2
1
.
T
e
k
D
,
Ol
s
hak
er
J
S:
He
a
t
il
lness
,
Emerg Me
d
Clin
Nortl
i
Am
1
0(
2)
:299
,
1
9
92.
22.
A:rmstr
on
g
LE
,
Hub
bar
d
RW
,
J
anes
B
H
,
Dan
ie
l
s
JT:
P
re
p
ar
i
ng
A
lbert
o
Sal
az
ar
fo
r th
e
he
at
of
th
e
1984
Ol
ym
pi
c
mara
tho
n
,
Ph
ys
S
p
orts
m
ed
14:73
,
1
9
86.
23
.
Hubbard
RW
,
S
andi
ck
BL
,
M
at
th
ew
WT:
Vo
lunt
ary
de
h
y
d
ra
tion
and
a
lli
es
th
esi
a
for
wa
t
e
r
,
J
A
pp
l
Ph
ysio
l
57
:8
6
8,
19
8
4
.
24.
[ohn
son
RF
,
Ko
bri
c
k
JL
:
P
syc
h
olog
i
cal aspects of
milit
ar
y
p
e
r
fo
rmanc
e
in
hot
e
nvíronment
s
,
P
an
d
o
lf
KB
,
Burr
RE
,
e
dit
ors:
Medic
a
]
a
spects
of
hars
h
environm
e
nt
s,
Vo
l
1
,
W
as
hin
gt
on
,
D
C
,
2
001
,
Offí
ce of
T
h
e
S
ur
ge
on
General
,
B
or
d
en
In
sti
tu
te/
TMM
Publi
ca
tion
s.
25.
Sa
w
ka
MN,
P
an
dolf KB:
Ph
ys
i
ca
l
e
x
er
cise
in
h
ot
cl
im
ates:
Ph
ysio
l
ogy
,
p
erfor
m
ance,
an
d
b
io
m
e
d
ic
al
iss
u
es,
P
an
dolf
KB
,
Burr
RE
,
e
ditor
s
:
M
e
di
c
a]
asp
ec
t
s
of
ha
rs
h
e
n
v
ir
o
nm
e
nts
,
V
o
l
1
,
W
as
hingto
n
,
DC
,
2
001
,
Offi
ce
o
f
The
Sur
g
eon G
e
ne
r
al
,
B
o
rden
Insti
tute
/TMM
P
u
bli
ca
ti
ons.
26.
Dut
c
hm
a
n
S
M
,
R
y
an
AJ
,
Sc
hedl
H
P,
et
al:
U
pp
er
li
mit
s
o
f
i
n
t
es
tinal
a
b
so
r
p
tion
of
dilu
t
e
g
lu
c
o
s
e
s
o
l
u
t
ion
in
m
e
n
at
r
e
s
t
,
M
e
d
Sci
S
port
Exe
r
c
2
9
:48
2,
199
7.
27.
Ne
ufer
PD
,
Young AJ,
Sa
wk
a
MN
:
Gas
tr
i
c
e
mpt
y
in
g
during
e
xe
rcise
:
Eff
e
ct
s of
he
at
s
tr
ess
and
hypoh
y
dra
ti
on
,
E
ur
l
Appl
Ph
ys
iol
5
8:4
33,
1989.
28
.
Am
e
r
ican
Colle
ge
of
S
port
s
Medi
ci
n
e
:
P
o
si
tio
n
s
tand
:
Exe
rti
o
n
al
h
e
at
illne
ss
durin
g
trainin
g
and
comp
e
titio
n.
M
e
d
S
ci
Sport
s
Ex
e
rc
39(
3
)
:55
6
,
2
00
7
.
29.
W
e
ng
er
C
B
:
S
e
c
tion
I
:
Human
a
dapti
o
n
t
o
h
o
t
en
v
ironm
e
nt
s,
Pan
d
olf
KB
,
Burr
RE
,
e
ditor
s:
M
e
dica]
a
spec
t
s
o
f
luusl:
e
n
v
ironm
e
nt
s
,
Vol
1
,
W
as
hingt
o
n
,D
C
,
2
001,
O
ffice
of
Th
e
S
urg
eon
Gen
er
al
,
Bord
e
n
I
n
s
titut
e/T
MM
Publi
c
ation
s,
pp
5
1
-
86.
