : 60 MySQL set can take zero or more values but at the
maximum it can
take 64 values.
Question : 61 What are the other commands to know the
structure of table using MySQL commands except explain
command?
Answer : 61 describe Table-Name;
Question : 62 How many tables will create when we create table,
what are they?
Answer : 62 The '.frm' file stores the table definition.
The data file has a '.MYD' (MYData) extension.
The index file has a '.MYI' (MYIndex) extension.
Question : 63 What is the purpose of the following files having
extensions 1) .frm 2) .myd 3) .myi? What do these files contain?
Answer : 63 In MySql, the default table type is MyISAM.
Each MyISAM table is stored on disk in three files. The files have
names
that begin with the table name and have an extension to indicate the
file type.
The '.frm' file stores the table definition.

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The data file has a '.MYD' (MYData) extension.
The index file has a '.MYI' (MYIndex) extension.
Question : 64 What is maximum size of a database in MySQL?
Answer : 64 If the operating system or filesystem places a limit on
the number
of files in a directory, MySQL is bound by that constraint.The
efficiency of the operating system in handling large numbers of files
in a directory can place a practical limit on the number of tables in a
database. If the time required to open a file in the directory increases
significantly as the number of files increases, database
performance can be adversely affected. The amount of available disk
space limits the number of tables.MySQL 3.22 had a 4GB (4
gigabyte) limit on table size. With the MyISAM storage engine in
MySQL 3.23, the maximum table size was increased to
65536 terabytes (2567 â€“ 1 bytes). With this larger allowed table
size,the maximum effective table size for MySQL databases is usually
determined by operating system constraints on file sizes, not by
MySQL internal limits.The InnoDB storage engine maintains InnoDB
tables within a tablespace that can be created from several files. This
allows a table to exceed the maximum individual file size. The
tablespace can include raw disk partitions, which allows extremely
large tables. The maximum tablespace size is 64TB. The following
table lists some examples of operating system file-sizelimits. This is
only a rough guide and is not intended to be definitive.For the most
up-to-date information, be sure to check the documentation
specific to your operating system.Operating System File-size.
LimitLinux 2.2-Intel 32-bit 2GB (LFS: 4GB) Linux 2.4+ (using ext3
filesystem) 4TBSolaris 9/10 16TB
NetWare w/NSS filesystem 8TB
Win32 w/ FAT/FAT32 2GB/4GB
Win32 w/ NTFS 2TB (possibly larger)
MacOS X w/ HFS+ 2TB.
Question : 65 Give the syntax of Grant and Revoke commands?
Answer : 65 The generic syntax for grant is as following
GRANT [rights] on [database/s] TO [username@hostname]

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IDENTIFIED BY [password] now rights can be
a) All privileges
b) combination of create, drop, select, insert, update and delete etc.We
can grant rights on all databse by using *.* or some specific
database by database.* or a specific table by database.table_name
username@hotsname can be either username@localhost,
username@hostname
and username@%
where hostname is any valid hostname and % represents any name,
the *.*
any condition
password is simply the password of userThe generic syntax for revoke
is as following
REVOKE [rights] on [database/s] FROM [username@hostname] now
rights can be as explained above
a) All privileges
b) combination of create, drop, select, insert, update and delete etc.
username@hotsname can be either username@localhost,
username@hostname
and username@%
where hostname is any valid hostname and % represents any name,
the *.*
any condition
Question : 66 Explain Normalization concept?
Answer : 66 The normalization process involves getting our data to
conform to
three progressive normal forms, and a higher level of normalization
cannot be achieved until the previous levels have been achieved (there
are actually five normal forms, but the last two are mainly academic
and
will not be discussed).First Normal FormThe First Normal Form (or
1NF) involves removal of redundant data
from horizontal rows. We want to ensure that there is no duplication
of
data in a given row, and that every column stores the least amount of
information possible (making the field atomic).Second Normal

