PHRASE STRUCTURE REPORT IN ENGLISH LANGUAGE TEACHING.pptx

Using phrase structure in a sentence.

1. PHRASE STRUCTURE GRAMMAR GERALD G. GUINTO PhD-ELS Student

2. Phrase structure grammar was introduced by Noam Chomsky in the 1950s, building on the tradition of Immediate Constituent Analysis. Syntactic Structures (1957)

3. Basic Concepts Every word belongs to a lexical category. Lexical categories form heads of phrases. A phrase is built up around a single word (head), which extends it’s properties to the entire phrase. Phrases are generated by rules of the grammar (phrase structure rules). In a tree, each subtree needs to correspond by a phrase structure rule in the grammar .

4. Phrase Structure Rules illustrate mathematically our knowledge of how the basic units of a sentence are assembled. The theory of rules states that there is a limited number of rules that are carefully ordered: There is a limited number of rules which serve to reflect the linguistic competence and knowledge of a native speaker. These rules are arranged in order : rule 1 must precede rule 2, which must precede rule 3, etc. These rules can be illustrated in phrase structure trees. These rules can be equated mathematically in phrase structure rules.

5. The predecessor to phrase structure rules was an approach to syntax used by structural linguists called “ immediate constituent analysis ,” which accounted for the linear order of words on the surface and the hierarchical structure of the sentence. It was based on the principle that words enter into relationship with one another within coherent units known as constituents, the proper subparts of sentences. An even older form of phrase structure grammar is the sentence diagramming of traditional grammar. What came before Phrase Structure Rules?

6. Argument against Immediate Constituent Analysis Noam Chomsky argued that immediate constituent analysis, though not wrong, was insufficient since it dealt only with surface order. It could not account for the relation between an active and corresponding passive sentence or a declarative and corresponding interrogative sentence.

7. A more sophisticated model of grammar called Phrase structure grammar evolved out of IC analysis. PS grammars contain a set of rules called Phrase Structure rules or rewrite rules. Rewrite rules provide a set of instruction . A rewrite rule is a replacement rule in which the symbols to the left of the arrow is replaced by the expanded form written to the right of the arrow.

8. S NP+VP Here S (Sentence) is rewritten as NP (Noun Phrase) + VP (Verb Phrase) The labels such as NP and VP are nodes that can further be expanded or rewritten. NP Det + N VP Aux. + V + NP + Prep. Ph The rewrite rules represent how morphemes are organized into words, words into phrases, and phrases into sentences.

9. PS grammars have an advantage over the IC model in that the labels are in-built in rewrite rules, and the rules themselves can be arranged in a sequence so that each rule can be used to rewrite the output of the previous one.

10. S NP+VP (2) NP Det + N (3) VP V + NP Applying rule 2 to the output of rule1, we get S Det + N+ VP ; and applying rule 3 to this we get S Det + N+ V + NP ; and applying rule 2 once again S Det + N+ V + Det + N This final string beyond which the symbols do not take us is a terminal string .

11. The representation of the structure of a sentence is called its Phrase Marker or P Marker. The usual form of a P Marker is a tree with labelled nodes. The P Marker of the sentence, My father gave my son a gift, is:

12. The dog sleeps under that big tree D N V Prep D Adj N

13. The cat killed the rat Determiner Noun Verb Determiner Noun

14. cat the killed rat the Noun Determiner Verb Noun Determiner

15. The cat killed the rat Determiner Noun Verb Determiner Noun NOUN PHRASE NOUN PHRASE

16. NP Det + N

17. EXAMPLE OF VERB PHRASE

18. Limitations of PS Grammar Fails to show inter-sentence relationships. Discontinuous constituents cannot be accommodated by PS rules. The close relationship between the verb and the particle in phrases like call off, take off, cannot be shown by PS rules. Cannot account for certain types of ambiguities. The property of recursion cannot be accounted. Stylistic variations are also not accountable by PS rules.