3
0.
B
o
u
c
hama
A
,
Kno
c
h
e
l
JP
:
M
e
dical
pro
g
re
ss
:
H
e
atstro
ke,
N
En
g
l
J
M
e
d
346(2
5)
:1
9
7
8
-
1
9
88
,
2
00
2
.
31.
H
o
ltzh
ause
n
LM,
No
ake
s
T
D:
C
oll
a
p
se
d
ultra-
e
nduranc
e
athl
e
te
:
Propo
s
ed
m
ec
hani
s
m
s
anc
l
an
appro
ac
h
t
o
rn
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
nt
,
C
lin
J
Spo
rt
M
ed
7
(4
):292
,
19
9
7.
32.
Gar
dn
er
JW
,
Kar
k
J
A
:
C
lin
ic
al
di
agnosis
,
man
age
m
e
nt
an
d
s
u
r
v
ei
ll
a
nc
e
of
e
xe
rtion
a
l
h
ea
t
illn
e
s
s,
Pandolf
KB
,
Burr
RE
,
ed
i
t
o
rs:
M
e
di
ca}
a
s
p
ects
o
f
b
ass
ti
e
nvironm
e
nts
,
V
o
l
1
,
Wa
s
hi
n
g
t
on
,
D
C,
2
001
,
Offi
c
e
of
Th
e
S
urg
e
on
Ge
neral
,
Bo
r
d
e
n
ln
s
titut
e/
TMM
P
ubli
ca
t
io
n
s,
pp
23
1
-
279.
33.
K
no
c
h
e
l
JP,
R
ee
d
G
:
Dí
s
o
r
d
e
rs
of
h
e
a
t
r
eg
u
l
a
ti
on.
In
Narin
s
RE
,
e
d
i
t
o
r:
Ma
x
w
e
ll
17
K
l
ee
n
m
an
's
c
lin
ic
al
di
so
rd
e
ts of
fluid
an
d
e
l
ec
tr
o
lyt
e
m
e
tab
o
lism,
e
d
5
,
Ne
w
Y
or
k,
1994
,
M
c
G
r
a
w-
Hill
.
34.
G
affin
S
L
,
Hubb
ar
d
RW
:
Pa
thoph
ys
i
o
lo
gy
o
f
h
ea
t
s
troke
,
Pand
o
lf
KB
,
Burr
RE
,
e
dit
o
r
s:
M
e
di
ca
!
a
s
p
ec
t
s
o
f
luush
e
nv
íro
nm
e
nr
s
,
V
o
l
1
,
Wa
s
h
i
n
g
t
o
n
,
D
C,
2001
,
Offi
ce
o
f
Th
e
S
ur
ge
o
n
G
e
n
er
al
,
Bo
r
d
e
n
ln
sti
tut
e/
TMM
Publi
catio
n
s,
pp
1
6
1-
2
08.
35
.
Ar
m
s
tr
o
n
g
LE
,
Cr
ag
o
AE
,
Adam
s
R.
e
t al: Wb
o
l
e
-b
o
d
y coo
li
ng
o
f
h
y
p
er
th
er
mi
c
runne
rs
:
C
o
mparí
son
o
f
tw
o
fi
e
ld
th
er
api
es
,
Am
l
E
m
e
r
g
M
ed
14
:335
,
1
99
6.
3
6.
Co
str
i
n
í
A
:
Eme
r
gency
tr
e
atm
en
t
o
f
exe
r
ti
onal
h
ea
t
s
trok
e
a
n
d
c
om
parison of
wh
o
l
e
-
bcdy
coolin
g
te
c
hn
iqu
es,
M
ed Sci
Sp
or
t
s
E
x
etc
22:
15
,
1
9
8
4.
37.
Gaffin
S
L
,
Gardne
r
J
,
Flinn
S
:
C
ur
ren
t
c
oolin
g
m
e
th
o
d
far
exer
ti
o
n
a
l
h
e
a
t
s
trok
e,
A
nn
Int
e
rn
M
ed
132:67
8
,
2000
.
3
8
.
S
p
ee
d
y
D
B
,
N
o
akes
TD
:
Exerc
i
se-
a
ssociat
ed
h
ypona
tr
e
mi
a: A
r
eview
,
E
me
r
g
M
e
d
l
3:
1
7,
2
001
.