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FormWhere the First Normal Form deals with redundancy of data
across a
horizontal row, Second Normal Form (or 2NF) deals with redundancy
of
data in vertical columns. As stated earlier, the normal forms are
progressive, so to achieve Second Normal Form, your tables must
already
be in First Normal Form.Third Normal Form
I have a confession to make; I do not often use Third Normal Form. In
Third Normal Form we are looking for data in our tables that is not
fully dependant on the primary key, but dependant on another value in
the table
Question : 67 How can we find the number of rows in a table
using MySQL? Answer : 67 Use this for mysql SELECT
COUNT(*) FROM table_name;
Question : 68 How can we find the number of rows in a result set
using PHP?
Answer : 68 $result = mysql_query($sql, $db_link);
$num_rows = mysql_num_rows($result);
echo "$num_rows rows found";
Question : 69 How many ways we can we find the current date
using MySQL?
Answer : 69 SELECT CURDATE();
CURRENT_DATE() = CURDATE()
for time use
SELECT CURTIME();
CURRENT_TIME() = CURTIME()
Question : 70 What are the advantages and disadvantages of
Cascading Style Sheets?
Answer : 70 External Style SheetsAdvantagesCan control styles for
multiple documents at once. Classes can be created for use on
multiple HTML element types in many documents. Selector and
grouping methods can be used to apply styles under complex

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contextsDisadvantagesAn extra download is required to import style
information for each document The rendering of the document may
be delayed until the external style sheet is loaded Becomes slightly
unwieldy for small quantities ofstyle definitions Embedded Style
Sheets Advantages Classes can be created for use on multiple tag
types in the document. Selector and grouping methods can be used to
apply styles under complex contexts. No additional downloads
necessary to receive style information
Disadvantages
This method can not control styles for multiple documents at once
Inline Styles
Advantages
Useful for small quantities of style definitions. Can override other
style specification methods at the local level so only exceptions need
to be listed in conjunction with other style methods.
Disadvantages
Does not distance style information from content (a main goal of
SGML/HTML). Can not control styles for multiple documents at
once. Author can not create or control classes of elements to control
multiple element types within the document. Selector grouping
methods can not be used to create complex element addressing
scenarios
Question : 71 What type of inheritance that PHP supports?
Answer : 71 In PHP an extended class is always dependent on a
single base class,
that is, multiple inheritance is not supported. Classes are extended
sing the keyword 'extends'.
Question : 72 What is the difference between Primary Key and
Unique key?

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Answer : 72 Primary Key: A column in a table whose values
uniquely identify the
rows in the table. A primary key value cannot be NULL.
Unique Key: Unique Keys are used to uniquely identify each row in
the table. There can be one and only one row for each unique key
value. So NULL can be a unique key.There can be only one primary
key for a table but there can be more than one unique for a table.
Question : 73 what is garbage collection? default time ? refresh
time?
Answer : 73 Garbage Collection is an automated part of PHP , If the
Garbage Collection process runs, it then analyzes any files in the /tmp
for any session files that have not been accessed in a certain amount
of time and physically deletes them. Garbage Collection process only
runs in the default session save directory, which is /tmp. If you opt to
save your sessions in a different directory, the Garbage Collection
process will ignore it. the Garbage Collection process does not
differentiate between which sessions belong to whom when run. This
is especially important note on shared web servers. If the process is
run, it deletes ALL files that have not been accessed in the directory.
There are 3 PHP.ini variables, which deal with the garbage collector:
PHP ini value name default session.gc_maxlifetime 1440 seconds or
24 minutes session.gc_probability 1 session.gc_divisor 100.
Question : 74 What are the advantages/disadvantages of MySQL
and PHP? Answer : 74 Both of them are open source software (so
free of cost), support
cross platform. php is faster then ASP and JSP.
Question : 75 What is the difference between GROUP BY and
ORDER BY in Sql? Answer : 75 ORDER BY
[col1],[col2],â€¦,[coln]; Tels DBMS according to what columns it
should sort the result. If two rows will hawe the same value in col1
it will try to sort them according to col2 and so on.GROUP BY
[col1],[col2],â€¦,[coln]; Tels DBMS to group results with same value
of
column col1. You can use COUNT(col1), SUM(col1), AVG(col1)

