Phrase structure rules

1. PHRASE STRUCTURE RULES Created by 9 th group: Dian Rizqi L (2813123012) Eka sutarmi (2813123013) Nurul Laili (2813123024) TBI 4-A

2. Phrase Structure Rules • Phrase structure rules specify the well-formed structures of a sentence. • How phrases are formed is governed by rules “ phrase structure rules ” • A tree must match the phrase structure rules to be grammatical • In ordinary sentences: S  NP VP NPs  N VPs  V PPs  P NP

3. NP  Art N Art N The bus For example: A Noun Phrase can be an Article followed by Noun NP A Verb Phrase may be a Verb followed by Noun Phrase, which may be followed by a Prepositional Phrase. The Prepositional Phrase may or may not be there • VP  V NP • VP  V PP VP  V NP (PP ) *where ‘()’ indicates optionality A noun Phrase can be an article followed by a Noun An Article followed by a Noun is a Noun Phrase

4. In fact the NP is also optional, as shown in the following trees. S NP VP Art N V PP P NP Art N The man fled from the posse 1

5. 2 S NP VP Art N The baby slept In (I) A Verb Phrase consisting of Verb plus a Prepositional phrase ( VP  V PP ) (2) Verb Phrase consists of a Verb alone ( VP  V ) VP  V (NP) (PP) Other rules of English that are evident are: S  NP VP PP  P NP

6. Growing Trees : The relationship between Phrase Structure Rules and Phrase Structure Trees S  NP VP NP  Art N S NP NP VP Art N VP  V (NP) (PP) PP  P NP VP PP V NP PP P NP

7. There are four rules of VP that abbreviated by parentheses: VP  V VP  V NP VP VP V V NP VP  V PP VP  V NP PP V PP V NP PP VP VP

8. In the phrase structure rules, there are two immediate constituents Phrasal Categories : The categories that occur to the left of the arrow in a phrase structure rule Lexical Categories : The categories that never occur on the left side of any rule Phrase structure trees always have lexical categories at the bottom since the rules must apply until no phrasal categories remain unexpended. The lexical categories are traditionally called “ Parts of Speech ”, include Articles, Nouns, Verbs, Prepositions, etc

9. Trees that won’t grow The following word sequences and their corresponding structures could not constitute English Sentences. E.g. The man Saw a buffalo S S NP VP Art N V NP The man saw a buffalo 1 Lacks of VP Lacks of NP 2

10. 3 S VP NP saw a buffalo the man Saw a buffalo the man NP and VP in wrong order These sentence would not accept as well-formed English sentence except where some context allowed them; e. g: this sentence might be in answer to the question. “ Who saw a buffalo?” Answer : “The man (saw a buffalo).” But, the basic pattern underlying all these is NP VP

11. More Phrase Structure Rules There are sentence of English whose structure is not accounted by the phrase structure rules given so far, including: The man with the hat smiled NP VP Art N PP The man with the hat smiled s NP is more than just an article followed by a noun; the NP rule stated earlier cannot account for since the Noun is modified by the PP with the hat P NP Art N

12. A large fierce black dog looked out the window S Art Adj Adj Adj N V PP P NP NP VP Art N The large fierce black dog looked out the window This tree indicates the need to change the NP rule to contain optional adjectives. NP  Art ( Adj )* N (PP), where “*” means zero, one, or more.

13. An infinite number Noun phrase rules, including the following : NP  Art N The cat NP  Art Adj N The big cat NP  Art Adj Adj N The big black cat NP  Art Adj Adj Adj N The big black shaggy cat The summarize of all the phrase Structure Rules for the grammar of English: S  NP VP NP  Art ( Adj )* N (PP) VP  V (NP) (PP) PP  P NP Head of phrases

14. Many generalization about English are contained in these rules. Put more succinctly, X phrase always contain of X, where X stands for Noun. Preposition, or Verb. The X of an X phrase is called the head of that phrase

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