39.
Backer
HD
,
Sh
op
es
E
,
Co
ll
ins
SL
,
Bar
ka
n
H:
Exer
ti
onal
h
eat
ill
ness
an
d
h
y
pon
atr
e
m
i
a
i
n
híker
s
,
Am
f
Emerg
M
e
d
1
7
(6
)
:532,
1
9
9
9
.
~ ~
B
r
o
w
n
.
~
18
.
Nu
nn
e
l
e
l
y SA,
R
ear
d
on
M
J
:
P
rev
e
n
tion
o
f
h
e
a
t
illn
ess
,
P
a
nd
o
lf
·~
KB
,
Burr
RE
,
e
dito
rs:
M
ed
i
c
a]
aspect
s
of
h
ar
s
h
e
n
vfronme
nt
s,
~
Vo
l
1
,
W
as
bfo
g
t
on
,
D
C
,
200
1,
Office
of
T
h
e
S
u
rgeo
n
Ge
n
e
r
a
l,
·~
B
or
d
e
n
In
s
tit
u
t
e/T
MM
Publi
c
a
t
i
on
s,
p
p
2
0
9
-
23
0
.
.~
1
9.
Ye
o
T:
H
e
at
S
tr
oke: A
co
mpr
e
h
e
n
s
i
ve
r
ev
i
ew
,
A
ACN
C
lin
I
s
sue
s
~
15:2
80
,
2
0
04
.
o
20
.
S
onn
a
LA
:
Prac
ti
ca
!
m
ed
i
cal
as
p
e
c
ts of
mi
li
t
a
ry
opora
tio
ns
~
in th
e
h
eat,
Pan
d
o
lf
K
B
,
Burr
RE
,
ed
i
to
r
s:
Me
d
ica]
aspe
c
ts
of
hats
h
enviro
n
me
n
ts
,
Vo
l
1
,
W
ashi
n
gton,
DC
,
2
00
1,
Offi
ce
of
Th
e
Surgeo
n
Ge
n
e
r
al.
B
or
d
en
In
sti
tu
te/TMM
Pub
li
catio
n
s
,
p
p
293
-
3
0
9.
1
.
National
C
ent
e
r
fo
r
H
eal
th
St
atis
ti
cs:
Co
rn
presse
d m
o
rt
ality
file
,
Hyattsville,
MD
,
2
00
2,
US
D
e
p
artme
n
t
o
f
Heal
th
an
d
Hu
man
Services,
Ce
n
te
r
s
fo
r
D
ise
a
se
Contro
l
and
P
reve
n
t
i
o
n
.
2.
Cen
t
er for
Di
se
a
se
C
ontrol
and
P
revention:
Hea
t
-relate
d
d
ea
th
s
-Chi
cago
,
Illinois,
1996-2
00
1
,
an
d
Uni
t
ed
States
,
1979-
1999.
MMW
R
52(26):6
10
,
2
00
3.
3,
Cen
t
ers for
D
i
sease
Co
n
trol
an
d
Prevention:
H
ea
t
-re
l
ate
d
dea
th
s-United
States
,
1999-2
0
03,
MMWR
55(29):796
,
2
00
6.
4
.
Cen
t
er for Disease
Co
n
trol
a
nd
Preve
n
tio
n: H
ypo
th
e
rrn
ia-re
l
ated
de
ath
s-
Utah
,
2
000
,
an
d
Unite
d
S
t
ates
,
1979-1
9
98
.
MMW
R
51(4):76
,
2
0
0
2
.
5
.
L
u
go-Arnado
r
NM
,
R
othe
nhau
s
T,
Moyer P:
Heat-re
l
a
t
e
d
illn
ess
,
E
m
erg
M
e
d
C
lin
No
rth
A
m
22
:31
5
,
200
4.
6.
Ulr
ich
AS,
R
athlev NK:
H
y
p
o
th
erm
i
a
an
d
lo
c
ali
zed
in
j
ur
i
es
,
Em
e
t
g
M
ed
C
li
n No
r
t
h
A
m
2
2
:28
1,
200
4.
7
.