19. PHRASE STRUCTURE-TRANSFORMATIONAL ANALYSIS AND THE CONCEPT OF STYLE AS CHOICE ROBERT BRIDGE’S POEM NOVEMBER AS A CASE STUDY Khalid Shakir Hussein University of Thi - Qar -Iraq

20. INTRODUCTION The study attempts to work out a sort of relationship between linguistic theory and stylistic practice. The most common studies of style continue to proceed from the observations made by nontransformational approaches to stylistics (see Hoey,2001: 20-30).

21. It is the concern of the study to consider how an understanding of Noam Chomsky's theory of phrase structure- transformational grammar can be used in stylistic analysis of a literary text.

22. It is the concern of the study to consider how an understanding of Noam Chomsky's theory of phrase structure- transformational grammar can be used in stylistic analysis of a literary text.

23. NOVEMBER by ROBERT BRIDGES

24. as in : ". . . the brown bands of the striped fields/ a miniature of toil, . . ./ . . . the gales of Autumn, . . ./ . . . a happy note of cheer, / . . . the shelter of American rhododendron . .

25. ./ . . . chilly setting of sun, / . . . a congregation of starlings . . ./ . . . a whirr of wings, / a babel of tongues, .

26. RESEARCH METHOD DESCRIPTIVE METHOD STYLISTICS NO INTERVIEW & SURVEY UTILIZED QUALITATIVE THEMATIC ANALYSIS

27. LIMITATIONS Limited Theory Application : The study might struggle to apply existing theories or develop new ones based on its findings, which could limit the study's scope and impact. Inadequate Controls or Comparison Groups : The study might not have used appropriate controls or comparison groups, which could make it difficult to draw meaningful conclusions about the effectiveness of the transformational analysis and the concept of style as choice. Failure to Demonstrate Comparability Methodological Limitations : The study might have been limited by its methodology, such as a lack of available and reliable data, which could have restricted the scope of the analysis

28. IMPLICATIONS OF PHRASE STRUCTURE GRAMMAR TO LANGUAGE TEACHING Improved Understanding of Sentence Structure : Phrase structure grammar helps teachers understand how sentences are structured, which is crucial for teaching grammar effectively. This knowledge enables teachers to identify and address common errors in sentence construction Enhanced Diagnostic and Treatment of Learner Errors : By analyzing learner errors at the phrase structure level, teachers can better diagnose and treat syntactic errors, leading to more effective language instruction Holistic Approach to Language Learning : The phrase structure grammar emphasizes the importance of a holistic approach to language learning, where learners are encouraged to develop their own creative writing style by applying syntactic concepts and theories Effective Use of Transformational Rules : Transformational rules can be used to derive surface structure from deep structure, enabling teachers to provide learners with a more comprehensive understanding of sentence structure and how to construct complex sentences

29. IMPLICATIONS OF PHRASE STRUCTURE GRAMMAR TO LANGUAGE TEACHING Improved Reading Skills : The study on the effect of explicit instruction using phrase structure rules found that it helped improve learners' reading skills by enhancing their understanding of noun clauses and their functions. Enhanced Analytical Perspective : Syntactic theories like phrase structure analysis provide language teachers with an effectively analytic perspective on learners' syntactic errors, enabling them to address these errors more effectively Increased Focus on Language Acquisition : The study on the effect of explicit instruction using phrase structure rules highlights the importance of explicit instruction in language acquisition, particularly in the context of complex structures like noun clauses Improved Language Teaching Methods : The phrase structure grammar and its implications can inform the development of more effective language teaching methods, such as the use of explicit instruction and the emphasis on syntactic theory

30. IMPLICATIONS OF PHRASE STRUCTURE GRAMMAR TO LANGUAGE TEACHING Increased Focus on Learner Autonomy : The holistic approach to teaching syntax encourages learners to develop their own creative writing style, which can promote learner autonomy and self-directed learning

31. Thank you for your attention and engagement throughout this presentation.