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with it, if
you want to count all items in group, sum all values or view average.
Question : 76 What is the difference between char and varchar
data types? Answer : 76 Set char to occupy n bytes and it will take n
bytes even if u r storing a value of n-m bytes Set varchar to occupy n
bytes and it will take only the required space and will not use the n
bytes
eg. name char(15) will waste 10 bytes if we store 'romharshan', if each
char
takes a byte
eg. name varchar(15) will just use 5 bytes if we store 'romharshan', if
each
char takes a byte. rest 10 bytes will be free.
Question : 77 What is the functionality of md5 function in PHP?
Answer : 77 Calculate the md5 hash of a string. The hash is a 32-
character hexadecimal number. I use it to generate keys which I use to
identify users etc. If I add random no techniques to it the md5
generated nowwill be totally different for the same string I am using.
Question : 78 How can I load data from a text file into a table?
Answer : 78 you can use LOAD DATA INFILE file_name; syntax to
load data from a text file. but you have to make sure thata) data is
delimited b) columns and data matched correctly.
Question : 79 How can we know the number of days between two
given dates using MySQL?
Answer : 79 SELECT DATEDIFF("2007-03-07","2005-01-01");
Question : 80 How can we know the number of days between two
given dates using PHP?
Answer : 80 $date1 = date("Y-m-d");
$date2 = "2006-08-15";
$days = (strtotime($date1) - strtotime($date2)) / (60 * 60 * 24);
Question : 81 How we load all classes that placed in different
directory in one PHP File , means how to do auto load classes.

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Answer : 81
by using spl_autoload_register('autoloader::funtion');
Like below
class autoloader

{
public static function moduleautoloader($class)
{
$path = $_SERVER['DOCUMENT_ROOT'] .
"/modules/{$class}.php";

if (is_readable($path)) require $path;

}
public static function daoautoloader($class)
{
$path = $_SERVER['DOCUMENT_ROOT'] .
"/dataobjects/{$class}.php";

if (is_readable($path)) require $path;
}

public static function includesautoloader($class)
{
$path = $_SERVER['DOCUMENT_ROOT'] .
"/includes/{$class}.php";
if (is_readable($path)) require $path;
}
}
spl_autoload_register('autoloader::includesautoloader');
spl_autoload_register('autoloader::daoautoloader');
spl_autoload_register('autoloader::moduleautoloader');

Question : 82 How many types of Inheritances used in PHP and
how we achieve it.

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Answer : 82 As far PHP concern it only support single Inheritance in
scripting.
we can also use interface to achieve multiple inheritance.
Question : 83 PHP how to know user has read the email?
Answer : 83 Using Disposition-Notification-To: in mailheader we
can get read receipt.Add the possibility to define a read receipt when
sending an email.
Itâ€™s quite straightforward, just edit email.php, and add this at vars
definitions:
var $readReceipt = null;
And then, at â€˜createHeaderâ€™ function add:
if (!empty($this->readReceipt)) {
$this->__header .= â€˜Disposition-Notification-To: â€˜ . $this-
>__formatAddress($this->readReceipt) . $this->_newLine;
}
Question : 84 What are default session time and path?
Answer : 84 default session time in PHP is 1440 seconds or 24
minutes
Default session save path id temporary folder /tmp.
Question : 85 how to track user logged out or not? when user is
idle ? Answer : 85 By checking the session variable exist or not
while loading th page. As the session will exist longer as till browser
closes. The default behaviour for sessions is to keep a session open
indefinitely and only to expire a session when the browser is closed.
This behaviour can be changed in the php.ini file by altering the line
session.cookie_lifetime = 0 to a value in seconds. If you wanted the
session to finish in 5 minutes you would set this to
session.cookie_lifetime = 300 and restart your httpd server.
Question : 86 how to track no of user logged in ?
Answer : 86 whenever a user logs in track the IP, userID etc..and
store it in a DB with a active flag while log out or sesion expire make
it inactive. At any time by counting the no: of active records we can
get the no: of visitors.