C
ent
e
r for
Di
se
as
e
C
ontrol
and Pr
even
tion
:
Hy
pothermí
a
-r
e
lat
e
d
de
ath
s-U
nit
e
d
S
t
ates
,
200
3.
MMWR
5
3
(8)
:1
72,
2
00
4
.
8
.
S
p
e
ed
y
DB
,
N
oake
s
T
D
:
E
xerci
se-ass
o
cia
t
e
d
h
y
pon
a
tr
e
mi
a: A
re
view,
Em
eig
M
e
d
1
3
:1
7
,
2
001.
9.
Mor
an
D
S
,
G
a
ff
e
n
SL:
C
linic
a
l
man
a
g
e
m
e
nt
o
f
h
ea
t-r
e
lat
e
d
i
llne
s
ses.
In
Au
er
b
ac
h
P
S,
e
dito
r:
Wil
de
rn
e
s
s
m
ed
i
c
in
e,
e
d
5,
S
t
.
Loui
s,
2007
,
Mo
s
b
y
El
s
e
v
i
er.
1
0
.
M
c
C
a
ul
ey
RL
,
Ki
l
ly
o
n
GW
,
Smith
DJ
,
R
o
b
son
MC
,
H
e
g
gers
JP
:
F
r
os
tbite
.
In
Auerbac
h
P
S,
e
ditor
:
Wil
de
rn
ess
m
e
d
ici
n
e,
e
d
5
,
S
t.
Lo
ui
s
,
2007
,
M
os
b
y
E
l
se
vi
e
r
.
1
1.
Dan
z
l
D
F: A
c
c
id
e
n
t
al
h
y
p
o
th
er
m
ia
.
In
A
u
er
ba
c
h
P
S
,
edit
o
r
:
Wi
ld
e
rn
ess
me
d
ici
n
e,
e
d
5
,
St.
Loui
s,
2
007
,
M
os
b
y
E
l
sev
i
er.
1
2
.
Se
m
e
nz
a
JC,
Rubín
C
H
,
F
l
a
t
e
r
KH
,
e
t
al:
H
ea
t-
re
l
at
ed
d
ea
th
s
d
urin
g
th
e
Jul
y
199
5
h
ea
t
wa
ve
i
n
C
h
ic
a
g
o,
N
E
ng
l
l
M
e
d
335
(2)
:8
4,
19
96.
1
3.
Ce
n
te
r
for
Di
seas
e
Co
ntrol
a
nd Pr
eve
nti
o
n
:
H
ea
t
re
l
a
t
e
d
m
o
rtalit
y
-
C
hica
go
,
Ju
ly
19
95.
M
MWR
4
4
(2
1)
:577,
19
9
5.
14
.
Hard
y
JD
:
Th
er
m
al
c
omfort
:
S
kín
te
mp
er
at
ure
and
p
h
ysio
l
og
i
c
al
th
e
r
moreg
ul
ation.
In
H
ar
d
y
JD
,
Gagge
A
P
,
Sto
lwijk
J
A
J,
e
d
it
or
s:
Ph
ysio
lo
g
i
c
al
and
B
e
lia
v
i
o
ral
T
e
m
pera
tu
re
H
eg
ulati
o
n
,
S
prin
gfi
eld
,
IL
,
1
97
0,
C
harl
es C
Thoma
s
.
15.
Poz
o
s
R
S
,
D
anzl
D
F:
Human
phy
s
i
o
l
o
gic
a
lr
e
sp
onses to
co
ld
s
tr
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eneral.
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o
rd
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n
In
s
ti
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Publi
c
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tio
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s
,
pp
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51
-3
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2.
16
.
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to
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s
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or
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Human
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ph
ysio
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ogical
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es
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onses
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o
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ld
ex
pos
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via
t
S
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ace
E
nvi
ra
n
;o .g
M
e
d
75:444
,
2004.
§
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e
n
ge
r
C
B
:
Th
e
r
eg
ul
ation
of
b
o
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y
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era
tur
e
.
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n
Rhoad
es
R
A,
T
a
nn
er
GA
,
e
dito
rs
:
M
ed
i
c
a!
physiology,
Bo
ston,
199
5,
L
íttl
e,
Bibliografía
CAPÍTULO
20
Traumatismos
de
origen
amb
iental
1:
calor
y
frío
517