214

Question : 87 in PHP for pdf which library used?
Answer : 87 The PDF functions in PHP can create PDF files using
the PDFlib library With version 6, PDFlib offers an object-oriented
API for PHP 5 in addition to the function-oriented API for PHP 4.
There is also the Â» Panda module. FPDF is a PHP class which
allows to generate PDF files with pure PHP, that is to say without
using the PDFlib library. F from FPDF stands for Free: you may use it
for any kind of usage and modify it to suit your needs. FPDF requires
no extension (except zlib to activate compression and GD for GIF
support) and works with PHP4 and PHP5.
Question : 88 for image work which library?
Answer : 88 we will need to compile PHP with the GD library of
image functions for this to work. GD and PHP may also require other
libraries, depending on which image formats you want to work with.
Question : 89 what is design pattern? singleton pattern?
Answer : 89 A design pattern is a general reusable solution to a
commonly occurring problem in software design. The Singleton
design pattern allows many parts of a program to share a single
resource without having to work out the details of the sharing
themselves.
Question : 90 what are magic methods?
Answer : 90 Magic methods are the members functions that is
available to all the instance of class Magic methods always starts with
"__". Eg. __construct All magic methods needs to be declared as
public To use magic method they should be defined within the class
or program scope Various Magic Methods used in PHP 5 are:
__construct() __destruct() __set() __get() __call() __toString()
__sleep() __wakeup() __isset() __unset() __autoload() __clone().
Question : 91 what is magic quotes?
Answer : 91 Magic Quotes is a process that automatically escapes
incoming data to the PHP script. It’s preferred to code with magic
quotes off and to instead escape the data at runtime, as needed. This

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feature has been DEPRECATED as of PHP 5.3.0 and REMOVED as
of PHP 6.0.0. Relying on this feature is highly discouraged.
Question : 92 what is cross site scripting? SQL injection?
Answer : 92 Cross-site scripting (XSS) is a type of computer security
vulnerability typically found in web applications which allow code
injection by malicious web users into the web pages viewed by other
users. Examples of such code include HTML code and client-side
scripts. SQL injection is a code injection technique that exploits a
security vulnerability occurring in the database layer of an
application. The vulnerability is present when user input is either
incorrectly filtered for string literal escape characters embedded in
SQL statements or user input is not strongly typed and thereby
unexpectedly executed.
Question : 93 what is URL rewriting?
Answer : 93 Using URL rewriting we can convert dynamic URl to
static URL Static URLs are known to be better than Dynamic URLs
because of a number of reasons 1. Static URLs typically Rank better
in Search Engines. 2. Search Engines are known to index the content
of dynamic pages a lot slower compared to static pages. 3. Static
URLs are always more friendlier looking to the End Users. along with
this we can use URL rewriting in adding variables [cookies] to the
URL to handle the sessions.
Question : 94 what is the major php security hole? how to avoid?
Answer : 94 1. Never include, require, or otherwise open a file with a
filename based on user input, without thoroughly checking it first.
2. Be careful with eval() Placing user-inputted values into the eval()
function can be extremely dangerous. You essentially give the
malicious user the ability to execute any command he or she wishes!
3. Be careful when using register_globals = ON It was originally
designed to make programming in PHP easier (and that it did), but
misuse of it often led to security holes
4. Never run unescaped queries
5. For protected areas, use sessions or validate the login every time.

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6. If you don’t want the file contents to be seen, give the file a .php
extension.
Question : 95 whether PHP supports Microsoft SQL server ?
Answer : 95 The SQL Server Driver for PHP v1.0 is designed to
enable reliable, scalable integration with SQL Server for PHP
applications deployed on the Windows platform. The Driver for PHP
is a PHP 5 extension that allows the reading and writing of SQL
Server data from within PHP scripts. using MSSQL or ODBC
modules we can access Microsoft SQL server.
Question : 96 what is MVC? why its been used?
Answer : 96 Model-view-controller (MVC) is an architectural pattern
used in software engineering. Successful use of the pattern isolates
business logic from user interface considerations, resulting in an
application where it is easier to modify either the visual appearance of
the application or the underlying business rules without affecting the
other. In MVC, the model represents the information (the data) of the
application; the view corresponds to elements of the user interface
such as text, checkbox items, and so forth; and the controller manages
the communication of data and the business rules used to manipulate
the data to and from the model. WHY ITS NEEDED IS 1 Modular
separation of function 2 Easier to maintain 3 View-Controller
separation means:
A Tweaking design (HTML) without altering code B Web design
staff can modify UI without understanding code.
Question : 97 what is framework? how it works? what is
advantage? Answer : 97 In general, a framework is a real or
conceptual structure intended to serve as a support or guide for the
building of something that expands the structure into something
useful. Advantages : Consistent Programming Model Direct Support
for Security Simplified Development Efforts Easy Application
Deployment and Maintenance.
Question : 98 what is CURL?
Answer : 98 CURL means Client URL Library
curl is a command line tool for transferring files with URL syntax,

217

supporting FTP, FTPS, HTTP, HTTPS, SCP, SFTP, TFTP, TELNET,
DICT, LDAP, LDAPS and FILE. curl supports SSL certificates,
HTTP POST, HTTP PUT, FTP uploading, HTTP form based upload,
proxies, cookies, user+password authentication (Basic, Digest,
NTLM, Negotiate), file transfer resume, proxy tunneling and a
busload of other useful tricks. CURL allows you to connect and
communicate to many different types of servers with many different
types of protocols. libcurl currently supports the http, https, ftp,
gopher, telnet, dict, file, and ldap protocols. libcurl also supports
HTTPS certificates, HTTP POST, HTTP PUT, FTP uploading. HTTP
form based upload, proxies, cookies, and user+password
authentication.
Question : 99 what is PDO ?
Answer : 99
The PDO ( PHP Data Objects ) extension defines a lightweight,
consistent interface for accessing databases in PHP. if you are using
the PDO API, you could switch the database server you used, from
say PgSQL to MySQL, and only need to make minor changes to your
PHP code. While PDO has its advantages, such as a clean, simple,
portable API but its main disadvantage is that it doesn't allow you to
use all of the advanced features that are available in the latest versions
of MySQL server. For example, PDO does not allow you to use
MySQL's support for Multiple Statements.
Just need to use below code for connect mysql using PDO
try {
$dbh = new PDO("mysql:host=$hostname;dbname=databasename",
$username, $password);
$sql = "SELECT * FROM employee";
foreach ($dbh->query($sql) as $row)
{
print $row['employee_name'] .' - '. $row['employee_age'] ;
}
}
catch(PDOException $e)
{

218

echo $e->getMessage();
}
Question : 100 What is PHP's mysqli Extension ?
Answer : 100
The mysqli extension, or as it is sometimes known, the MySQL
improved extension, was developed to take advantage of new features
found in MySQL systems versions 4.1.3 and newer. The mysqli
extension is included with PHP versions 5 and later.
The mysqli extension has a number of benefits, the key enhancements
over the mysql extension being:
=>Object-oriented interface
=>Support for Prepared Statements
=>Support for Multiple Statements
=>Support for Transactions
=>Enhanced debugging capabilities

B.Praveen Kumar(Trainer in PHP)
Sathya Technology,Ameerpet
e-mailid:[email protected]
Student e-mailid:[email protected]

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